ASTM C1198-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Sonic Resonance
Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Sonic Resonance
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for material development, characterization, design data generation, and quality control purposes. It is specifically appropriate for determining the modulus of advanced ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic.
5.1.1 This test method is nondestructive in nature. Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.
5.1.2 The period of time during which measurement stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds. With this test method it is feasible to perform measurements at high temperatures, where delayed elastic and creep effects would invalidate modulus measurements calculated from static loading.
5.2 This test method has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems for measuring moduli in advanced ceramics. It is nondestructive in nature and can be used for specimens prepared for other tests. Specimens are subjected to minute strains; hence, the moduli are measured at or near the origin of the stress-strain curve with the minimum possibility of fracture. The period of time during which measurement stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds. With this test method it is feasible to perform measurements at high temperatures, where delayed elastic and creep effects would invalidate modulus measurements calculated from static loading.
5.3 The sonic resonant frequency technique can also be used as a nondestructive evaluation tool for detecting and screening defects (cracks, voids, porosity, density variations) in ceramic parts. These defects may change the elastic response and the observed resonant frequency of the test specimen. Guide E2001 describes a procedure for detecting such defects in metallic and nonmetallic parts using the resonant frequency method.
5.4 Modification of this test method for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies is determ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic elastic properties of advanced ceramics. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable rectangular or cylindrical test specimen of that material can be measured. The resonant frequencies in flexure and torsion are measured by mechanical excitation of vibrations of the test specimen in a suspended mode (Section 4 and Figs. 1 and 4). Dynamic Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio.
1.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for advanced ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (1).2 Advanced ceramics of a composite character (particulate, whisker, or fiber reinforced) may be tested by this test method with the understanding that the character (volume fraction, size, morphology, distribution, orientation, elastic properties, and interfacial bonding) of the reinforcement in the test specimen will have a direct effect on the elastic properties. These reinforcement effects must be considered in interpreting the test results for composites. This test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that are major discontinuities in the specimen. Neither is the test method satisfactory when these materials cannot be fabricated in a uniform rectangular or circular cross-section.
1.3 A high-temperature furnace and cryogenic cabinet are described for measuring the dynamic elastic moduli as a function of temperature from −195 to 1200 °C.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1198 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s
1
Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Sonic Resonance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4 There are material-specific ASTM standards that cover
the determination of resonance frequencies and elastic proper-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dy-
ties of specific materials by sonic resonance or by impulse
namic elastic properties of advanced ceramics. Specimens of
excitationofvibration.TestMethodsC215,C623,C747,C848,
these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequen-
C1259, E1875, and E1876 may differ from this test method in
cies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and
several areas (for example: sample size, dimensional
geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic
tolerances, sample preparation, calculation details, etc.). The
propertiesofamaterialcanbecomputedifthegeometry,mass,
testing of those materials should be done in compliance with
and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable rectangular
theappropriatematerial-specificstandards.Wherepossible,the
or cylindrical test specimen of that material can be measured.
procedures, sample specifications, and calculations in this
The resonant frequencies in flexure and torsion are measured
standard are consistent with the other test methods.
by mechanical excitation of vibrations of the test specimen in
a suspended mode (Section 4 and Figs. 1 and 4). Dynamic 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency standard. The non-SI values given in parentheses are for
in the flexural mode of vibration.The dynamic shear modulus, information only and are not considered standard.
or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
vibrations. Dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic shear
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.2 Thistestmethodisspecificallyappropriateforadvanced
2
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (1).
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Advanced ceramics of a composite character (particulate,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
whisker, or fiber reinforced) may be tested by this test method
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
with the understanding that the character (volume fraction,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
size, morphology, distribution, orientation, elastic properties,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
and interfacial bonding) of the reinforcement in the test
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
specimen will have a direct effect on the elastic properties.
These reinforcement effects must be considered in interpreting
2. Referenced Documents
the test results for composites. This test method is not
3
satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
major discontinuities in the specimen. Neither is the test
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse,
method satisfactory when these materials cannot be fabricated
Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of
in a uniform rectangular or circular cross-section.
Concrete Specimens
C372Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porce-
1.3 A high-temperature furnace and cryogenic cabinet are
lainEnamelandGlazeFritsandFiredCeramicWhiteware
described for measuring the dynamic elastic moduli as a
Products by the Dilatometer Method
function of temperature from −195 to 1200°C.
C623Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
Resonance
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
Mechanical Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2020. Published January 2020. Originally
3
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1198– 09 (2013). For referenced ASTM standards, visit
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1198 − 09 (Reapproved 2013) C1198 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s
1
Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Sonic Resonance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic elastic properties of advanced ceramics. Specimens of these
materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the
test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical
resonant frequencies of a suitable rectangular or cylindrical test specimen of that material can be measured. The resonant
frequencies in flexure and torsion are measured by mechanical excitation of vibrations of the test specimen in a suspended mode
(Section 4 and Figs. 1 and 4). Dynamic Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of
vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young’s
modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio.
1.2 This test method measures the resonant frequencies of test specimens of suitable geometry by mechanically exciting them
at continuously variable frequencies. Mechanical excitation of the bars is provided through the use of a transducer that transforms
a cyclic electrical signal into a cyclic mechanical force on the specimen. A second transducer senses the resulting mechanical
vibrations of the specimen and transforms them into an electrical signal. The amplitude and frequency of the signal are measured
by an oscilloscope or other means to detect resonant vibration in the desired mode. The resonant frequencies, dimensions, and mass
of the specimen are used to calculate dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic shear modulus. (See Fig. 1)
2
1.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for advanced ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (1).
Advanced ceramics of a composite character (particulate, whisker, or fiber reinforced) may be tested by this test method with the
understanding that the character (volume fraction, size, morphology, distribution, orientation, elastic properties, and interfacial
bonding) of the reinforcement in the test specimen will have a direct effect on the elastic properties. These reinforcement effects
must be considered in interpreting the test results for composites. This test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks
or voids that are major discontinuities in the specimen. Neither is the test method satisfactory when these materials cannot be
fabricated in a uniform rectangular or circular cross section.cross-section.
1.3 A high-temperature furnace and cryogenic cabinet are described for measuring the dynamic elastic moduli as a function of
temperature from −195 to 1200°C.1200 °C.
1.5 Modification of this test method for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies is
determined for a specimen with a particular geometry and mass. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this
frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each specimen need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected
frequency range are known to include the resonant frequency that the specimen must possess if its geometry and mass are within
specified tolerances.
1.4 The procedures in this test method are, where possible, consistent with the procedures of There are material-specific ASTM
standards that cover the determination of resonance frequencies and elastic properties of specific materials by sonic resonance or
by impulse excitation of vibration. Test Methods C215, C623, C747, C848and, C848C1259., E1875The tables of, and E1876 these
test methods have been replaced by the actual formulas from the original references. With the advent of computers and
sophisticated hand calculators, the actual formulas can be easily used and provide greater accuracy than factor tables.may differ
from this test method in several areas (for example: sample size, dimensional tolerances, sample preparation, calculation details,
1
This test met
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