ASTM F1292-09
(Specification)Standard Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
Standard Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
ABSTRACT
This specification specifies impact attenuation performance requirements for playground surfaces and surfacing materials and provides a means of determining impact attenuation performance using a test method that simulates the impact of a child's head with the surface. The test method quantifies impact in terms of g-max and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores. G-max is the measure of the maximum acceleration (shock) produced by an impact. The Head Injury Criterion or HIC score is an empirical measure of impact severity based on published research describing the relationship between the magnitude and duration of impact accelerations and the risk of head trauma..Two test methods shall be used to determine the impact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials: critical fall height test, and installed surface performance test. The following apparatus shall be required for implementation of the two test methods: temperature measuring device, impact test system, acceleration measurement system, drop height measurement system, and battery-operated equipment.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this specification is to establish minimum impact attenuation requirements for playground surfaces in order to reduce the risk of severe head injury from falls.
This specification provides a uniform means of quantifying the impact attenuation performance of playground surfaces and is appropriately used to compare the relative performance of different playground surfacing materials.
This specification is to be used as a reference for specifying the impact attenuation performance of playground surfaces.
This specification provides a uniform means of comparing the impact attenuation performance of installed playground surfaces with the performance requirements of this specification and with other performance requirements expressed in terms of drop height. Consequently, the specification is appropriately used to determine the actual impact attenuation performance of installed playground surfaces under ambient conditions of use.
In combination with data relating impact test scores to head injury, the information generated by application of this specification is suitable to estimate the relative risk of a severe head injury due to a fall.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes minimum performance requirements for the impact attenuation of playground surfacing materials installed within the use zone of playground equipment.
1.2 This specification is specific to surfacing used in conjunction with playground equipment, such as that described in Specifications F1148, F1487, F1918, F1951, and F2075.
1.3 This specification establishes an impact attenuation performance criterion for playground surfacing materials; expressed as a critical fall height.
1.4 This specification establishes procedures for determining the critical fall height of playground surfacing materials under laboratory conditions. The laboratory test is mandatory for surfaces to conform to the requirements of this specification.
1.5 The laboratory test required by this specification addresses the performance of dry surfacing materials.
1.6 The critical fall height of a playground surfacing material determined under laboratory conditions does not account for important factors that have the potential to influence the actual performance of installed surfacing materials. Factors that are known to affect surfacing material performance include but are not limited to aging, moisture, maintenance, exposure to temperature extremes (for example, freezing), exposure to ultraviolet light, contamination with other materials, compaction, loss of thickness, shrinkage, submersion in water, and so forth.
1.7 This specification also establishes a procedure for testing installed playground surfaces in order to determine whether an installed playground surface meets the specified performance criterion.
1.8 The results of a field test determine...
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Designation:F1292 −09 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Specification for
Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use
1
Zone of Playground Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
2
Surveys by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and others have
shown that falls from playground equipment onto the underlying surface are a significant cause of
injuries to children. Severe head injuries are the most frequently implicated cause of death in
playground equipment-related falls. Use of appropriate impact-attenuating surfacing materials in the
usezoneofplaygroundequipmentcanreducetheriskoffall-relatedinjury.Inparticular,itisbelieved
that the risk of life-threatening head injuries is reduced when appropriate surfacing materials are
installed.
This specification specifies impact attenuation performance requirements for playground surfaces
and surfacing materials and provides a means of determining impact attenuation performance using a
test method that simulates the impact of a child’s head with the surface. The test method quantifies
impact in terms of g-max and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores. G-max is the measure of the
maximum acceleration (shock) produced by an impact. The Head Injury Criterion or HIC score is an
empiricalmeasureofimpactseveritybasedonpublishedresearchdescribingtherelationshipbetween
themagnitudeanddurationofimpactaccelerationsandtheriskofheadtrauma.Thestandardincludes
procedures allowing surfacing materials to be performance-rated before installation and for installed
surfacing materials to be tested for conformance with the specification.
Thepurposeofthisspecificationistoreducethefrequencyandseverityoffall-relatedheadinjuries
to children by establishing a uniform and reliable means of comparing and specifying the impact
attenuation of playground surfaces. Its use will give designers, manufacturers, installers, prospective
purchasers, owners, and operators of playgrounds a means of objectively assessing the performance
ofsurfacingmaterialsunderandaroundplaygroundequipmentandhenceofevaluatingtheassociated
injury risk.
1. Scope 1.3 This specification establishes an impact attenuation
performance criterion for playground surfacing materials; ex-
1.1 This specification establishes minimum performance
pressed as a critical fall height.
requirements for the impact attenuation of playground surfac-
ing materials installed within the use zone of playground 1.4 This specification establishes procedures for determin-
equipment. ing the critical fall height of playground surfacing materials
under laboratory conditions. The laboratory test is mandatory
1.2 This specification is specific to surfacing used in con-
for surfaces to conform to the requirements of this specifica-
junction with playground equipment, such as that described in
tion.
Specifications F1148, F1487, F1918, F1951, and F2075.
1.5 The laboratory test required by this specification ad-
dresses the performance of dry surfacing materials.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F08 on Sports
1.6 The critical fall height of a playground surfacing mate-
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
rial determined under laboratory conditions does not account
Subcommittee F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems.
for important factors that have the potential to influence the
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F1292–04. DOI:
actual performance of installed surfacing materials. Factors
10.1520/F1292-09.
thatareknowntoaffectsurfacingmaterialperformanceinclude
2
U.S. CPSC Special Study. Injuries and Deaths Associated with Children’s
but are not limited to aging, moisture, maintenance, exposure
Playground Equipment, April 2001. US Consumer Product Safety Commission,
Washington DC. to temperature extremes (for example, freezing), exposure to
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1292−09
ultraviolet light, contamination with other materials, Surface Systems Under and Around Playground Equip-
compaction, loss of thickness, shrinkage, submersion in water, ment
and so forth. F2075SpecificationforEngineeredWoodFiberforUseasa
PlaygroundSafetySurfaceUnderandAroundPlayground
1.7 This specification also establishes a procedure for test-
Equipment
inginstal
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:F1292–04 Designation: F1292 – 09
Standard Specification for
Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use
1
Zone of Playground Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
2
Surveys by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and others have
shown that falls from playground equipment onto the underlying surface are a significant cause of
injuries to children. Severe head injuries are the most frequently implicated cause of death in
playground equipment-related falls. Use of appropriate impact-attenuating surfacing materials in the
usezoneofplaygroundequipmentcanreducetheriskoffall-relatedinjury.Inparticular,itisbelieved
that the risk of life-threatening head injuries is reduced when appropriate surfacing materials are
installed.
This specification specifies impact attenuation performance requirements for playground surfaces
and surfacing materials and provides a means of determining impact attenuation performance using a
test method that simulates the impact of a child’s head with the surface. The test method quantifies
impact in terms of g-max and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores. G-max is the measure of the
maximum acceleration (shock) produced by an impact. The Head Injury Criterion or HIC score is an
empiricalmeasureofimpactseveritybasedonpublishedresearchdescribingtherelationshipbetween
themagnitudeanddurationofimpactaccelerationsandtheriskofheadtrauma.Thestandardincludes
procedures allowing surfacing materials to be performance-rated before installation and for installed
surfacing materials to be tested for conformance with the specification.
Thepurposeofthisspecificationistoreducethefrequencyandseverityoffall-relatedheadinjuries
to children by establishing a uniform and reliable means of comparing and specifying the impact
attenuation of playground surfaces. Its use will give designers, manufacturers, installers, prospective
purchasers, owners, and operators of playgrounds a means of objectively assessing the performance
ofsurfacingmaterialsunderandaroundplaygroundequipmentandhenceofevaluatingtheassociated
injury risk.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification establishes minimum performance requirements for the impact attenuation of playground surfacing
materials installed within the use zone of playground equipment.
1.2 This specification is specific to surfacing used in conjunction with playground equipment, such as that described in
Specifications F1148, F1487, F1918, F1951, and F2075.
1.3 This specification establishes an impact attenuation performance criterion for playground surfacing materials; expressed as
a critical fall height.
1.4 This specification establishes procedures for determining the critical fall height of playground surfacing materials under
laboratory conditions. The laboratory test is mandatory for surfaces to conform to the requirements of this specification.
1.5 The laboratory test required by this specification addresses the performance of dry surfacing materials.
1.6 The critical fall height of a playground surfacing material determined under laboratory conditions does not account for
important factors that mayhave the potential to influence the actual performance of installed surfacing materials. Factors that are
known to affect surfacing material performance include but are not limited to aging, moisture, maintenance, exposure to
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.63 on
Playground Surfacing Systems.
Current edition approved Jan.Dec. 1, 2004.2009. Published January 2004.2010. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 19992004 as
F1292–99.F1292–04. DOI: 10.1520/F1292-049.
2
U.S. CPSC Special Study. Injuries and DeathsAssociated with Children’s Playground Equipment,April 2001. US Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington
DC.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1292 – 09
temperature extremes (for example, freezing), exposure to ultraviolet light, contamination with other materials, co
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