ASTM F1148-22
(Specification)Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Home Playground Equipment
Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Home Playground Equipment
SCOPE
1.1 This consumer safety specification provides safety requirements for various types of home playground equipment intended for use by children aged from over 18 months through 10 years. It further provides such requirements for swings intended specifically for toddlers. Different age limits for various requirements are found in this specification. These limits reflect the nature of the hazards and the expected mental or physical ability, or both, of the child to cope with the hazards.
1.2 Home playground equipment is defined as any product in which the support structure remains stationary while the activity is taking place and is intended for a child to perform any of the following activities: climbing, swinging, sliding, rocking, spinning, crawling, or creeping, or combination thereof. Fitness equipment is specifically excluded unless attached to the play equipment. This specification is not intended to apply to juvenile care products such as, but not limited to, infant swings, playpens/enclosures, beds, or furniture (including outdoor furniture, such as picnic tables, cradle rockers, activity centers being used as walker substitutes, bouncers, jumpers, infant carriers, and products specifically designed for therapeutic use). This specification is not intended to apply to equipment to be used in places of public assembly such as schools, nurseries, day-care centers, and parks. Equipment intended to be in child-care centers in private homes is not exempt from the requirements of this specification. Such centers are defined as situations in which the child-care provider does not care for more than six children under the age of ten that are not residing in the household of the caregiver, and the total number of children under the age of ten does not exceed ten, including the caregiver's own children. Electrically operated constant air inflatable devices are exempted from the requirements of this specification. Free standing play houses are exempt from this standard where the intent is that the child is standing or seated with their feet on the ground with no climbing, sliding, or swinging activities.
1.3 Methods of identifying products that comply with this consumer safety specification are given. The illustrations of home playground equipment shown in Figs. A1.1-A1.4 are for informational purposes only and are not intended to limit or endorse certain types of playground equipment or equipment features. These illustrations are not intended to limit the variety or various combinations of equipment that are covered by this consumer safety specification.
1.4 The purpose of this specification is to reduce the likelihood of life-threatening or debilitating injuries.
1.5 If toy accessories or toy chests are attached to home playground equipment, they are applicable to this consumer safety specification and to any other applicable safety standards.
Note 1: See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout this consumer safety performance specification.
1.6 General Measures, Tolerances, and Conversions:
1.6.1 The general tolerances for this specification (unless otherwise specified) are as follows:
Dimension
Tolerance
X in.
±0.5 in.
X.X in.
±0.05 in.
X.XX in.
±0.005 in.
Angle: ± 1°
Force in N:
±1.125 lbf (±5 N)
Weight in lbs:
Weight in lbs.
>220 lb (100 kg) ±2 lb (0.90 kg)
These tolerances apply to all dimensions unless otherwise stated or when listed using terms like greater than, less than, minimum, or maximum are used.
1.6.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.
1.6.3 The metric conversion factors:
inch (in.) to millimetre (mm):
1 in. = 25.4 mm
pound (lb) to kilogram (kg):
1 lb = 0.45359 kg
pound-force (lbf) to newton (N):
1 lbf = 4.4482 N
1.6.4 See Annex A1 fo...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F1148 −22
Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for
Home Playground Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3 Methods of identifying products that comply with this
consumer safety specification are given. The illustrations of
1.1 This consumer safety specification provides safety re-
home playground equipment shown in Figs.A1.1-A1.4 are for
quirements for various types of home playground equipment
informational purposes only and are not intended to limit or
intendedforusebychildrenagedfromover18monthsthrough
endorse certain types of playground equipment or equipment
10 years. It further provides such requirements for swings
features.Theseillustrationsarenotintendedtolimitthevariety
intended specifically for toddlers. Different age limits for
or various combinations of equipment that are covered by this
various requirements are found in this specification. These
consumer safety specification.
limits reflect the nature of the hazards and the expected mental
or physical ability, or both, of the child to cope with the
1.4 The purpose of this specification is to reduce the
hazards.
likelihood of life-threatening or debilitating injuries.
1.2 Home playground equipment is defined as any product
1.5 If toy accessories or toy chests are attached to home
in which the support structure remains stationary while the
playground equipment, they are applicable to this consumer
activity is taking place and is intended for a child to perform
safety specification and to any other applicable safety stan-
any of the following activities: climbing, swinging, sliding,
dards.
rocking, spinning, crawling, or creeping, or combination
NOTE 1—See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout this con-
thereof. Fitness equipment is specifically excluded unless sumer safety performance specification.
attached to the play equipment. This specification is not
1.6 General Measures, Tolerances, and Conversions:
intended to apply to juvenile care products such as, but not
1.6.1 The general tolerances for this specification (unless
limited to, infant swings, playpens/enclosures, beds, or furni-
otherwise specified) are as follows:
ture (including outdoor furniture, such as picnic tables, cradle
Dimension Tolerance
rockers, activity centers being used as walker substitutes,
X in. ±0.5 in.
bouncers, jumpers, infant carriers, and products specifically X.X in. ±0.05 in.
X.XX in. ±0.005 in.
designedfortherapeuticuse).Thisspecificationisnotintended
Angle: ± 1°
to apply to equipment to be used in places of public assembly
Force in N: ±1.125 lbf (±5 N)
such as schools, nurseries, day-care centers, and parks. Equip- Weight in lbs: <220 lb (100 kg) ±1 lb (0.45 kg)
Weight in lbs. >220 lb (100 kg) ±2 lb (0.90 kg)
ment intended to be in child-care centers in private homes is
not exempt from the requirements of this specification. Such These tolerances apply to all dimensions unless otherwise
stated or when listed using terms like greater than, less than,
centers are defined as situations in which the child-care
providerdoesnotcareformorethansixchildrenundertheage minimum, or maximum are used.
of ten that are not residing in the household of the caregiver, 1.6.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
and the total number of children under the age of ten does not regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
exceedten,includingthecaregiver’sownchildren.Electrically mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
operated constant air inflatable devices are exempted from the information only.
requirements of this specification. Free standing play houses
1.6.3 The metric conversion factors:
are exempt from this standard where the intent is that the child
inch (in.) to millimetre (mm): 1 in. = 25.4 mm
is standing or seated with their feet on the ground with no pound (lb) to kilogram (kg): 1 lb = 0.45359 kg
pound-force (lbf) to newton (N): 1 lbf = 4.4482 N
climbing, sliding, or swinging activities.
1.6.4 See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout this
specification.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on
Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.09 on 1.7 This consumer safety performance specification in-
Home Playground Equipment.
cludes the following sections:
Current edition approved March 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally
Scope Section 1
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as F1148–21. DOI:
Referenced Documents Section 2
10.1520/F1148-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1148−22
3.1.3 completely bounded opening, n—any opening in a
Terminology Section 3
Materials and Manufacture Section 4
piece of play equipment that is totally enclosed by boundaries
General Requirements Section 5
on all sides so that the perimeter of the opening is continuous.
Performance Requirements Section 6
Requirements for Access Section 7
3.1.4 completely bounded non-rigid opening, n—any open-
Equipment Section 8
inginapieceofplayequipmentthatiscompletelyenclosedby
Equipment Layout Section 9
Installation Section 10
boundaries, part or all of which can deform or deflect during
Structural Integrity Section 11
normal use (for example, the openings in a flexible net or
Maintenance Instructions Section 12
lattice of webbing).
Labeling and Signage Section 13
Information Section 14
3.1.5 conspicuous, adj—describes a label that is visible,
Keywords Section 15
when the unit is in the manufacturer’s recommended use
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
position, to a person standing near the unit at any one position
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
around the unit but not necessarily visible from all positions.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.6 continuous surface, n—a surface smooth to the extent
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
that no hazard such as a catch point for clothing or sharp
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
edge/sharp point is created.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.7 crush and shear point, n—juncture at which the user
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
could suffer contusion, laceration, abrasion, amputation, or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
fracture during use of the playground equipment.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.8 designated playing surface, n—any elevated surface
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
intended for standing, walking, sitting, or climbing.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.9 edge, sharp , n—an edge that can cut a user’s skin.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—An edge is judged as sharp pursuant to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.49.
D2240Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
ness
3.1.10 entanglement, n—condition in which the user’s
F1292Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing
clothesorsomethingaroundtheuser’sneckbecomescaughtor
Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
entwined on a component of playground equipment.
2.2 Federal Standards:
3.1.11 entrapment, n—any condition which impedes with-
16 CFR 1303Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and Certain
drawal of a body or body part that has penetrated an opening.
Consumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint
3.1.12 fall height, n—verticaldistancebetweenadesignated
16 CFR 1500Hazardous Substances Act Regulations, in-
play surface and the protective surfacing beneath it.
cluding sections:
1500.48Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp
3.1.13 g—the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity at sea
2 2
Point in Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by
level, having a standard value of 386.088 in./s (9807mm⁄s ).
Children Under 8 Years of Age
The standard value may be approximated as 32.174 ft/s
1500.49Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp
(9.807m⁄s ). Accelerations may be expressed in units of g,
Metal or Glass Edge in Toys and Other Articles Intended
where 1g= the acceleration due to gravity.
for Use by Children Under 8 Years of Age
3.1.14 g-max—the maximum acceleration of a missile dur-
1500.52and.53TestMethodsforSimulatingUseandAbuse
ing an impact, expressed in g units.
of Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children
3.1.15 guardrail, n—a guardrail is a device around an
16 CFR 1501Method for Identifying Toys and Other Ar-
elevated surface that is intended to prevent inadvertent falls
ticles Intended for Use by Children Under 3Years ofAge
from the elevated surface.
Which Present Choking,Aspiration, or Ingestion Hazards
Because of Small Parts
3.1.16 hand grasping component, n—a component intended
to be grasped by the hand to steady a user (such as a handrail).
3. Terminology
3.1.17 hand gripping component, n—a component intended
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
tobegrippedbythehandtosupportthefullbodyweight(such
3.1.1 accessible, adj—relating to a part or portion of the
as a rung of a horizontal ladder or trapeze bar).
playground equipment that can be contacted by any body part.
3.1.18 handrail, n—the structural member that helps a child
3.1.2 anchors, n—accessories used to minimize possible
steady himself. As used in this consumer safety performance
tipping of the equipment, or lifting of the support legs.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or AsharpedgetestersuitableforconductingtestsinaccordancewiththeFederal
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM regulationat16CFRSection1500.49isavailablefromU.S.TestingCo.,Inc.,1415
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on ParkAvenue, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Engineering drawings from which a sharp edge
the ASTM website. tester may be fabricated are available from the Office of the Secretary, Consumer
AvailablefromConsumerProductSafetyCommission,Washington,DC20207. Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207.
F1148−22
specification, a handrail is the structural member at the top of Aseatisconsideredfullyenclosedwhenacontainmentsystem
aslidethathelpsachildsteadyhimselfwhilehesitsdown(see is employed that supports the child on all sides and in between
Fig. A1.1). the legs (see Fig. A1.5).
3.1.19 head injury criteria (HIC), n—a measure of impact 3.1.30 toy accessory, n—anarticlethatprovidescertainplay
severitythatconsidersthedurationoverwhichthemostcritical value separate from, but attached to or sold with, home
section of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peak playground equipment intended for play-time use by a child.
level of deceleration. Such articles include miniature imitations for play use of
objects intended primarily for a specific purpose (for example,
3.1.20 lawn swing, n—a multi-user occupant enclosed
a toy telephone or a toy gas pump).
swing where children sit on opposite sides facing one another
with their feet resting on a platform and their back against a 3.1.31 turnbar, n—the horizontal bar between the support-
backrest. ing legs of a swing set, such as the one shown in Fig. A1.1.
3.1.21 platform, n—any elevated horizontal surface in- 3.1.32 use zone, n—the area beneath and immediately adja-
tended to be used by children as a place for play or as a cent to a play structure or equipment that is designated for
transitionbetweencomponents.Slidetransitionareas<200in. unrestricted circulation around the equipment, and on whose
(1290 cm ) are not considered platforms. surface it is predicted that a user would land when falling or
exiting the equipment.
3.1.22 point, sharp , n—point that can puncture or lacerate
a user’s skin.
4. Materials and Manufacture
3.1.22.1 Discussion—Apoint is judged as sharp pursuant to
4.1 General—Home playground equipment shall be manu-
the provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.48.
factured and constructed only of materials that have a demon-
3.1.23 projection, n—a condition that due to its physical
strateddurabilityinanoutdoorsetting.Anynewmaterialsshall
nature must be tested to the requirements of this standard to
be documented or tested accordingly for durability by the
determinewhetheritisaprotrusionorentanglementhazard,or
playground equipment manufacturer or their agent.
both.
4.1.1 Metalssubjecttostructuraldegradationsuchasbyrust
3.1.24 protective barrier, n—enclosing device around an
or corrosion shall be painted, galvanized, or otherwise treated.
elevated surface that prevents both inadvertent and deliberate
Woods shall be naturally rot- and insect-resistant or treated to
attempts to pass through the device.
avoid such deterioration. Creosote, pentachlorophenol, tributyl
3.1.25 protrusion, n—a projection which, when tested in tin oxide, chromated copper arsenate (CCA), and surface
accordance with requirements of this standard, is found to be a coatings that contain pesticides shall not be used for play-
ground equipment. Wood treaters and playground equipment
hazard having the potential to cause serious bodily injury to a
user who impacts it. manufacturers shall practice technologies and procedures that
minimize the level of dislodgeable toxin. Plastics and other
3.1.26 rung, n—a cross-piece in a ladder or other climbing
materials that experience ultraviolet (UV) degradation shall be
equipment used for supporting the user’s feet or grasping by
stabilized against ultraviolet light.
the user’s hands, or both. A rung must comply with 6.10 for
4.1.2 Regardless of the material or the treatment process,
hand-gripping components.
the manufacturer shall ensure that the users of the playground
3.1.27 small part, n—a component that may become de-
equipment cannot ingest, inhale, or absorb any potential
tached during use of the playground equipment and presents a
hazardous amounts of substances through body surfaces as a
choking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard to a child. Such a
result of contact with the equipment.
component is determined to be a hazard pursuant to the
4.1.3 Lead in Paint—All paints and finishes used on play-
provisions of 16 CFR 1501.
ground equipment s
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1148 − 21 F1148 − 22
Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for
Home Playground Equipment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This consumer safety specification provides safety requirements for various types of home playground equipment intended for
use by children aged from over 18 months through 10 years. It further provides such requirements for swings intended specifically
for toddlers. Different age limits for various requirements are found in this specification. These limits reflect the nature of the
hazards and the expected mental or physical ability, or both, of the child to cope with the hazards.
1.2 Home playground equipment is defined as any product in which the support structure remains stationary while the activity is
taking place and is intended for a child to perform any of the following activities: climbing, swinging, sliding, rocking, spinning,
crawling, or creeping, or combination thereof. Fitness equipment is specifically excluded unless attached to the play equipment.
This specification is not intended to apply to juvenile care products such as, but not limited to, infant swings, playpens/enclosures,
beds, or furniture (including outdoor furniture, such as picnic tables, cradle rockers, activity centers being used as walker
substitutes, bouncers, jumpers, infant carriers, and products specifically designed for therapeutic use). This specification is not
intended to apply to equipment to be used in places of public assembly such as schools, nurseries, day-care centers, and parks.
Equipment intended to be in child-care centers in private homes is not exempt from the requirements of this specification. Such
centers are defined as situations in which the child-care provider does not care for more than six children under the age of ten that
are not residing in the household of the caregiver, and the total number of children under the age of ten does not exceed ten,
including the caregiver’s own children. Electrically operated constant air inflatable devices are exempted from the requirements
of this specification. Free standing play houses are exempt from this standard where the intent is that the child is standing or seated
with their feet on the ground with no climbing, sliding, or swinging activities.
1.3 Methods of identifying products that comply with this consumer safety specification are given. The illustrations of home
playground equipment shown in Figs. A1.1-A1.4 are for informational purposes only and are not intended to limit or endorse
certain types of playground equipment or equipment features. These illustrations are not intended to limit the variety or various
combinations of equipment that are covered by this consumer safety specification.
1.4 The purpose of this specification is to reduce the likelihood of life-threatening or debilitating injuries.
1.5 If toy accessories or toy chests are attached to home playground equipment, they are applicable to this consumer safety
specification and to any other applicable safety standards.
NOTE 1—See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout this consumer safety performance specification.
1.6 General Measures, Tolerances, and Conversions:
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.09 on Home Playground
Equipment.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021March 1, 2022. Published May 2021March 2022. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20202021 as
F1148 – 20.F1148 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/F1148-21.10.1520/F1148-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1148 − 22
1.6.1 The general tolerances for this specification (unless otherwise specified) are as follows:
Dimension Tolerance
X in. ±0.5 in.
X.X in. ±0.05 in.
X.XX in. ±0.005 in.
Angle: ± 1°
Force in N: ±1.125 lbf (±5 N)
Weight in lbs: <220 lb (100 kg) ±1 lb (0.45 kg)
Weight in lbs. >220 lb (100 kg) ±2 lb (0.90 kg)
These tolerances apply to all dimensions unless otherwise stated or when listed using terms like greater than, less than,
minimum, or maximum are used.
1.6.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.
1.6.3 The metric conversion factors:
inch (in.) to millimetre (mm): 1 in. = 25.4 mm
pound (lb) to kilogram (kg): 1 lb = 0.45359 kg
pound-force (lbf) to newton (N): 1 lbf = 4.4482 N
1.6.4 See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout this specification.
1.7 This consumer safety performance specification includes the following sections:
Scope Section 1
Referenced Documents Section 2
Terminology Section 3
Materials and Manufacture Section 4
General Requirements Section 5
Performance Requirements Section 6
Requirements for Access Section 7
Equipment Section 8
Equipment Layout Section 9
Installation Section 10
Structural Integrity Section 11
Maintenance Instructions Section 12
Labeling and Signage Section 13
Information Section 14
Keywords Section 15
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
F1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
2.2 Federal Standards:
16 CFR 1303 Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and Certain Consumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint
16 CFR 1500 Hazardous Substances Act Regulations, including sections:
1500.48 Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp Point in Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children Under
8 Years of Age
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207.
F1148 − 22
1500.49 Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp Metal or Glass Edge in Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by
Children Under 8 Years of Age
1500.52 and .53 Test Methods for Simulating Use and Abuse of Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children
16 CFR 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by Children Under 3 Years of Age Which Present
Choking, Aspiration, or Ingestion Hazards Because of Small Parts
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 accessible, adj—relating to a part or portion of the playground equipment that can be contacted by any body part.
3.1.2 anchors, n—accessories used to minimize possible tipping of the equipment, or lifting of the support legs.
3.1.3 completely bounded opening, n—any opening in a piece of play equipment that is totally enclosed by boundaries on all sides
so that the perimeter of the opening is continuous.
3.1.4 completely bounded non-rigid opening, n—any opening in a piece of play equipment that is completely enclosed by
boundaries, part or all of which can deform or deflect during normal use (for example, the openings in a flexible net or lattice of
webbing).
3.1.5 conspicuous, adj—describes a label that is visible, when the unit is in the manufacturer’s recommended use position, to a
person standing near the unit at any one position around the unit but not necessarily visible from all positions.
3.1.6 continuous surface, n—a surface smooth to the extent that no hazard such as a catch point for clothing or sharp edge/sharp
point is created.
3.1.7 crush and shear point, n—juncture at which the user could suffer contusion, laceration, abrasion, amputation, or fracture
during use of the playground equipment.
3.1.8 designated playing surface, n—any elevated surface intended for standing, walking, sitting, or climbing.
3.1.9 edge, sharp , n—an edge that can cut a user’s skin.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—
An edge is judged as sharp pursuant to the provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.49.
3.1.10 entanglement, n—condition in which the user’s clothes or something around the user’s neck becomes caught or entwined
on a component of playground equipment.
3.1.11 entrapment, n—any condition which impedes withdrawal of a body or body part that has penetrated an opening.
3.1.12 fall height, n—vertical distance between a designated play surface and the protective surfacing beneath it.
2 2
3.1.13 g—the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity at sea level, having a standard value of 386.088 in./s (9807 mm ⁄s ). The standard
2 2
value may be approximated as 32.174 ft/s (9.807 m ⁄s ). Accelerations may be expressed in units of g, where 1 g = the acceleration
due to gravity.
3.1.14 g-max—the maximum acceleration of a missile during an impact, expressed in g units.
3.1.15 guardrail, n—a guardrail is a device around an elevated surface that is intended to prevent inadvertent falls from the
elevated surface.
A sharp edge tester suitable for conducting tests in accordance with the Federal regulation at 16 CFR Section 1500.49 is available from U.S. Testing Co., Inc., 1415 Park
Avenue, Hoboken, NJ 07030. Engineering drawings from which a sharp edge tester may be fabricated are available from the Office of the Secretary, Consumer Product Safety
Commission, Washington, DC 20207.
F1148 − 22
3.1.16 hand grasping component, n—a component intended to be grasped by the hand to steady a user (such as a handrail).
3.1.17 hand gripping component, n—a component intended to be gripped by the hand to support the full body weight (such as a
rung of a horizontal ladder or trapeze bar).
3.1.18 handrail, n—the structural member that helps a child steady himself. As used in this consumer safety performance
specification, a handrail is the structural member at the top of a slide that helps a child steady himself while he sits down (see Fig.
A1.1).
3.1.19 head injury criteria (HIC), n—a measure of impact severity that considers the duration over which the most critical section
of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peak level of deceleration.
3.1.20 lawn swing, n—a multi-user occupant enclosed swing where children sit on opposite sides facing one another with their
feet resting on a platform and their back against a backrest.
3.1.21 platform, n—any elevated horizontal surface intended to be used by children as a place for play or as a transition between
2 2
components. Slide transition areas <200 in. (1290 cm ) are not considered platforms.
3.1.22 point, sharp , n—point that can puncture or lacerate a user’s skin.
3.1.22.1 Discussion—
A point is judged as sharp pursuant to the provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.48.
3.1.23 projection, n—a condition that due to its physical nature must be tested to the requirements of this standard to determine
whether it is a protrusion or entanglement hazard, or both.
3.1.24 protective barrier, n—enclosing device around an elevated surface that prevents both inadvertent and deliberate attempts
to pass through the device.
3.1.25 protrusion, n—a projection which, when tested in accordance with requirements of this standard, is found to be a hazard
having the potential to cause serious bodily injury to a user who impacts it.
3.1.26 rung, n—a cross-piece in a ladder or other climbing equipment used for supporting the user’s feet or grasping by the user’s
hands, or both. A rung must comply with 6.10 for hand-gripping components.
3.1.27 small part, n—a component that may become detached during use of the playground equipment and presents a choking,
aspiration, or ingestion hazard to a child. Such a component is determined to be a hazard pursuant to the provisions of 16 CFR
1501.
3.1.28 swing, n—an element or seat suspended from an elevated support structure so as to allow users to move freely in one or
more planes and possesses a pivot arm greater than 24 in. (610 mm) when measured vertically from the top of the suspended
element to the pivot point.
3.1.28.1 Discussion—
Swings include the following types: single axis (to-fro), multiple axis (rotating), or swings with multiple motions consisting of a
combination of single axis and multiple axis (combination swings).
3.1.29 toddler swing, n—a fully enclosed single occupant swing intended for young children who can sit upright unaided. A seat
is considered fully enclosed when a containment system is employed that supports the child on all sides and in between the legs
(see Fig. A1.5).
3.1.30 toy accessory, n—an article that provides certain play value separate from, but attached to or sold with, home playground
A sharp point tester for conducting tests in accordance with the Federal regulation at 16 CFR Section 1500.48 is available from U.S. Testing Co., Inc., 1415 Park Avenue,
Hoboken, NJ 07030. An engineering drawing from which a sharp point tester may be fabricated is available from the Office of the Secretary, Consumer Products Safety
Commission, Washington, DC 20207.
F1148 − 22
equipment intended for play-time use by a child. Such articles include miniature imitations for play use of objects intended
primarily for a specific purpose (for example, a toy telephone or a toy gas pump).
3.1.31 turnbar, n—the horizontal bar between the supporting legs of a swing set, such as the one shown in Fig. A1.1.
3.1.32 use zone, n—the area beneath and immediately adjacent to a play structure or equipment t
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