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ASTM D5550-94

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer

Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids by means of a gas pycnometer. Particle size is limited by the dimensions of the specimen container of the particular pycnometer being used.
1.2 Test Method D854 may be used instead of or in conjunction with this test method for performing specific gravity tests on soils. Note that Test Method D854 does not require the specialized test apparatus needed by this test method. However, Test Method D854 may not be used if the specimen contains matter that can readily dissolve in water, whereas this test method does not have that limitation.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2000
ICS
13.080.10 - Chemical characteristics of soils
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.03 - Texture, Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5550-00 - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2277-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Design and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM F1815-11(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Water Retention, Porosity, and Bulk Density of Athletic Field Rootzones
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM D4018-23 - Standard Test Methods for Properties of Continuous Filament Carbon and Graphite Fiber Tows
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000

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ASTM D5550-94 - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas PycnometerASTM D5550-94 - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer
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ASTM D5550-94 - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 5550 – 94
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5550; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope volume of solids to the mass in air of an equal volume of
distilled water at a temperature of 4°C (in accordance with
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific
Terminology D 653).
gravity of soil solids by means of a gas pycnometer. Particle
size is limited by the dimensions of the specimen container of
NOTE 1—Distilled water at a temperature of 4°C has a density of 1.000
the particular pycnometer being used.
g/cm . It is recommended that this test method be performed at or near
room temperature. The temperature at which the soil volume is measured
1.2 Test Method D 854 may be used instead of or in
can be reported but is not required by this test method because of the
conjunction with this test method for performing specific
negligible effect of temperature on the volume of soil solids. However,
gravity tests on soils. Note that Test Method D 854 does not
temperature may have a significant effect on performance of the gas
require the specialized test apparatus needed by this test
pycnometer. Therefore, testing should be conducted within the specified
method. However, Test Method D 854 may not be used if the
operating temperature range of the apparatus.
specimen contains matter that can readily dissolve in water,
4. Summary of Test Method
whereas this test method does not have that limitation.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be
4.1 This test method is used to determine the specific
regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in
gravity of soil grains using a gas pycnometer. This test method
parentheses are for information only.
also contains equations for correcting the initial specific gravity
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
value for dissolved matter within the pore fluid.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 The specific gravity value is used in many phase relation
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
equations to determine relative volumes of particle, water, and
gas mixtures.
2. Referenced Documents
5.2 The term soil particle typically refers to a naturally
2.1 ASTM Standards:
occurring mineral grain that is not readily soluble in water.
C 670 Practice for Precision and Bias Statements for Test
Therefore, the specific gravity of soils that contain extraneous
Methods for Construction Materials
matter (such as cement, lime, and the like) or water-soluble
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
material (such as salt) must be corrected for the precipitate that
Fluids
forms on the specimen after drying. If the precipitate has a
D 854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils
specific gravity less than the parent soil grains, the uncorrected
D 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-
test result will be too low. If the precipitate has a higher
fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, and
specific gravity, then the uncorrected test value will be too
Related Construction Materials
high.
3. Terminology
6. Apparatus
3.1 Definitions:
6.1 Pycnometer—The gas pycnometer shall be one of the
3.1.1 The definitions of terms used in this test method shall
commercially available models that determines the volume of
be in accordance with Terminology D 653.
a solid by one of two methods. One measures the pressure drop
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
that occurs after a gas at a known pressure is allowed to flow
3.2.1 specific gravity—the ratio of the mass in air of a given
into another chamber (typically the first chamber contains the
solid material being tested). The amount of pressure drop is
related to the volume of soil present. The other type of
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil
instrument puts a known volume of gas into a chamber
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.13 on Marine and
containing the specimen. The increase in pressure is related to
Coastal Geotechnical.
Current edition approved May 15, 1994. Published July 1994.
the volume of the material. Either type of instrument is
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
D 5550
acceptable provided that the required accuracy of the instru- 7. Reagents and Materials
ment produces a volume measurement that is 60.2 % of the
7.1 Unless otherwise specified as being acceptable by the
specimen volume.
manufacturer, research grade helium should be used in con-
junction with the instrument.
NOTE 2—All of the commercially available instruments can provide
acceptable accuracy. However, some instruments require an operator to
8. Test Specimen
manually perform the test (that is, physically move the working compo-
nents of the apparatus), whereas, other instruments are fully automatic
8.1 The test specimen must be oven dried and shall be
(after the specimen has been loaded) and can produce a digital display of
representative of the total sample. Typically a greater specimen
the volume and specific gravity value (the specimen mass has to be input).
mass used in the instrument will produce a more accurate
Some instruments can also send the test results to a separate printer.
measured volume. The sample container within the available
Obviously, inherent errors are more possible with one type of equipment
than another. Furthermore, some instruments are constructed differently pycnometers varies in size from 1 to 135 cm . Because of the
than others and can therefore produce more accurate and reproducible
principles involved with instrument function, most manufac-
results.
turers require that a majority of the specimen cup be filled with
soil to produce acceptably accurate volume results. Soil grains
6.2 Balance—Balance meeting the requirements of Speci-
fications D 4753 and readable, without estimation, to at least of any size are acceptable to test provided that they are easily
placed within and do not protrude from the specimen container.
0.1 % of the specimen mass.
6.3 Compressed Gas System—Typically research grade he-
NOTE 8—Using a small sample container may require the use of a more
lium is required by the instruments. A tank capable of storing
accurate balance with higher precision to attain the specified accuracy
the required volume of gas and associated pressure regulator(s)
required by this test method.
required to deliver the gas at the specified pressure.
9. Calibration
NOTE 3—Other inert gas may be substituted for helium; refer to
9.1 The calibration of each type of pycnometer is different.
manufacturer’s suggestions. Helium is often used because it obeys the
The manufacturer’s instructions should be followed. However,
ideal gas law and is able to penetrate small soil pores. Ordinary air may
produce acceptable results for non-reactive specimens in some instru- all of them have two common calibration checks. The first one
ments, however, that practice should be discouraged because of the
requires the specimen holder cup be checked when empty. The
uncertainty introduced into the test results.
determined volume should be within manufacturer’s tolerances
of zero. Each pycnometer should also be supplied with an
6.4 Drying Oven—Thermostatically-controlled oven, ca-
pable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C (230 object of known volume (6 manufacturer’s tolerances) that
can be placed in the specimen cup. The measured object’s
6 9°F) throughout the drying chamber.
6.5 Desiccator—A desiccating cabinet or jar with air-tight volume should fall within specifications.
9.2 The zero check should be made at the beginning of
seal containing silica gel or an anhydrous calcium sulfate
desiccant. testing on a daily basis. The calibration volume check should
be performed after twenty-five soil specimens are tested.
NOTE 4—Anhydrous calcium sulfate is sold under the trade name
Depending on its configuration, a pycnometer may also require
Drierite.
the periodic checking of an internal chamber volume(s). If any
NOTE 5—Indicating desiccant changes color when it is no longer able to
calibration check falls outside the tolerances set forth by the
absorb moisture. However, indicating desiccant is more expensive than
the non-indicating variety. To save cost, indicating desiccant can be mixed manufacturer, the problem must be found and rectified before
in with the non-indicating type. A ratio of one part indicating desiccant to
testing on soil specimens resumes.
approximately four parts non-indicating has proven to be acceptable in
NOTE 9—It may be beneficial to have a number of soil specimens that
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Where sulfates are suspected, subgrade soils should be tested as an integral part of a geotechnical evaluation because the possibility that sulfate induced heave may occur if calcium containing stabilizers are used to improve the soils and sulfate reactions may also cause deterioration in concrete structures. When planning to treat a soil used in construction with lime, testing the soil for water soluble sulfates prior to treatment becomes very important (Note 2).  
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1.1 These methods determine the water soluble sulfate content of cohesive soils used in construction by using the colorimetric technique. Two methods are presented in this standard. Method A is for use in the field and Method B is for use in the laboratory. The colorimetric technique involves measuring the scattering of a light beam through a solution that contains suspended particulate matter. Measurements of sulfate concentrations in construction soils can be used to guide professionals in the selection of appropriate stabilization methods and to assist in assessment of potential deterioration in concrete structures.
Note 1: These test methods are partially based on the research conducted by Texas A & M University.  
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Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The specific gravity value is used in many phase relation equations to determine relative volumes of particle, water, and gas mixtures.  
5.2 The term soil particle typically refers to a naturally occurring mineral grain that is not readily soluble in water. Therefore, the specific gravity of soils that contain extraneous matter (such as cement, lime, and the like) or water-soluble material (such as salt) must be corrected for the precipitate that forms on the test specimen after drying. If the precipitate has a specific gravity less than the parent soil grains, the uncorrected test result will be too low. If the precipitate has a higher specific gravity, then the uncorrected test value will be too high.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids by means of a gas pycnometer. Particle size is limited by the dimensions of the test specimen container of the particular pycnometer being used.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbonate content of soils and soft rock which can be readily broken down by mechanical effort. It is a gasometric method that uses a simple portable apparatus. Results should be clearly stated as the calcite equivalent in percent because different carbonate species cover a wide range of percent calcite equivalent as shown below for a number of carbonates:    
Species  
Cation  
Calcite
Equivalent, %  
Magnesite  
Mg  
117.0  
Dolomite  
Ca, Mg  
108.6  
Calcite  
Ca  
100.0  
Aragonite  
Ca  
100.0  
Rhodocrosite  
Mn  
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Siderite  
Fe  
86.4  
Smithsonite  
Zn  
79.8  
Witherite  
Ba  
50.7  
Cerrusite  
Pb  
37.5
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1.1 This guide describes a general approach to planning investigations in which the goal is to obtain background measurements of naturally occurring Beryllium (N-Be) along with one or more predictor metals in local soils, to be used in predicting the amount of N-Be expected in samples taken for evaluation using the Metal Ratio Method (MRM). Generally, systematic random sampling is recommended, after which the results are interpreted using statistical methods described in this guide.  
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1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
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Standard Test Methods for pH of Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pH of the soil is a useful variable in determining the solubility of soil minerals, the mobility of ions in the soil, and assessing the viability of the soil-plant environment.  
5.2 pH measurements are made in both test water and a calcium chloride solution because the calcium displaces some of the exchangeable aluminum. The low ionic strength counters the dilution effect on the exchange equilibrium by setting the salt concentration of the solution closer to that expected in the soil solution. The pH values obtained in the solution of calcium chloride are slightly lower than those measured in water due to the release of more aluminum ions which then hydrolyses. Therefore, both measurements are needed to fully define the character of the soil's pH.  
5.3 For the purpose of these test methods, the test specimens are sieved through a 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve. Measurements on soils or soil fractions having particle sizes larger than 2.0 mm by these test methods may be invalid. If soil or soil fractions with particles larger than 2.0 mm are used, it must be stated in the report since the results may be significantly different.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the pH of soils that will pass the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve. Such measurements are used in the agricultural, environmental, geotechnical, and natural resources fields. This measurement determines the degree of acidity or alkalinity in soil materials suspended in water and a 0.01 M calcium chloride solution. Measurements in both liquids are necessary to fully define the soil's pH. This variable is useful in determining the solubility of soil minerals and the mobility of ions in the soil and assessing the viability of the soil-plant environment. A more detailed discussion of the usefulness of this parameter is given in Refs (1-6)2.  
1.2 Two methods for measuring the pH of soils are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. When no method is specified, Method A shall be used. The pH is determined in test water and a calcium chloride solution for both methods.  
1.2.1 Method A—The pH is measured using a potentiometer having a pH sensitive electrode system. This method can be used for any application and must be used when the application warrants a higher level of resolution.  
1.2.2 Method B—The pH is measured using pH sensitive paper. This method can be used for any application, however, because paper typically has a lower resolution, it provides an approximate estimate of the pH of the soil and should not be used when the application requires a higher level of resolution (Note 1).
Note 1: For example, paper with a sensitivity to the nearest 1 pH unit placed into a buffer solution of 4 should indicate a pH of 4, however, it would not indicate if the pH is 4.449 or 3.449.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 All measured and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variatio...

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ASTM
ASTM E2119-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Quality Systems for Conducting In Situ Measurements of Lead Content in Paint or Other Coatings Using Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Devices

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides procedures to generate and document QC data for ensuring that an XRF is operating within acceptable tolerances throughout the testing period when being used to collect lead results during a lead-based paint (LBP) inspection for the purposes of generating lead classification results.  
5.2 This practice is intended to supplement XRF instrument manufacturer protocols and PCSs4 through the use of QA and QC procedures to provide uniform lead testing practices among the wide variety of available field-portable XRF instruments.
Note 1: The United States requires that an XRF used to perform a lead-based paint inspection in housing is to be utilized according to the PCS for the particular instrument model in use.  
5.3 While the QC results collected using this practice can provide assurances that an XRF instrument is operating within acceptable tolerances, this practice does not determine an actual level of confidence for a classification result obtained from an XRF measurement.  
5.4 This practice does not address selection of test locations or representative sampling for leaded paint. Additional information on conducting measurements of lead in leaded paint or other coatings may be found in Guide E2115 and the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 7.  
5.5 This practice involves the use of field-portable XRF instruments that may contain radioactive materials or X-ray tubes that emit X-rays or gamma rays, or both. These instruments are intended for use only by qualified, trained personnel.  
5.6 The use of field-portable XRF instruments for measurement of lead may not accurately reveal low but still potentially hazardous levels of lead.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection and documentation of quality control (QC) measurements for determining acceptable levels of instrumental performance when using field-portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry devices (XRFs) for the purposes of generating lead classification results from measurements on paint and other coating films within buildings and related structures.  
1.1.1 This practice is not designed to determine the presence of a hazard as defined by authorities having jurisdiction in the United States or other jurisdictions. See Guide E2115 and the HUD Guidelines for more information.  
1.2 QC procedures covered in this provisional practice include the performance of calibration checks, substrate bias checks, and specific instructions for documenting the collected data for later use in reporting the results.  
1.3 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among the various makes and models of suitable instruments. Instead, the analyst is to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular XRF device or other relevant sources of information on XRF operation.  
1.4 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this provisional practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1727-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for Subsequent Lead Determination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although this practice is intended for the collection of soil samples from bare areas in and around buildings, this practice may also be used to collect soil samples from other areas and environments.  
5.2 This practice limits soil collection to approximately the top 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) of soil surface.  
5.3 These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent digestion using sample preparation techniques such as Practices E1726 or E1979 and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as Test Methods E3193 or E3203.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of bare soil samples from areas around buildings and related structures using coring and scooping methods.  
1.2 This practice may not be suitable for collection of soil samples from areas that are paved or otherwise covered with grass, mulch, or the like. See Guide E2115 or Practices E2271/E2271M or E3074/E3074M.  
1.3 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, a sampling plan that includes the number and location of samples) that are used for risk assessment and other lead hazard activities.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3302-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for PFAS Analytical Methods Selection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides an overview of analytical methods, techniques, and procedures that may be used in determination of PFAS in environmental media.  
4.2 This guide provides considerations relevant to the selection and application of PFAS analytical methods, techniques, and procedures, including the limitations of published analytical methods and the potential benefits and challenges of non-standard analytical approaches.  
4.3 This guide presents comparisons of published analytical methods and approaches, including tabular comparison of target analyte lists and method features, to aid users in the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques for project-specific applications.  
4.4 This guide describes qualitative techniques available to determine total PFAS, including explanation of terms, discussion of preparation and analytical techniques and limitations, conceptual overview schematic, and summary comparison table.  
4.5 This guide provides current information on research trends in PFAS determination techniques applied to environmental media.  
4.6 This guide provides an integrated framework that results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making for timely, appropriate response actions for PFAS-impacted environmental media.  
4.7 This guide is not intended to replace or supersede federal, state, local, or international regulatory requirements. Instead, this guide may be used to complement and support such requirements.  
4.8 This guide may be used by various parties involved in response actions for PFAS-impacted environmental media, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants and contractors, site remediation professionals, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers, data users, academic institutions, research institutes, and other stakeholders.  
4.9 The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute PFA...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques used to identify and quantitate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in environmental media. This guide provides a flexible, defensible framework applicable to a wide range of environmental programs. It is structured to support a tiered approach with analytical methods, procedures, and techniques of increasing complexity as the user proceeds through the evaluation process. This guide addresses key decision criteria and best practices to aid users in achieving project objectives. There are numerous technical decisions that must be made in the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques used during environmental data acquisition programs. It is not the intent of this guide to define appropriate technical decisions, but rather to provide technical support within existing decision frameworks.  
1.2 This guide informs practitioners on the considerations relevant to the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques for the quantitative and qualitative determination of PFAS in a variety of environmental sample media. This guide encourages user-led collaboration with stakeholders, including analytical laboratories, data evaluation practitioners, and regulators, in the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques used to support project-specific decision criteria and objectives as applied within a particular environmental regulatory program. This guide recognizes the complexity and diversity of environmental programs and project objectives and provides technical guidance for a range of project applications.  
1.3 This guide is intended to complement, not replace, existing regulatory requirements or guidance. ASTM International (ASTM) guides are not regulations; they are consensus-based standards that may be followed as needed.  
1.4 This guide recognizes that PFAS can be catego...

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ASTM
ASTM G51-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion Evaluations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Information on pH of soil is used as an aid in evaluating the corrosivity of a soil environment. Some metals are more sensitive to the pH of their environment than others, and information on the stability of a metal as a function of pH and potential is available in the literature.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the pH of a soil in corrosion evaluations. The principle use of the test is to supplement soil resistivity measurements and thereby identify conditions under which the corrosion of metals in soil may be accentuated (see G57 – 78 (2012)).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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