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ASTM D4594-96

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles

Standard Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles

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1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the effects of climatic temperature on the tensile strength and elongation properties of geotextiles.  
1.2 The effect of temperature on the stability of geotextiles is reported as the change in tensile strength and elongation between tests performed as directed in Test Method D 5035, in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, and tests performed under conditions at which the geotextile is expected to perform in the field.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.1, 7.1.2, and 7.1.3.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are provided for information only.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1995
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.02 - Endurance Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4594-96(2003) - Standard Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles
Effective Date
10-Jul-1996

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ASTM D4594-96 - Standard Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of GeotextilesASTM D4594-96 - Standard Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles
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ASTM D4594-96 - Standard Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4594 – 96
Standard Test Method for
Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4594; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 temperature stability, n—for a geotextile, the percent
change in tensile strength or in percent elongation as measured
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining
at a specified temperature and compared to values obtained at
the effects of climatic temperature on the tensile strength and
the standard conditions for testing geotextiles.
elongation properties of geotextiles.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
1.2 The effect of temperature on the stability of geotextiles
refer to Terminology D 123 and Terminology D 4439.
is reported as the change in tensile strength and elongation
between tests performed as directed in Test Method D 5035, in
4. Summary of Test Method
the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, and tests per-
4.1 Specimens of a geotextile are conditioned at selected
formed under conditions at which the geotextile is expected to
temperatures in an environmental chamber attached to a tensile
perform in the field.
testing machine. While maintaining these temperatures, 2 in.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cut or ravel strip tensile tests are performed as directed in Test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Method D 5035. The same tests are conducted as control under
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the standard laboratory test conditions. Tensile strength and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
percent elongation properties obtained at various test tempera-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.1-7.1.3.
tures are recorded. Changes in strength characteristics due to
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the effects of temperature are determined.
standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are provided
4.2 The temperatures used for conditioning and testing the
for information only.
geotextiles are the temperatures at which the geotextile will
2. Referenced Documents perform or are typically exposed to in the field.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
2 5.1 This test method is used for evaluating the relative
tiles
2 effects of temperature on geotextiles manufactured from dif-
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
2 ferent polymers, by a different manufacturing process, or both.
D 461 Test Methods for Felt
2 5.2 During shipping and storage, the geotextile may be
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
3 exposed to abnormal temperatures. The fabric could be tested
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
3 at these temperatures to determine the detrimental effects of
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
these conditions on the strength properties.
D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation
4 5.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate the cyclic
of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
effects of temperature (freeze-thaw), that is, samples can be
3. Terminology conditioned to below normal temperatures (below freezing)
and then to above normal temperatures (elevated temperatures)
3.1 Definitions:
for a given number of cycles. Strength characteristics can be
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n—air maintained
determined after these cyclic exposures.
at relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and at a temperature of 21
5.4 Most nonwoven, woven, and composite fabric can be
6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
tested by this method. Modification of the techniques is likely
to be necessary for any fabric having a strength in excess of
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-35 on 179 kg/cm (1000 lb/in.) width. This test method is not
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-
recommended for knitted fabrics.
ance Properties.
5.5 This test method is an index test method and is not
Current edition approved July 10, 1996. Published November 1996. Originally
recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments,
published as D 4594 – 86. Last previous edition D 4594 – 95.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
since information on between laboratory precision has not been
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13.
established. In some cases the purchaser and seller may have to
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D4594–96
test a commercial shipment of one or more geotextiles by the 8. Sampling
best available method, even though the method has not been
8.1 Division into Lots and Lot Sample—Unless otherwise
recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
agreed upon as in an applicable material specification, divide
A comparative test performed as directed in 5.5.1 may be
the material into lots and take a lot sample as directed in
advisable.
Practice D 4354. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primary
5.5.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
sampling units.
reported test results when using Test Method D 4594 for
8.2 Laboratory Sample—Take for the laboratory sample, a
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
m (1 yd) along the selvage from each roll in the lot sample. The
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
swatch may be taken from the end portion of a roll provided
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
there is no evidence that it is distorted or different from other
bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
portions of the roll. In cases of dispute, take a swatch that will
specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are
exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
around the core.
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
8.3 Test Specimens—For the standard conditions and for
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
each test temperature to which the geotextile is to be exposed,
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
cut five specimens at least 50.8 mm (2 in.) wide by 152.4 mm
unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
(6 in.) long from each swatch in the laboratory sample with the
two parties before
...

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1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7747/D7747M-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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