D35.02 - Endurance Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a standard immersion procedure for investigating the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic to a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical in a laboratory environment. The conditions specified in this practice are intended both to provide a basis of standardization and to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic material(s) in a laboratory environment. Practice D5496 can be used should the user need to assess the performance of a geosynthetic in field conditions.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to establish, by itself, the behavior of geosynthetics when exposed to liquids. Such behavior, referred to as chemical resistance, can be defined only in terms of specific chemical solutions and methods of testing and evaluation criteria selected by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers laboratory immersion procedures for the testing of geosynthetics for chemical resistance to liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This standard is not applicable to some geosynthetics such as geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), because of their composite nature requiring a confining pressure during immersion. However, individual geosynthetic components of the GCL can be tested.  
1.3 This standard was originally developed to supplement and expand EPA 9090 to include all geosynthetics. EPA 9090 has not been updated since 1992.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the SIM decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.5 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in drainage applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on geonets made from high-density polyethylene. Additional testing on other materials is ongoing.  
5.4 R+H testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for compressive creep properties using the stepped isothermal method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic drainage materials such as HDPE geonet specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Ramp and hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial rapid compressive creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 This method can be used to establish the sustained load compressive creep characteristics of a geosynthetic that demonstrates a relationship between time-dependent behavior and temperature. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of compressive creep tests performed at 20 ± 1 °C and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term compressive creep behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a test procedure for determining the resistance of a geotextile with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.  
5.2 The specification of test procedures in this practice is intended to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geotextile to a potentially harsh chemical environment.  
5.3 This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geotextiles and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for geomembranes, geogrids, geonets, and geopipes. Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures used for testing geotextiles for chemical resistance to liquids. Reinforcement geotextiles can also be tested per Practice D6213.  
1.2 This practice describes test methods for measuring changes in planar dimensions, tensile properties, and other optional physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties caused by immersion in test liquids which may be representative of anticipated end-use conditions. This practice may be used to assess the extent to which a product's as-manufactured properties are affected by such immersion.  
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with either Practice D5322 or D5496. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geotextile samples.  
1.4 Evaluation or interpretation of test data is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised since information on the precision of the test is lacking. Comparative testing as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance of abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.  
5.3 The resistance of geotextile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” and “durability” are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory tests may b...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of resistance of geotextiles to abrasion using an abrasion tester. This test method at this point has only been evaluated for geotextiles—not geomembranes, grids, etc. Therefore, the test method is designated for geotextiles, not geosynthetics, as all products may not lend themselves to this test method for abrasion. If later developments indicate a wider scope for this test method, appropriate changes will be made.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in inch-pound units are provided as information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is performance oriented for determining if, and to what degree, different liquids create biological activity on geotextile filters thereby reducing their flow capability. The use of the method is primarily oriented toward landfill leachates but can be performed with any liquid coming from a particular site or synthesized from a predetermined mixture of biological microorganisms.  
5.2 The test can be used to compare the flow capability of different types of geotextiles, drainage geocomposite, or soil/geotextile combinations.  
5.3 This test will usually take considerable time, for example, up to 1000 h, for the biological activity to initiate, grow, and reach an equilibrium condition. The curves resulting from the test are intended to indicate the in-situ behavior of a geotextile or soil/geotextile filter.  
5.4 The test specimen can be incubated under unsaturated drained conditions between readings, or kept saturated at all times. The first case allows for air penetration into the flow column and thus aerobic conditions. The second case can result in the absence of air; thus it may simulate anaerobic conditions.  
5.5 The flow rate can be determined using either a constant head test procedure or on the basis of a falling head test procedure. In either case, the flow column containing the geotextile or soil/geotextile is the same; only the head control devices change.
Note 1: It has been found that once biological clogging initiates, constant head tests often pass inadequate quantities of liquid to accurately measure. It thus becomes necessary to use falling head tests, which can be measured based on time of movement of a relatively small quantity of liquid between two designated points on a clear plastic standpipe.  
5.6 If the establishment of an unacceptably high degree of clogging is seen in the flow rate curves, the device allows for back flushing with water or with water containing a biocide.  
5.7 The resulting flow rate curves ar...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the potential for, and relative degree of, biological growth which can accumulate on geotextile, drainage geocomposites, or geotextile/soil filters.  
1.2 This test method uses the measurement of flow rates over an extended period of time to determine the amount of clogging.  
1.3 This test method can be adapted for unsaturated as well as saturated conditions.  
1.4 This test method can use constant head or falling head measurement techniques.  
1.5 This test method can also be used to give an indication as to the possibility of back flushing, biocide treatment, or both, for remediation purposes if biological clogging does occur.  
1.6 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in inch-pound units are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic function or performance characteristic. This guide then provides a guide to select available test methods for experimentally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas where no suitable test exists.  
5.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degradation resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting, or installing the geosynthetic.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of those factors of the appropriate application environment that may affect the post-construction service life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recommended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durability of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the durability can be considered in the design process.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or installation environments.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Under the conditions of this test, the specimens undergo degradation at a rate that is a function of the thermal endurance of the polyolefin geomembrane under examination.  
4.2 The rate of change of a particular property as a function of temperature may be evaluated using the temperatures and times outlined in Practice D3045.  
4.3 Any correlation between this practice and service life of polyolefin geomembranes must be determined for the particular application in which they are to be used.  
4.4 Air-oven aging can be used to evaluate and compare the performance of various heat stabilizer packages exposed to air oxidation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a means for estimating the resistance of polyolefin geomembranes to thermal aging in the presence of air.  
1.2 This practice should be used as a guide to compare thermal aging characteristics of materials as measured by the change in some property of interest. This practice does not predict thermal aging characteristics where interactions between stress, environment, temperature, and time control failure.  
1.3 This practice is useful for the development of formulations of polyolefin geomembranes.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The OIT is a qualitative assessment of the level (or degree) of stabilization of the material tested. This test has the potential to be used as a quality control measure to monitor the stabilization level in formulated resin as received from a supplier, prior to extrusion.
Note 2: The OIT measurement is an accelerated thermal-aging test, and as such can be misleading. Caution should be exercised in data interpretation since oxidation reaction kinetics are a function of temperature and the inherent properties of the additives contained in the sample. For example, OIT results are often used to select optimum resin formulations. Volatile antioxidants may generate poor OIT results even though they may perform adequately at the intended use temperature of the finished product.
Note 3: There is no accepted sampling procedure, nor have any definitive relationships been established for comparing OIT values on field samples to those on unused products, hence the use of such values for determining life expectancy is uncertain and subjective.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of the oxidative induction time (OIT) of polyolefin geosynthetics using differential scanning calorimetry.  
1.2 The focus of the test is on geomembranes, but geogrids, geonets, geotextiles, and other polyolefin-related geosynthetics are also suitable for such evaluation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 11357-6 2013 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Carbon black is added to many polymers to provide long-term resistance to ultraviolet-induced degradation. To achieve this, carbon black should be dispersed uniformly throughout the as-manufactured geosynthetic material. This test method is used to evaluate the uniformity of carbon black dispersion.  
5.2 This test method is suitable only for those geosynthetics that can be sampled using a rotary or sledge microtome. The geometry, stiffness (hardness), or elasticity of some geosynthetic products precludes their being sampled with a micro-tome. The cross-sectional area of the geosynthetic must be composed of a continuous solid polyolefin material to be sampled using a microtome.  
5.3 Extruded and oriented geogrids will require that microtome specimens be cut from the non-oriented bars of uniaxial products and the non-oriented nodes of biaxial products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers equipment, specimen preparation techniques, and procedures for evaluating the dispersion of carbon black in polyolefin geosynthetics containing less than 5 % carbon black by weight.  
1.2 This test method allows for a qualitative evaluation of carbon black agglomerates and other inclusions in polyolefin geosynthetics. This evaluation is based on carbon black dispersion size calculated area within microscopic fields of view.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is for the evaluation of carbon black dispersion. This test method does not support or evaluate the distribution of carbon black.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Outdoor exposure tests at one location may not be applicable to a project site at another location. This test method evaluates geotextiles under site-specific atmospheric conditions over an 18-month period. A degradation curve as per 10.8, based on strength, elongation, or modulus, or all of these, may be developed for the geotextile being evaluated.  
5.2 This test method can be used for comparative testing of the degradation of geotextiles.  
5.3 This test method is considered to be a performance test and as such the responsibility for its performance rests with the specifying or purchasing agency.
Note 1: The intent of this procedure is to provide the user of this test method and geotextiles a standard by which to evaluate weathering degradation in terms of site-specific conditions, not in terms of incident radiation and temperature. If desired, the user may want to have the necessary measurement and recording equipment at each site to do this. However, the expense of doing so at each site may be prohibitive. Therefore, this is not a specific requirement of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers evaluating the deterioration in tensile strength and strain after outdoor exposure.  
1.2 The deterioration is assessed as a reduction in strength and strain at failure from the unexposed geotextile.  
1.3 The specific location of the light and weather exposure is made on the basis of a site-specific decision between the parties involved.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standard procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resistance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.  
5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a quantifiable term. This practice is intended to provide a basis of standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be recognized that chemical resistance is a user judgment evaluation and that this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the results obtained from test procedures contained in this practice. As a practice, this does not produce a test result.
Note 1: This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for geotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners. Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced geomembranes.  
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D5322 or D5496, or both. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.  
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is developed for use in the determination of anticipated total elongation over time or time to rupture that may occur in geosynthetics under sustained loading conditions.  
5.1.1 The test data can be used in conjunction with interpretive methods to determine creep strain potential at design loads.  
5.1.2 The test data can be used in conjunction with interpretive methods to determine creep rupture potential at various loads.  
5.2 This test method is not intended for routine acceptance testing of geosynthetics. This test method should be used to characterize geosynthetics intended for use in reinforcement applications in which creep or creep rupture is of concern. The plane strain or rupture condition imposed during testing must be considered when using the test results for design.  
5.3 The basic distinctions between this test method and other test methods for measuring tension creep and creep rupture behavior are: (1) the width of the specimens (Section 8), and (2) the measurement of total elongation over time or time to rupture from the moment of specimen loading. The greater widths of the specimens specified in this test method minimize the contraction edge effect (necking) that occurs in many geosynthetic materials and provides a closer relationship to actual material behavior in plane strain tension conditions.  
5.4 The creep or stress rupture of a given geosynthetic is likely to be reduced in soil because of confining stresses and load transfer to the soil. The unconfined environment represents a controlled test in which the results are conservative with regard to the behavior of the material in service. Confined or in-soil testing may model the field behavior of the geosynthetic more accurately.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use in determining the unconfined tension creep and creep rupture behavior of geosynthetics at constant temperature when subjected to a sustained tensile loading. This test method is applicable to all geosynthetics.  
1.2 The test method measures total elongation of the geosynthetic test specimen, from the time of loading, while being maintained at a constant temperature. It includes procedures for measuring the tension creep and creep rupture behavior at constant temperature of conditioned unconfined geosynthetics as well as directions for calculating tension forces to plot creep and creep rupture curves.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of solar radiation, moisture, and heat. The exposure used is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.  
5.2 The relation between time to failure in an exposure conducted in accordance with this test method and service life in a specific outdoor environment requires determination of an acceleration factor, as defined in Terminology G113. The acceleration factor is material dependent and is only valid if it is based on data from a sufficient number of separate exterior and laboratory-accelerated exposures so that the results used to relate times to failure in each exposure can be analyzed using statistical methods.
Note 1: An example of a statistical analysis using multiple laboratory and exterior exposures to calculate an acceleration factor is described by J. A. Simms.4 See Practice G151 for more information and additional cautions about the use of acceleration factors.  
5.2.1 The deterioration curve obtained from the results of this test method enables the user to determine the tendency of a geotextile to deteriorate when exposed to xenon arc radiation, water, and heat.  
5.3 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this test method. Its intended use is as a qualitative assessment of the presence of ultraviolet inhibitors, and comparison of that influence between products. However, no inference to the time of stability should be implied by the test results to the relation between time duration and outdoor exposure.
Note 2: Information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.  
5.3.1 If it becomes necessary for the purchaser and seller ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the deterioration in tensile strength of geotextiles by exposure to xenon arc radiation, moisture, and heat.  
1.2 The light and water exposure apparatus employs a xenon arc light source.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for manufacturing quality control or manufacturing quality assurance purposes to determine the CEG concentration of PET yarns used in either geogrids or geotextiles.  
5.2 The CEG content of the PET yarns may have an influence on the properties of the geosynthetic, such as its hydrolysis resistance. The lower the value, the higher the hydrolysis resistance of the yarns.  
5.3 This test does not set the limiting (maximum) value for various engineering applications. Such a specification is a decision of the design engineer, owner, and/or regulator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test procedure is based significantly on the GRI GG7 test procedure, Carboxyl End Group Content of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Yarns.  
1.2 This test method is used to determine the concentration, in mmol/kg, of carboxyl end groups (CEG) found in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) yarns by titration.  
1.3 This test is applicable to geogrid yarns that are made from PET resin.
Note 1: This test is also applicable to high-strength geotextile yarns that are made from PET and are used in reinforcement applications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for evaluating the relative effects of temperature on geotextiles manufactured from different polymers, by a different manufacturing process, or both.  
5.2 During shipping and storage, the geotextile may be exposed to abnormal temperatures. The fabric could be tested at these temperatures to determine the detrimental effects of these conditions on the strength properties.  
5.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate the cyclic effects of temperature (freeze-thaw); that is, samples can be conditioned to below normal temperatures (below freezing) and then to above normal temperatures (elevated temperatures) for a given number of cycles. Strength characteristics can be determined after these cyclic exposures.  
5.4 Most nonwoven, woven, and composite fabric can be tested by this method. Modification of the techniques is likely to be necessary for any fabric having a strength in excess of 179 kg/cm [1000 lb/in.] width. This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics.  
5.5 This test method is an index test method and is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since information on between-laboratory precision has not been established. In some cases the purchaser and seller may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more geotextiles by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. A comparative test performed as directed in 5.5.1 may be advisable.  
5.5.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4594/D4594M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possibl...
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1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the effects of climatic temperature on the tensile strength and elongation properties of geotextiles.  
1.2 The effect of temperature on the stability of geotextiles is reported as the change in tensile strength and elongation between tests performed as directed in Test Method D5035, in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, and tests performed under conditions at which the geotextile is expected to perform in the field.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.1 – 7.1.3.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides an approach and methodology for conducting field immersion testing of geosynthetics used in the construction of liners in reservoirs, ponds, impoundments, or landfills for containing liquids and solids. This practice should be performed in accordance to and in conjunction with Practice D5322 for assessing chemical resistance under both laboratory and field conditions.  
4.2 The specification of procedures in this practice is intended to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of geosynthetics under actual field conditions.
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1.1 This practice describes an approach and methodology for immersion testing of geosynthetics (for example, geomembranes used for landfill liner).  
1.2 This practice does not provide for definition of the testing to be performed on the geosynthetic samples for field immersion. This practice does not address the determination of resistance of the geosynthetic to the liquid in which it is immersed. The user of this practice is referred to the appropriate Standard Guide for Tests to evaluate the chemical resistance and for defining the testing to be performed for each of the geosynthetic components listed in 2.1.
Note 1: EPA Method 9090 has been used in the past to investigate the compatibility of geomembrane to leachates.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The oxidative induction time is a characteristic of a compounded polyolefin product that is dependent not only on the type and amount of additives present, but also on the type of resin. In well-behaved systems, this test method can be used as a quality control measure to monitor the stabilization in geosynthetics as received from a supplier.  
5.2 When this test method is used to compare different geomembrane formulations containing different antioxidant packages, then those results shall be considered valid only at the temperature of test.  
5.3 This test method is intended as a geosynthetic test. Use of the OIT value to estimate the lifetime of the geomembrane from which the test specimen is taken is not addressed, nor shall it be used for this purpose.  
5.3.1 Caution should be exercised in data interpretation since oxidation reaction kinetics are a function of temperature and the properties of the additives contained in the geosynthetic sample. For example, OIT values are often used to select optimum resin formulations. Certain antioxidants, however, may generate poor OIT results even though they may be adequate at their intended use temperature and vice versa.  
5.4 This test method can be used for other purposes such as manufacturing control and research and development.  
5.5 Oxidation induction time is strongly dependent upon test temperature and the partial pressure of oxygen. The higher the test temperature or the oxygen partial pressure, or both, the shorter the oxidation induction time.  
5.5.1 The use of high test temperature, however, may have deleterious effects. The first of these is the potential volatilization of additive packages used to stabilize the test materials. The second is the potential for the influence of chemical mechanisms which are not significant at end-use operation conditions.  
5.5.2 This test method uses high oxygen pressure to accelerate the test period while making use of lower test temperatures to protect additive ...
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of the oxidative induction time (OIT) of polyolefin geosynthetics using high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry.  
1.2 The focus of the test is on geomembranes, but geogrids, geonets, geotextiles, and other polyolefin-related geosynthetics are also suitable for such evaluation.  
1.3 This test method measures the oxidative induction time associated with a given test specimen at a specified temperature and pressure.  
1.4 This is an accelerated test for highly stabilized materials. It is applicable only to material whose OIT values under 3.4 MPa of oxygen are greater than 30 min at 150 °C.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end-use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.
Note 3: Refer to Practice G151 for cautionary guidance applicable to laboratory weathering devices.  
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this method.  
5.3 Test data for one thickness of a geomembrane cannot be used as data for other thickness geomembranes made with the same formula (polymer, pigment, and stabilizers) since the degradation is thickness related.
Note 4: It is recommended that a similar material of known performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the test material to provide a standard for comparative purposes. When control material is used in the test program, it is recommended only one coupon be used for each UV exposure period to allow for OIT testing.
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1.1 This standard covers the specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for exposure of unreinforced polyolefin geomembranes to fluorescent UV radiation and condensation.
Note 1: Polyolefin geomembranes include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), flexible polyproplyene (fPP), etc.  
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UVA-340 lamps under controlled environmental conditions. UVA-340 lamps are standard for this method.  
Note 2: Other types of fluorescent UV lamps, such as UVB-313, can also be used based upon discussion between involved parties. However, if the test is run with another type of fluorescent UV lamp, such as UVB-313, this should be considered as a deviation from the standard and clearly stated in the test report. UVB-313 and UVA-340 fluorescent lamps generate different amounts of radiant power in different wavelength ranges; thus, the photochemical effects caused by these different lamps may vary.  
1.3 This method covers the conditions under which the exposure is to be performed and the test methods for evaluating the effects of fluorescent UV, heat, and moisture in the form of condensation on geomembranes. General guidance is given in Practices G151 and G154.  
1.4 The values listed in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method does not purport to interpret the resulting response curve. Such interpretation is left to the parties involved in the commissioning and reporting of the test results.  
5.2 This test method is intended as an index test and may be used for grading polyolefin geomembrane sheets in regard to their stress-cracking sensitivity.  
5.2.1 Conditions that can affect stress cracking include: level of loading, test temperature and environment, microstructure, polymer additive package, processing history, and thermal history.  
5.3 The test method is applicable to smooth, homogeneous polyolefin geomembranes where the two sides are parallel to permit application of the stress on a well-defined surface delimited by the surface of the geomembrane on one side, and the bottom of the notch on the other side.  
5.4 The test is applicable to textured geomembranes when prepared as described in 8.3.2.  
5.5 The test may be applicable to multi-component geomembranes (such as white, conductive, or other non-homogeneous sheets) or limited to the evaluation of the base polymer when prepared as described in 8.3.3.  
5.6 The test is not applicable to bituminous, EPDM, plasticized PVC, and other non-polyolefin geomembranes, as these materials are not susceptible to slow crack growth.  
5.7 This test method may not be applied to polyolefin geomembranes that do not exhibit a well-defined yield point, such as some VLDPE and LLDPE.
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1.1 This test method is used to develop test data from which the susceptibility of polyolefin geomembrane sheet material to stress cracking under a constant tensile load condition and an accelerated environmental condition can be evaluated.  
1.2 This test method measures the failure time associated with a given test specimen at a specified tensile load level. Results from a series of such tests utilizing a range of load levels can be used to construct a stress-time plot on a log-log axis.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The performance characteristics of a drainage geosynthetic are directly related to the integrity under compressive loading. If the product is sensitive to compressive deformation, its flow capacity could be greatly reduced or even shut off completely.  
5.2 The deformation sensitivity of a candidate geosynthetic can be tested at field-simulated normal stress and potential tangential stresses.  
5.3 This test method does not evaluate the effect of deformation of a geotextile filter or adjacent membrane.  
5.4 Compression deformation, as it relates to reduction in flow capacity of a geosynthetic drainage product, is manufacturer and product specific. For example, a 10 % reduction in original thickness of a geonet made by Manufacturer A does not necessarily equal the same reduction in flow capacity as a 10 % reduction in thickness of the same or another type of geonet made by Manufacturer B.  
5.5 This deformation data has merit directly to the end user, because it can be easily interpreted to result in a reduction factor for compressive deformation.4 The reduction factor can then be used to derive an allowable flow rate.5
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1.1 This test method is used to determine the unconfined compressive deformation (consolidation) characteristics of drainage geotextiles, geocomposites, geonets, or any other geosynthetic associated with drainage at a constant temperature, when subjected to a constant compressive stress.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use as an unconfined compressive performance deformation test only. For a detailed procedure on how to establish an index test, see EN ISO 25619-1. For performance tests, the specimen shall be subjected to the site-specific liquid, the site-specific stress (normal and potentially a tangential stress on the upper and parallel loading platen), or both.
Note 1: Results achieved from unconfined compressive performance deformation testing may differ from testing performed under confined conditions.  
1.3 Because of the changing nature of the geosynthetic industry and the wide variety of products already available, this particular test method may have to be slightly modified for unconfined compression deformation testing of some products.  
1.4 The values given in SI units are to be considered as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standard procedures for test programs for investigating the chemical resistance of a geonet with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.  
5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a quantifiable term. This practice is intended to provide a basis of standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geonet. It should be recognized that chemical resistance is a user judgment evaluation and that this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the results obtained from test procedures contained herein. As a practice, a test result is not produced.  
5.3 This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geonets and is written in parallel to similar practices for geomembranes, geogrids, geotextiles, and geopipes. Each practice is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
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1.1 This practice describes procedures for testing geonet products for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, or leachates, or both, derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This practice describes test methods for measuring changes in mass, dimensions, tensile and hydraulic properties, and other optional physical and mechanical properties caused by immersion in test solutions, which may be representative of anticipated end-use conditions. This practice may be used to assess the extent to which a product's as-manufactured properties are affected by such immersion.  
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D5322 or D5496. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geonet samples.  
1.4 Evaluation or interpretation of test data is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific hazards statements.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standard procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resistance of a geogrid to a liquid. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.  
5.2 This practice is intended to provide a basis of standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geogrid. It should be recognized that chemical resistance is a user judgment evaluation and that this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the results obtained from test procedures contained in this practice. As a practice, this does not produce a test result.  
5.3 This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geogrids and is written in parallel to similar practices for geomembranes, geotextiles, geonets, and geopipes. Each practice is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
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1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing of geogrids for chemical resistance to liquids.  
1.2 This practice describes methods for measuring changes in physical and mechanical properties caused by immersion in test solutions that may be representative of anticipated end-use conditions.  
1.3 This practice describes procedures for required and recommended testing of geogrids.  
1.4 Evaluation or interpretation of test data is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D5322 or Practice D5496, or both. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geogrid coupons.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic function or performance characteristic. This guide then provides a guide to select available test methods for experimentally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas where no suitable test exists.  
5.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degradation resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting, or installing the geosynthetic.
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1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of those factors of the appropriate application environment that may affect the post-construction service life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recommended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durability of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the durability can be considered in the design process.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or installation environments.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standard procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resistance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.  
5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a quantifiable term. This practice is intended to provide a basis of standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be recognized that chemical resistance is a user judgment evaluation and that this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the results obtained from test procedures contained in this practice. As a practice, this does not produce a test result.
Note 1: This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for geotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners. Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced geomembranes.  
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D5322 or D5496, or both. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.  
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method does not purport to interpret the resulting response curve. Such interpretation is left to the parties involved in the commissioning and reporting of the test results.  
5.2 This test method is intended as an index test and may be used for grading polyolefin geomembrane sheets in regard to their stress-cracking sensitivity.  
5.2.1 Conditions that can affect stress cracking include: level of loading, test temperature and environment, microstructure, polymer additive package, processing history, and thermal history.  
5.3 The test method is applicable to smooth, homogeneous polyolefin geomembranes where the two sides are parallel to permit application of the stress on a well-defined surface delimited by the surface of the geomembrane on one side, and the bottom of the notch on the other side.  
5.4 The test is applicable to textured geomembranes when prepared as described in 8.3.2.  
5.5 The test may be applicable to multi-component geomembranes (such as white, conductive, or other non-homogeneous sheets) or limited to the evaluation of the base polymer when prepared as described in 8.3.3.  
5.6 The test is not applicable to bituminous, EPDM, plasticized PVC, and other non-polyolefin geomembranes, as these materials are not susceptible to slow crack growth.  
5.7 This test method may not be applied to polyolefin geomembranes that do not exhibit a well-defined yield point, such as some VLDPE and LLDPE.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to develop test data from which the susceptibility of polyolefin geomembrane sheet material to stress cracking under a constant tensile load condition and an accelerated environmental condition can be evaluated.  
1.2 This test method measures the failure time associated with a given test specimen at a specified tensile load level. Results from a series of such tests utilizing a range of load levels can be used to construct a stress-time plot on a log-log axis.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method does not purport to interpret the resulting response curve. Such interpretation is left to the parties involved in the commissioning and reporting of the test results.  
5.2 This test method is intended as an index test and may be used for grading polyolefin geomembrane sheets in regard to their stress-cracking sensitivity.  
5.2.1 Conditions that can affect stress cracking include: level of loading, test temperature and environment, microstructure, polymer additive package, processing history, and thermal history.  
5.3 The test method is applicable to smooth, homogeneous polyolefin geomembranes where the two sides are parallel to permit application of the stress on a well-defined surface delimited by the surface of the geomembrane on one side, and the bottom of the notch on the other side.  
5.4 The test is applicable to textured geomembranes when prepared as described in 8.3.2.  
5.5 The test may be applicable to multi-component geomembranes (such as white, conductive, or other non-homogeneous sheets) or limited to the evaluation of the base polymer when prepared as described in 8.3.3.  
5.6 The test is not applicable to bituminous, EPDM, plasticized PVC, and other non-polyolefin geomembranes, as these materials are not susceptible to slow crack growth.  
5.7 This test method may not be applied to polyolefin geomembranes that do not exhibit a well-defined yield point, such as some VLDPE and LLDPE.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to develop test data from which the susceptibility of polyolefin geomembrane sheet material to stress cracking under a constant tensile load condition and an accelerated environmental condition can be evaluated.  
1.2 This test method measures the failure time associated with a given test specimen at a specified tensile load level. Results from a series of such tests utilizing a range of load levels can be used to construct a stress-time plot on a log-log axis.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of solar radiation, moisture, and heat. The exposure used is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and salt water exposure.  
5.2 The relation between time to failure in an exposure conducted in accordance with this test method and service life in a specific outdoor environment requires determination of an acceleration factor, as defined in Terminology G113. The acceleration factor is material dependent and is only valid if it is based on data from a sufficient number of separate exterior and laboratory-accelerated exposures so that the results used to relate times to failure in each exposure can be analyzed using statistical methods.
Note 1: An example of a statistical analysis using multiple laboratory and exterior exposures to calculate an acceleration factor is described by J. A. Simms.4 See Practice G151 for more information and additional cautions about the use of acceleration factors.  
5.2.1 The deterioration curve obtained from the results of this test method enables the user to determine the tendency of a geotextile to deteriorate when exposed to xenon arc radiation, water, and heat.  
5.3 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this test method. Its intended use is as a qualitative assessment of the presence of ultraviolet inhibitors, and comparison of that influence between products. However, no inference to the time of stability should be implied by the test results to the relation between time duration and outdoor exposure.
Note 2: Information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory-accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.  
5.3.1 If it becomes necessary for the purchaser and seller...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the deterioration in tensile strength of geotextiles by exposure to xenon arc radiation, moisture, and heat.  
1.2 The light and water exposure apparatus employs a xenon arc light source.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Under the severe conditions of this test, the specimens undergo degradation at a rate that is a function of the thermal endurance of the geomembrane under examination.  
4.2 The elevated temperature for this practice should represent conditions that are sufficiently severe to induce failure of polyolefin geomembranes within an abbreviated period of time.  
4.3 The rate of change of a particular property as a function of temperature may be evaluated using the temperatures and times outlined in Practice D3045.  
4.4 Any correlation between this practice and natural life of these materials must be determined for the particular application in which the materials are to be used.  
4.5 Air-oven aging can be used to evaluate and compare the performance of various heat stabilizer packages.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a means for estimating the resistance of polyolefin geomembranes to thermal aging in the presence of air. Only the procedure for heat exposure is specified, not the test method or specimen. The effect of heat on any particular property may be determined by selection of the appropriate test method and specimen.  
1.2 This practice should be used as a guide to compare thermal aging characteristics of materials as measured by the change in some property of interest. This practice does not predict thermal aging characteristics where interactions between stress, environment, temperature, and time control failure.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised since information on the precision of the test is lacking. Comparative testing as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance of abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.  
5.3 The resistance of geotextile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” and “durability” are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory tests may b...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of resistance of geotextiles to abrasion using an abrasion tester. This test method at this point has only been evaluated for geotextiles—not geomembranes, grids, etc. Therefore, the test method is designated for geotextiles, not geosynthetics, as all products may not lend themselves to this test method for abrasion. If later developments indicate a wider scope for this test method, appropriate changes will be made.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in inch-pound units are provided as information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is performance oriented for determining if, and to what degree, different liquids create biological activity on geotextile filters thereby reducing their flow capability. The use of the method is primarily oriented toward landfill leachates but can be performed with any liquid coming from a particular site or synthesized from a predetermined mixture of biological microorganisms.  
5.2 The test can be used to compare the flow capability of different types of geotextiles or soil/geotextile combinations.  
5.3 This test will usually take considerable time, for example, up to 1000 h, for the biological activity to initiate, grow, and reach an equilibrium condition. The curves resulting from the test are intended to indicate the in situ behavior of a geotextile or soil/geotextile filter.  
5.4 The test specimen can be incubated under nonsaturated drained conditions between readings, or kept saturated at all times. The first case allows for air penetration into the flow column and thus aerobic conditions. The second case can result in the absence of air, thus it may simulate anaerobic conditions.  
5.5 The flow rate can be determined using either a constant head test procedure or on the basis of a falling head test procedure. In either case, the flow column containing the geotextile or soil/geotextile is the same; only the head control devices change.
Note 1: It has been found that once biological clogging initiates, constant head tests often pass inadequate quantities of liquid to accurately measure. It thus becomes necessary to use falling head tests, which can be measured on the basis of time of movement of a relatively small quantity of liquid between two designated points on a clear plastic standpipe.  
5.6 If the establishment of an unacceptably high degree of clogging is seen in the flow rate curves, the device allows for backflushing with water or with water containing a biocide.  
5.7 The resulting flow rate curves are intended for us...
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1.1 This test method is used to determine the potential for, and relative degree of, biological growth which can accumulate on geotextile or geotextile/soil filters.  
1.2 This test method uses the measurement of flow rates over an extended period of time to determine the amount of clogging.  
1.3 This test method can be adapted for nonsaturated as well as saturated conditions.  
1.4 This test method can use constant head or falling head measurement techniques.  
1.5 This test method can also be used to give an indication as to the possibility of backflushing, biocide treatment, or both, for remediation purposes if biological clogging does occur.  
1.6 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in inch-pound units are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the SIM decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.5 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in drainage applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on geonets made from high-density polyethylene. Additional testing on other materials is ongoing.  
5.4 R+H testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for compressive creep properties using the stepped isothermal method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic drainage materials such as HDPE geonet specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Ramp and hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial rapid compressive creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 This method can be used to establish the sustained load compressive creep characteristics of a geosynthetic that demonstrates a relationship between time-dependent behavior and temperature. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of compressive creep tests performed at 20 ± 1 °C and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term compressive creep behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic function or performance characteristic. This guide then provides a guide to select available test methods for experimentally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas where no suitable test exists.  
5.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degradation resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting, or installing the geosynthetic.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of those factors of the appropriate application environment that may affect the post-construction service life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recommended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durability of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the durability can be considered in the design process. (A) Functions are used in the context of this guide as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.(B) Other performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by standard tests or generally accepted design techniques.  
Note—during the placement of fresh concrete in a geotextile flexible form, the geosynthetic functions temporarily as a filter to allow excess water to escape.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or installation environments.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end-use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure.
Note 3: Refer to Practice G151 for cautionary guidance applicable to laboratory weathering devices.  
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this method.  
5.3 Test data for one thickness of a geomembrane cannot be used as data for other thickness geomembranes made with the same formula (polymer, pigment, and stabilizers) since the degradation is thickness related.
Note 4: It is recommended that a similar material of known performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the test material to provide a standard for comparative purposes. When control material is used in the test program, it is recommended only one coupon be used for each UV exposure period to allow for OIT testing.
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1.1 This standard covers the specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for exposure of unreinforced polyolefin geomembranes to fluorescent UV radiation and condensation.
Note 1: Polyolefin geomembranes include high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), flexible polyproplyene (fPP), etc.  
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UVA 340 lamps under controlled environmental conditions. UVA 340 lamps are standard for this method.  
Note 2: Other types of fluorescent UV lamps, such as UVB-313, can also be used based upon discussion between involved parties. However, if the test is run with another type of fluorescent UV lamps, such as UVB-313, this should be considered as a deviation from the standard and clearly stated in the test report. UVB-313 and UVA-340 fluorescent lamps generate different amounts of radiant power in different wavelength ranges; thus, the photochemical effects caused by these different lamps may vary.  
1.3 This method covers the conditions under which the exposure is to be performed and the test methods for evaluating the effects of fluorescent UV, heat and moisture in the form of condensation on geomembranes. General guidance is given in Practices G151 and G154.  
1.4 The values listed in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a standard immersion procedure for investigating the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic to a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical in a laboratory environment. The conditions specified in this practice are intended both to provide a basis of standardization and to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic material(s) in a laboratory environment. Practice D5496 can be used should the user need to assess the performance of a geosynthetic in field conditions.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to establish, by itself, the behavior of geosynthetics when exposed to liquids. Such behavior, referred to as chemical resistance, can be defined only in terms of specific chemical solutions and methods of testing and evaluation criteria selected by the user.
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1.1 This practice covers laboratory immersion procedures for the testing of geosynthetics for chemical resistance to liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This standard is not applicable to some geosynthetics such as geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), because of their composite nature requiring a confining pressure during immersion. However, individual geosynthetic components of the GCL can be tested.  
1.3 This standard was originally developed to supplement and expand EPA 9090 to include all geosynthetics. EPA 9090 has not been updated since 1992.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The OIT is a qualitative assessment of the level (or degree) of stabilization of the material tested. This test has the potential to be used as a quality control measure to monitor the stabilization level in formulated resin as received from a supplier, prior to extrusion.
Note 2: The OIT measurement is an accelerated thermal-aging test, and as such can be misleading. Caution should be exercised in data interpretation since oxidation reaction kinetics are a function of temperature and the inherent properties of the additives contained in the sample. For example, OIT results are often used to select optimum resin formulations. Volatile antioxidants may generate poor OIT results even though they may perform adequately at the intended use temperature of the finished product.
Note 3: There is no accepted sampling procedure, nor have any definitive relationships been established for comparing OIT values on field samples to those on unused products, hence the use of such values for determining life expectancy is uncertain and subjective.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of the oxidative induction time (OIT) of polyolefin geosynthetics using differential scanning calorimetry.  
1.2 The focus of the test is on geomembranes, but geogrids, geonets, geotextiles, and other polyolefin-related geosynthetics are also suitable for such evaluation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 11357-6 2013 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The oxidative induction time is a characteristic of a compounded polyolefin product that is dependent not only on the type and amount of additives present, but also on the type of resin. In well-behaved systems, this test method can be used as a quality control measure to monitor the stabilization in geosynthetics as received from a supplier.  
5.2 When this test method is used to compare different geomembrane formulations containing different antioxidant packages, then those results shall be considered valid only at the temperature of test.  
5.3 This test method is intended as a geosynthetic test. Use of the OIT value to estimate the lifetime of the geomembrane from which the test specimen is taken is not addressed, nor shall it be used for this purpose.  
5.3.1 The OIT measurement is an accelerated thermal aging test and, as such, interpretation of resulting data may be misleading if done by an inexperienced operator. Caution should be exercised in data interpretation since oxidation reaction kinetics are a function of temperature and the properties of the additives contained in the geosynthetic sample. For example, OIT values are often used to select optimum resin formulations. Certain antioxidants, however, may generate poor OIT results even though they may be adequate at their intended use temperature and vice versa.  
5.4 This test method can be used for other purposes such as manufacturing control and research and development.  
5.5 Oxidation induction time is strongly dependent upon test temperature and the partial pressure of oxygen. The higher the test temperature or the oxygen partial pressure, or both, the shorter the oxidation induction time.  
5.5.1 The use of high test temperature, however, may have deleterious effects. The first of these is the potential volatilization of additive packages used to stabilize the test materials. The second is the potential for the influence of chemical mechanisms which are not significant at end-use operatio...
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of the oxidative induction time (OIT) of polyolefin geosynthetics using high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry.  
1.2 The focus of the test is on geomembranes, but geogrids, geonets, geotextiles, and other polyolefin-related geosynthetics are also suitable for such evaluation.  
1.3 This test method measures the oxidative induction time associated with a given test specimen at a specified temperature and pressure.  
1.4 This is an accelerated test for highly stabilized materials. It is applicable only to material whose OIT values under 3.4 MPa of oxygen is greater than 30 min at 150 °C.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a test procedure for determining the resistance of a geotextile with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.  
5.2 The specification of test procedures in this practice is intended to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geotextile to a potentially harsh chemical environment.  
5.3 This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geotextiles and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for geomembranes, geogrids, geonets, and geopipes. Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
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1.1 This practice describes the procedures used for testing geotextiles for chemical resistance to liquids. Reinforcement geotextiles can also be tested per Practice D6213.  
1.2 This practice describes test methods for measuring changes in planar dimensions, tensile properties, and other optional physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties caused by immersion in test liquids which may be representative of anticipated end-use conditions. This practice may be used to assess the extent to which a product's as-manufactured properties are affected by such immersion.  
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with either Practice D5322 or D5496. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geotextile samples.  
1.4 Evaluation or interpretation of test data is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic function or performance characteristic. This guide then provides a guide to select available test methods for experimentally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas where no suitable test exists.  
4.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degradation resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting or installing the geosynthetic.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of those factors of the appropriate application environment that may affect the post-construction service life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recommended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durability of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the durability can be considered in the design process. (A) Functions are used in the context of this guide as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.(B) Other performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by standard tests or generally accepted design techniques.  
Note—during the placement of fresh concrete in a geotextile flexible form, the geosynthetic functions temporarily as a filter to allow excess water to escape.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or installation environments.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised since information on the precision of the test is lacking. Comparative testing as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance of abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.  
5.3 The resistance of geotextile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” and“ durability” are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory tests may ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of resistance of geotextiles to abrasion using an abrasion tester. This test method at this point has only been evaluated for geotextiles—not geomembranes, grids, etc. Therefore, the test method is designated for geotextiles, not geosynthetics, as all products may not lend themselves to this test method for abrasion. If later developments indicate a wider scope for this test method, appropriate changes will be made.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in inch-pound units are provided as information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a test procedure for determining the resistance of a geotextile with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.  
5.2 The specification of test procedures in this practice is intended to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geotextile to a potentially harsh chemical environment.  
5.3 This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geotextiles and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for geomembranes, geogrids, geonets, and geopipes. Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures used for testing geotextiles for chemical resistance to liquids.  
1.2 This practice describes test methods for measuring changes in planar dimensions, tensile properties, and other optional physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties caused by immersion in test liquids which may be representative of anticipated end-use conditions. This practice may be used to assess the extent to which a product's as-manufactured properties are affected by such immersion.  
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with either Practices D5322 or D5496. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geotextile samples.  
1.4 Evaluation or interpretation of test data is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Carbon black is added to many polymers to provide long-term resistance to ultraviolet-induced degradation. To achieve this, carbon black should be dispersed uniformly throughout the as-manufactured geosynthetic material. This test method is used to evaluate the uniformity of carbon black dispersion.  
5.2 This test method is suitable only for those geosynthetics that can be sampled using a rotary or sledge microtome. The geometry, stiffness (hardness), or elasticity of some geosynthetic products precludes their being sampled with a micro-tome. The cross-sectional area of the geosynthetic must be composed of a continuous solid polyolefin material to be sampled using a microtome.  
5.3 Extruded and oriented geogrids will require that microtome specimens be cut from the nonoriented bars of uniaxial products and the non-oriented nodes of biaxial products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers equipment, specimen preparation techniques, and procedures for evaluating the dispersion of carbon black in polyolefin geosynthetics containing less than 5 % carbon black by weight.  
1.2 This test method allows for a qualitative evaluation of carbon black agglomerates and other inclusions in polyolefin geosynthetics. This evaluation is based on carbon black dispersion size calculated area within microscopic fields of view.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is for the evaluation of carbon black dispersion. This test method does not support or evaluate the distribution of carbon black.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is performance oriented for determining if, and to what degree, different liquids create biological activity on geotextile filters thereby reducing their flow capability. The use of the method is primarily oriented toward landfill leachates but can be performed with any liquid coming from a particular site or synthesized from a predetermined mixture of biological microorganisms.  
5.2 The test can be used to compare the flow capability of different types of geotextiles or soil/geotextile combinations.  
5.3 This test will usually take considerable time, for example, up to 1000 h, for the biological activity to initiate, grow, and reach an equilibrium condition. The curves resulting from the test are intended to indicate the in situ behavior of a geotextile or soil/geotextile filter.  
5.4 The test specimen can be incubated under non-saturated drained conditions between readings, or kept saturated at all times. The first case allows for air penetration into the flow column and thus aerobic conditions. The second case can result in the absence of air, thus it may simulate anaerobic conditions.  
5.5 The flow rate can be determined using either a constant head test procedure or on the basis of a falling head test procedure. In either case the flow column containing the geotextile or soil/geotextile is the same, only the head control devices change.
Note 1: It has been found that once biological clogging initiates, constant head tests often pass inadequate quantities of liquid to accurately measure. It thus becomes necessary to use falling head tests which can be measured on the basis of time of movement of a relatively small quantity of liquid between two designated points on a clear plastic standpipe.  
5.6 If the establishment of an unacceptably high degree of clogging is seen in the flow rate curves, the device allows for backflushing with water or with water containing a biocide.  
5.7 The resulting flow rate curves are intended for use...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the potential for, and relative degree of, biological growth which can accumulate on geotextile or geotextile/soil filters.  
1.2 This test method uses the measurement of flow rates over an extended period of time to determine the amount of clogging.  
1.3 This test method can be adapted for nonsaturated as well as saturated conditions.  
1.4 This test method can use constant head or falling head measurement techniques.  
1.5 This test method can also be used to give an indication as to the possibility of backflushing and/or biocide treatment for remediation purposes if biological clogging does occur.  
1.6 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in inch-pound units are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is developed for use in the determination of anticipated total elongation or time to rupture that may occur in geosynthetics under sustained loading conditions.  
5.1.1 The test data can be used in conjunction with interpretive methods to evaluate creep strain potential at design loads.  
5.1.2 The test data can be used in conjunction with interpretive methods to evaluate creep rupture potential at various loads.  
5.2 This test method is not intended for routine acceptance testing of geosynthetics. This test method should be used to characterize geosynthetics intended for use in applications in which creep or creep rupture is of concern. The plane strain or rupture condition imposed during testing must be considered when using the test results for design.  
5.3 The basic distinctions between this test method and other test methods for measuring tension creep and creep rupture behavior are (1) the width of the specimens (Section 8) and (2) the measurement of total elongation or time to rupture from the moment of specimen loading. The greater widths of the specimens specified in this test method minimize the contraction edge effect (necking) that occurs in many geosynthetic materials and provides a closer relationship to actual material behavior in plane strain tension conditions.  
5.4 The creep or stress rupture of a given geosynthetic is likely to be reduced in soil because of load transfer to the soil. The unconfined environment represents a controlled test, in which the results are conservative with regard to the behavior of the material in service. Confined or in-soil testing may model the field behavior of the geosynthetic more accurately.
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1.1 This test method is intended for use in determining the unconfined tension creep and creep rupture behavior of geosynthetics at constant temperature when subjected to a sustained tensile loading. This test method is applicable to all geosynthetics.  
1.2 The test method measures total elongation of the geosynthetic test specimen, from the time of loading, while being maintained at a constant temperature. It includes procedures for measuring the tension creep and creep rupture behavior at constant temperature of conditioned geosynthetics as well as directions for calculating tension creep and creep rupture curves.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For a geosynthetic to be properly used it must be adequately identified and packaged. It must be handled and stored in such a way that its physical property values are not degraded. Failure to follow good practice may result in the unnecessary failure of the geosynthetic in a properly designed application.  
4.2 This guide is not intended to replace project-specific storage, handling, identification, packaging, or installation requirements or quality assurance programs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines for the identification and packaging of rolled geosynthetics by the manufacturer and for the handling and storage of geosynthetics by the end user. This guide is not to be considered as all encompassing since each project involving geosynthetics presents its own challenges and special conditions. Geosynthetic samples are often taken at manufacturer, supplier, or at the job site primarily for the purpose of conformance testing and verification. These samples should be properly labeled for identification purposes.  
1.2 This guide is intended to aid manufacturers, suppliers, purchasers, and users of geosynthetics for identification, handling, and storage.  
1.3 This guide is not applicable for factory fabricated panels due to a different set of identifications for the panel by the fabricator. For Fabricated Geomembrane Panels, refer to Guide D7865.  
1.4 This guide is not intended for Geosynthetic Clay Liners. For GCL’s, refer to Guide D5888.  
1.5 This guide is also applicable to geosynthetic samples.  
1.6 Each type of Geosynthetic is listed by section to address specific requirements.    
Geotextiles – Section 5  
Geogrids – Section 6  
Geomembrane Rolls – Section 7  
Geonets – Section 8  
Geocomposites – Section 9  
Rolled Erosion Control Products – Section 10  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Outdoor exposure tests at one location may not be applicable to a project site at another location. This test method evaluates geotextiles under site specific atmospheric conditions over an 18-month period. A degradation curve as per 10.8, based on strength, elongation, or modulus, or all of these, may be developed for the geotextile being evaluated.  
5.2 This test method can be used for comparative testing of the degradation of geotextiles.  
5.3 This test method is considered to be a performance test and as such the responsibility for its performance rests with the specifying or purchasing agency.
Note 1: The intent of this procedure is to provide the user of this test method and geotextiles a standard by which to evaluate weathering degradation in terms of site specific conditions, not in terms of incident radiation and temperature. If desired, the user may want to have the necessary measurement and recording equipment at each site to do this. However, the expense of doing so at each site may be prohibitive. Therefore, this is not a specific requirement of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers evaluating the deterioration in tensile strength and strain after outdoor exposure.  
1.2 The deterioration is assessed as a reduction in strength and strain at failure from the unexposed geotextile.  
1.3 The specific location of the light and weather exposure is made on the basis of a site specific decision between the parties involved.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The oxidative induction time is a characteristic of a compounded polyolefin product that is dependent not only on the type and amount of additives present, but also on the type of resin. In well-behaved systems, this test method can be used as a quality control measure to monitor the stabilization in geosynthetics as received from a supplier.  
5.2 When this test method is used to compare different geomembrane formulations containing different antioxidant packages, then those results shall be considered valid only at the temperature of test.  
5.3 This test method is intended as an geosynthetic test. Use of the OIT value to estimate the lifetime of the geomembrane from which the test specimen is taken is not addressed nor shall it be used for this purpose.  
5.3.1 The OIT measurement is an accelerated thermal aging test and, as such, interpretation of resulting data may be misleading if done by an inexperienced operator. Caution should be exercised in data interpretation since oxidation reaction kinetics are a function of temperature and the properties of the additives contained in the geosynthetic sample. For example, OIT values are often used to select optimum resin formulations. Certain antioxidants, however, may generate poor OIT results even though they may be adequate at their intended use temperature and vice versa.  
5.4 This test method can be used for other purposes such as manufacturing control and research and development.  
5.5 Oxidation induction time is strongly dependent upon test temperature and the partial pressure of oxygen. The higher the test temperature or the oxygen partial pressure, or both, the shorter the oxidation induction time.  
5.5.1 The use of high test temperature, however, may have deleterious effects. The first of these is the potential volatilization of additive packages used to stabilize the test materials. The second is the potential for the influence of chemical mechanisms which are not significant at end-use operatio...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of the oxidative induction time (OIT) of polyolefin geosynthetics using high pressure differential scanning calorimetry.  
1.2 The focus of the test is on geomembranes, but geogrids, geonets, geotextiles, and other polyolefin-related geosynthetics are also suitable for such evaluation.  
1.3 This test method measures the oxidative induction time associated with a given test specimen at a specified temperature and pressure.  
1.4 This is an accelerated test for highly stabilized materials. It is applicable only to material whose OIT values under 3.4 MPa of oxygen is greater than 30 min at 150°C.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for evaluating the relative effects of temperature on geotextiles manufactured from different polymers, by a different manufacturing process, or both.  
5.2 During shipping and storage, the geotextile may be exposed to abnormal temperatures. The fabric could be tested at these temperatures to determine the detrimental effects of these conditions on the strength properties.  
5.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate the cyclic effects of temperature (freeze-thaw), that is, samples can be conditioned to below normal temperatures (below freezing) and then to above normal temperatures (elevated temperatures) for a given number of cycles. Strength characteristics can be determined after these cyclic exposures.  
5.4 Most nonwoven, woven, and composite fabric can be tested by this method. Modification of the techniques is likely to be necessary for any fabric having a strength in excess of 179 kg/cm [1000 lb/in.] width. This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics.  
5.5 This test method is an index test method and is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since information on between laboratory precision has not been established. In some cases the purchaser and seller may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more geotextiles by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. A comparative test performed as directed in 5.5.1 may be advisable.  
5.5.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4594/D4594M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possibl...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the effects of climatic temperature on the tensile strength and elongation properties of geotextiles.  
1.2 The effect of temperature on the stability of geotextiles is reported as the change in tensile strength and elongation between tests performed as directed in Test Method D5035, in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, and tests performed under conditions at which the geotextile is expected to perform in the field.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.1 – 7.1.3.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.