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ASTM B281-88(2001)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings

Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings

SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the proper preparation of copper and its alloys for electroplating and conversion coating. This practice is also suitable for use before autocatalytic plating. Only alloys containing at least 50 mass % copper are considered within the scope of this practice.
1.2 The wide variety of methods of mechanical finishing are not considered strictly as preparation for electroplating or conversion coating and consequently are described only briefly.
1.3 Details of electroplating and subsequent treatments for applying conversion coatings are not within the scope of this practice.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see 6.5.2.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
24-Mar-1988
ICS
25.220.10 - Surface preparation
Technical Committee
B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Drafting Committee
B08.02 - Pre Treatment
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B281-88(1995) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Replaced By
ASTM B281-88(2008) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008
Referred By
ASTM B456-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Copper Plus Nickel Plus<brk/> Chromium and Nickel Plus Chromium
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B766-23 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B634-14a(2021) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Rhodium for Engineering Use
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B832-93(2018) - Standard Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B984-12(2020)e1 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Palladium-Cobalt Alloy for Engineering Use
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B177/B177M-11(2021) - Standard Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B579-22 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Tin-Lead Alloy (Solder Plate)
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B605-22 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Tin-Nickel Alloy
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B905-00(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Assessing the Adhesion of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings by the Mechanized Tape Test
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B679-98(2021) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Palladium for Engineering Use
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B545-22 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Tin
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B689-97(2023) - Standard Specification for Electroplated Engineering Nickel Coatings
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988
Referred By
ASTM B867-95(2018) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Palladium-Nickel for Engineering Use
Effective Date
25-Mar-1988

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ASTM B281-88(2001) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion CoatingsASTM B281-88(2001) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
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ASTM B281-88(2001) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:B281–88(Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for
1
Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 4. Process Chemicals
1.1 This practice is intended to serve as a guide for the 4.1 All process chemicals are of technical grade or better.
proper preparation of copper and its alloys for electroplating Acid solutions are prepared from grade chemicals as listed in
and conversion coating. This practice is also suitable for use Appendix X1.
before autocatalytic plating. Only alloys containing at least 50 4.2 Purity of Water—High quality water is not normally
mass %copperareconsideredwithinthescopeofthispractice. required to make up and maintain the solutions utilized in this
1.2 The wide variety of methods of mechanical finishing are practice. If reused or recycled water from waste treatment
not considered strictly as preparation for electroplating or processes or from other in-plant sources is to be used, it should
conversion coating and consequently are described only be relatively free of chromium salts, oil, wetting agents, or
briefly. insoluble materials. Excessively hard water can decrease the
1.3 Details of electroplating and subsequent treatments for life and performance of many cleaning solutions and make
applying conversion coatings are not within the scope of this parts more difficult to rinse completely.
practice.
5. General Considerations
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Removal of Oxides—Oxides can be removed from as
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- fabricated, annealed, or heat-treated alloys by abrasive meth-
ods such as tumbling, burnishing, and emery set-up wheel
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific polishing and by chemical methods, such as deoxidizing
hazard statement, see 6.5.2. solutions, bright dips, and cyanide dips. The choice of method
is dependent on the resultant surface finish required, amount of
2. Referenced Documents
oxide to be removed, and the end-use properties of the article
2.1 ASTM Standards: finished.
2
B 322 Practice for Cleaning Metals Prior to Electroplating 5.2 Castings and Forgings—Castings and forgings requir-
ing abrasive methods to produce a desired surface finish do not
3. Significance and Use
necessarily need pickling or bright dipping. If pickled, bright
3.1 The proper preparation of copper and copper alloy dipped, or deoxidized, however, castings and other porous
surfaces for electroplating, conversion coating, or autocatalytic
parts should be thoroughly rinsed between operations to avoid
plating is often critical to the performance of the coatings. or minimize staining or stain spots. Castings or forgings
3.2 This practice outlines procedures required to produce
processed in solutions containing wetting agents, which are in
satisfactory coatings on surfaces of copper and copper alloy many proprietary products or which may be added by the
surfaces.
individual, usually require greater care in rinsing.
5.3 Stampings and Drawn Products—Stampings and drawn
work follow the same rule as castings and forgings except, for
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic
economy considerations, it may be advisable to pickle or
and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.02 on
Pretreatment. deoxidize before abrasive finishing if heavy oxides are present.
Current edition approved March 25, 1988. Published May 1988. Originally
published as B 281 – 53 T. Last previous edition B 281 – 82.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B281
5.4 Cold-Headed and Progressive Die Products—Cold- before nickel, copper, tin, chromium, and similar plating
headed products and progressive die products often require solutions, an acid dip is used. The most common dips used are
relief annealing to avoid subsequent season cracking. sulfuricacid,50mL/Lto100mL/Lbyvolume,orhydrochloric
5.5 Screw Machine Products—Screw machine products acid, 100 mL/L to 200 mL/L by volume. Fluoboric acid, 50
may be readily electroplated
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Various metals are deposited on aluminum alloys to obtain a decorative or engineering finish. The electroplates applied are usually chromium, nickel, copper, brass, silver, tin, lead, cadmium, zinc, gold, and combinations of these. Silver, tin, or gold is applied to electrical equipment to decrease contact resistance or to improve surface conductivity; brass, copper, nickel, or tin for assembly by soft soldering; chromium to reduce friction and obtain increased resistance to wear; zinc for threaded parts where organic lubricants are not permissible; tin or lead is frequently employed to reduce friction on bearing surfaces. Nickel plus chromium or copper plus nickel plus chromium is used in decorative applications. Nickel plus brass plus lacquer or copper plus nickel plus brass plus lacquer is also used for decorative finishes, sometimes with the brass oxidized and relieved in various ways.  
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1.2.2 Zinc immersion with neutral nickel strike (6.4).  
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1.2.4 Zinc immersion with acid or alkaline electroless nickel strike.  
1.2.5 Tin immersion with bronze strike (6.6).  
1.3 From the processing point of view, these procedures are expected to give deposits on aluminum alloys that are approximately equivalent with respect to adherence. Corrosion performance is affected by many factors, however, including the procedure used to prepare the aluminum alloy for electroplating.  
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