ASTM D5446-02(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Every ASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section describing its particular significance and use. Other test methods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertaining to their particular significance and use.
The physical testing procedures in this practice can be used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.
This practice addresses all the physical properties that describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used to determine the physical properties of fabrics used in inflatable restraints. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D 5446 and the individual test method.
1.4 In Section , this practice lists is alphabetical order the procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the following fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints.
1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice D 5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when comparative results of physical properties before and after accelerated aging are required.
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 0.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 5446 – 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and
Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Width 9.3.26
Thread
1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly
Sewing Thread 9.3.27
employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and
1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice
yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.
D 5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints
agingofinflatablerestraintfabricswhencomparativeresultsof
may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun
physical properties before and after accelerated aging are
yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.
required.
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this
may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece
practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier
woven, follow the sampling section of D 5446 and the indi-
with the specific deviations from the standard practice ac-
vidual test method.
knowledged in the report.
1.4 In Section 9, this practice lists is alphabetical order the
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
followingfabricoryarnpropertiesofconcerntothedesignand
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
manufacture of inflatable restraints.
must be used independent of the other.
Yarn Section
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Denier (Yarn Number) 9.3.1
Fiber Content 9.3.2
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Finish (Extractable Material) 9.3.3
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Strength and Elongation 9.3.4
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Twist 9.3.5
Fabric
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.
Air Permeability 9.3.6
Abrasion Resistance 9.3.7
2. Referenced Documents
Blocking 9.3.8
Bow and Skew 9.3.9
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Breaking Force & Elongation 9.3.10
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Burst Strength 9.3.11
D 204 Test Methods for Sewing Threads
Coating Adhesion 9.3.12
Coating Weight 9.3.13
D 276 Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
Count of Woven Fabric 9.3.14
D 737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics
Dynamic Air Permeability 9.3.28
D 751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
Edgecomb Resistance 9.3.29
Flammability 9.3.15
D 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
Fogging (Volatility) 9.3.16
Length Specimens
Length 9.3.17
D 1388 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
Mass per Unit Area 9.3.18
Non-Fibrous Material 9.3.19
D 1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
Odor 9.3.20
Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus
Packability 9.3.30
D 1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
pH 9.3.21
Stiffness 9.3.22
D 1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
Tear Strength 9.3.23
D 1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn
Thickness 9.3.24
Warp Size Content & Residual Sizing 9.3.25 Number) by the Skein Method
1 2
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesand For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.20 on Inflatable Restraints. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5446 – 02. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5446 – 02 (2007)
D 2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the 3. Terminology
Single-Strand Method
3.1 Definitions:
D 2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this practice, refer
D 2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the
to Terminology D 123, Terminology D 3990 and Terminology
Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-
D 6799.
Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
4. Summary of Test Method
D 3773 Test Methods for Length of Woven Fabric
D 3774 Test Method for Width of Textile Fabric
4.1 Testspecimensaretakenfromsamplerollsoffabricand
D 3775 Test Method for Warp End Count and Filling Pick
tested using prescribed laboratory procedures, conditions and
Count of Woven Fabric
equipment by the supplier to determine the physical properties
D 3776 Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
of the fabric in accordance with the requirements of the
Fabric
purchaser.
D 3786 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile
5. Significance and Use
Fabrics—Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method
D 3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and
5.1 EveryASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section
Knitted Fabrics
describing its particular significance and use. Other test meth-
D 3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
odslistedin2.1ofthispracticemaycontainsectionspertaining
D 4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular
to their particular significance and use.
Bend Procedure
5.2 The physical testing procedures in this practice can be
D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable
D 4851 Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for
restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by
Architectural Use which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier
D 5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation
to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for
of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test) shipment to the purchaser.
D 5427 Practice for Accelerated Aging of Inflatable Re-
5.3 This practice addresses all the physical properties that
straint Fabrics describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used
D 5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of
Trapezoid Procedure purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall
D 6476 Test Method for Determining Dynamic Air Perme-
constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used
ability of Inflatable Restraint Fabrics todeterminethephysicalpropertiesoffabricsusedininflatable
D 6478 Test Method for Determining Specific Packability
restraints.Itisintendedtobeusedasaguidelineinestablishing
of Fabrics Used in Inflatable Restraints a written material specification.The specification or agreement
D 6479 Test Method for Determining the Edgecomb Resis-
of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices
tance of Woven Fabrics Used in Inflatable Restraints
described herein when (based on experience) considerations of
D 6613 Practice for Determining the Presence of Sizing in
fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable
Nylon or Polyester Fabric
restraint system design dictate otherwise.
D 6799 Terminology Relating to Inflatable Restraints
6. Apparatus
F 778 Methods for Gas Flow Resistance Testing of Filtra-
6.1 Periodic laboratory certification of test equipment used
tion Media
2.2 Federal Standards: in accordance with this practice is required to reduce test
variability due to precision and bias.
Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 302—Flammability
2.3 SAE Standards: 6.2 For inflatable restraints, all test equipment used in
accordancewiththeproceduresreferencedinthispracticeshall
J912-A Resistance to Blocking
J1351 Determination of Odor be certified for calibration annually by an independent agency
or equipment manufacturer whose results are traceable to
2.4 Ford Motor Company Standards:
FLTM BO116-03 Fogging Standard National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) or other
national standards laboratory. The test parameters of the
FLTM BN13-1 Coating Adhesion
2.5 AATCC Methods: equipment shall be tested within the operating ranges covered
in the material specification or equivalent document.
Method 81 pH of Water—Extract from Wet Processed
Textiles
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot Sample:
Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
7.1.1 Forthesizeofanacceptancesamplinglotoffabricfor
Office, Washington, DC 20525.
inflatable restraints, use the number of fabric rolls in a
Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth
Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
shipment of a single fabric style unless otherwise agreed upon
Available from Ford Motor Company, Engineering Department, Body Engi-
between the purchaser and supplier. If the fabrics are one piece
neering Building, Room 1145, 21500 Oakwood Boulevard, Dearborn, MI 48124.
woven, use the number of units in the shipment as the
Available from American Association of Textiles Chemists and Colorists, PO
Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. acceptance sampling lot.
D 5446 – 02 (2007)
NOTE 1—Certain fibers and coatings may exhibit slow rates of achiev-
7.1.2 Unless otherwise agreed upon by purchaser and sup-
ing moisture equilibrium. When this occurs, a preconditioning cycle such
plier, take as a lot sample all of the rolls or one piece woven
as described in Practice D 1776 may be agreed upon between contractual
units in a shipment of fabric. Consider rolls of fabric to be the
parties.
primary sampling units.
7.1.3 For the size of an acceptance lot of yarn, use the lot
9. Procedures
determination and sample plan agreed upon by purchaser and
9.1 Secure test specimens from laboratory samples in ac-
supplier.
cordance with the sampling section (Section 7) of this practice
7.2 Laboratory Sample:
for each test required by the material specification or agree-
7.2.1 Anentirerolloffabricorafull-widthcutfromtheend
ment of purchaser and supplier.
of a roll within a lot sample or one piece woven units
9.2 Precondition and condition the test specimens in accor-
constitutes a laboratory sample depending on which physical
dance with the conditioning section (Section 8) of this practice
property is to be tested.
for each test required by the material specification or agree-
7.2.1.1 For fabric width, fabric bow, and fabric length, the
ment of purchaser and supplier.
rolls in the lot sample serve as the laboratory sample.
9.3 Test the specimens in accordance with each test method
7.2.1.2 For all other physical properties, take as the labora-
specified.
tory sample a full width cut of fabric2m(2yd) long from the
9.3.1 Determine the denier or yarn number in accordance
endofeachrollinthelotsampleifthereisnoevidencethatthe
with Test Method D 1907 for packaged yarn or Test Method
fabric is distorted; if there is evidence of physical distortion on
D 1059 for beamed yarn or yarns removed from fabric test
the outside of the fabric roll, take a sample cut from the
specimens.
resulting end of the roll after removing and discarding the
9.3.1.1 When using Test Method D 1907, make one deter-
distorted portion of fabric.
mination from each package in the laboratory sample.
7.2.2 An entire yarn package constitutes a laboratory
9.3.1.2 When using Test Method D 1059, use twenty-five
sample for yarn testing.
(25) specimens selected from each laboratory sample in both
7.3 Test Specimens:
the warp and filling directions.
7.3.1 Test specimens are the pieces of yarn or fabric units
9.3.2 Determine the fiber content of the yarn in accordance
that actually undergo testing. The fabric units may be entire
with Test Method D 276, making one determination from each
fabric rolls , one piece woven units or fabric pieces cut from
yarn package in the laboratory sample.
the laboratory sample in accordance with physical testing
9.3.3 Determine the finish or extractable material content in
requirements of a specific test method.
yarn in accordance with Test Method D 2257, using one test
7.3.2 For fabric width, fabric bow, and fabric length, the
specimen of ten grams removed from each laboratory sample.
rolls in the lot sample serve as the test specimens. For all other
9.3.4 Determine the single-end strength and elongation
physical properties to be tested, the test specimens are the
properties of yarns removed from yarn packages, beams, and
fabricpiecescutfromthelaboratorysampleinaccordancewith
fabric specimens in accordance with Test Method D 2256,
the respective test method.
using ten test specimens from each laboratory sample.
7.3.3 Takespecimensfromdifferentpositionsacrosstheroll
9.3.5 Determine the amount and direction of twist in yarns
width or one piece woven units when testing physical proper-
in accordance with Test Method D 1423.
ties oriented in the warp direction; take specimens from
9.3.5.1 Determine the twist in single spun yarns on pack-
different positions along the roll length or one piece woven
ages and yarns removed from beams and fabric samples in
units when testing physical properties oriented in the filling
accordance withTest Method D 1422, using ten test specimens
direction.
selected from each laboratory sample.
7.3.4 Take no test specimen closer to the selvage of the
9.3.5.2 Determine the twist in single, ply and cabled fila-
fabric than ⁄10 the width of the fabric or 125 mm (5 in.),
ment yarn or ply and cable twist in spun yarns on packages and
whichever is smaller.
yarns removed from beams and fabric samples in accordance
with Test Method D 1423, using ten test specimens selected
8. Conditioning
from each laboratory sample.
8.1 Test specimens shall be preconditioned as directed by
9.3.6 Determine the fabric air permeability of each unit in
the particular test method or as agreed upon between the the lot sample in accordance with Test Method D 737, using
purchaser and supplier.
five test specimens selected from each laboratory sample so
that no two specimens contain the same warp or filling yarns.
8.2 Prior to testing a physical property, the test specimens
shall be brought to moisture equilibrium at ambient atmo- For additional information on calibration and use of air
permeability test equipment, see Test Method F 778.
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