D13.20 - Inflatable Restraints

SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers terminology which is used in the evaluation of inflatable restraint fabrics, cushions, and modules.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For matters relating to lot acceptance of commercial shipments and conformity to specification or other standard, refer to Section 13 of this test method.  
5.2 This test method is useful in the selection and design validation of permeable, uncoatable fabrics used in inflatable restraint cushions. The dynamic conditions and higher pressure differentials of this test method may better simulate the inflation and deflation cycle of an airbag module during deployment than do the steady-state conditions of Test Method D737.  
5.2.1 Only uncoated, permeable fabrics should be used. Use of coated fabrics may yield invalid results and potentially damage the test apparatus.  
5.3 Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a material specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Caution is advised on very low permeability fabrics or with the 200 cm3 size test head because between-laboratory precision as presented in Section 12 may be as high as 21 %.  
5.4 This test method may be used for materials other than inflatable restraint fabrics which experience dynamic air permeability in sudden bursts. In such cases, the physical apparatus or its software algorithms may require modification to provide suitability for use.  
5.5 Due to the split-second time interval for testing, the pressure versus time data is subject to recording anomalies and electronic noise. The data should be digitally filtered to obtain the underlying smooth pressure curve prior to data analysis. The software in the apparatus includes a reliable algorithm both to smooth the curve and to determine the exponent of air permeability.  
5.6 It is inherent in the design and operation of this equipment that major components key to the calibration and measurements are specific to the individual test head. The size or permeability measuring range of the test head is typically chosen to ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures used to determine under dynamic airflow conditions the high pressure permeability of permeable, uncoated fabrics typically used for inflatable restraints. For the determination of air permeability of inflatable restraint fabrics under low pressure conditions at steady-state air flow, refer to Test Method D737.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A measurement of a fabric's edgecomb resistance indicates the relative tendency of a fabric to pull apart under seam stress or similar action. The related concepts of yarn slippage and seam slippage are limited to sewn seams, whereas the measurement of edgecomb resistance is made at the edge of a cut part in the absence of a sewn seam. The absence of a sewn seam in this test method eliminates the effect that a particular stitch might have on the tendency of a yarn to slip near an edge of a cut part  
5.2 This test method is useful for material design evaluations in such applications as airbags in which seam stress is a major concern.  
5.3 This method may be used as a complement to Test Method D5822.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the resistance to edgecombing of a woven fabric used in inflatable restraints.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for product development and design, production validation, manufacturing process control, lot acceptance, or for a combination thereof.  
5.2 The rate of inflation in this method does not attempt to mimic that of an actual cushion deployment, nor is it intended to subject the cushion to the dynamic loads, stress, and temperatures during such an event. It is also recognized that the compressed air used for this tests may not leak through the cushion at the same rate as the gas or mixture of gasses typically used in cushion inflators. Rather this method is intended to give a relative indication of the pressure holding ability of the cushion.  
5.3 The internal volume and internal design of cushions varies greatly. This test method is most useful when comparing data from cushions of the same design and volume. This test method does not provide any data concerning the volume of gas leaking from the bag. At certain higher levels of the initial internal pressure, this test method will irreversibly damage the cushion and change its leakage properties for future testing or for commercial use. The damage to the bag is dependent on the design or shape of a specific bag and the type of coating applied. It is the responsibility of the supplier and/or purchaser to determine if the parameters under which a cushion is tested will be destructive and render the cushion unfit for future use  
5.4 Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design and production validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a cushion specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the ability of an inflatable restraint cushion to retain air pressure at elevated pressures for a specified time interval.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier, provided the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The results of this test method should not be used to predict the actual internal pressure decay of a cushion during a deployment.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices are suitable for incorporation in a specification. Any reference to material or cushion specification in these practices shall mean any similar agreement between the purchaser and supplier relating to the inspection and acceptance of fabric intended for inflatable restraint use.  
5.2 These practices constitute the terminology, conditions, equipment, and procedures by which rolls of inflatable restraint fabrics or cut parts are inspected and graded.  
5.3 A specification incorporating these practices may deviate from them to account for considerations of fabric property, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint cushion design, or a combination thereof. Whenever such deviations from standard occur, they are recorded in the report.  
5.4 These practices acknowledge that, in the normal course of production, acceptable rolls of fabric will be produced containing imperfections; subsequently, pieces will be cut from the rolls and those pieces that contain imperfections restricted in Tables 1-5 will be culled at that time.  
5.5 The accuracy in the results from visually inspecting fabric using these practices is affected by the ability of the inspector to detect, identify, and evaluate the severity of an imperfection in a moving fabric or in a cut part. Such ability can be affected by visual acuity, viewing distance, fabric traverse speed, lighting conditions, inspector discipline and training, and the availability and accuracy of suitable visual aids.  
5.6 Systematic bias may result from using these practices whenever the precision or scale of the visual aids used to identify and quantify imperfections differs between the purchaser and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the inspection and grading of coated and uncoated woven flat and one-piece woven (OPW) fabrics, and for the inspection and culling of cut parts made of such fabrics, all of which are used in the manufacture of inflatable restraint cushions.  
1.2 For ease of reference, the scope, summary of practice, significance and use, apparatus, sampling, procedure, and report sections are listed separately for each inspection practice.    
Inspection Practice  
Section  
Fabric Rolls  
7  
Cut Pieces & OPW  
8  
1.3 These practices can be used to distinguish those fabric imperfections that may adversely affect inflatable restraint cushion fabrication or performance from those imperfections that will not.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in these practices may be used by agreement of the purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from these practices acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For inflatable restraints, practices for conducting accelerated aging are designed to determine the aggravated effects on a fabric from exposures to heat, humidity, or ozone, or a combination thereof. These environmental conditions may also be cycled in combination. The four accelerated aging procedures of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints are referred to as cycle aging, heat aging, humidity aging, and ozone aging.  
5.2 The environmental conditions described in this practice are designed to allow restraints so that reliable comparisons may be made between different fabrics and different laboratories.  
5.3 In order to achieve precise and reliable physical property comparisons of different fabrics, it is necessary to control accurately the humidity, temperature, ozone, and cycling conditions to which the fabric is subjected.  
5.4 Fabric specimens are configured in accordance with the requirements of test methods to be conducted on the specimens subsequent to accelerated aging.  
5.5 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint fabrics are conditioned and aged. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of the purchaser and the supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when required as a preparatory step for other test methods.  
1.1.1 In Section 7, this practice lists four methods for conducting accelerated aging that are of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints. They are as follows:    
Description  
Section  
Cycle aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.4  
Heat aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.4.3.1  
Humidity aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.7  
Ozone aging  
8.8  
1.2 This practice may be used in conjunction with other ASTM test methods when subsequent tests of physical properties are required of aged fabric specimens.  
1.3 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Every ASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section describing its particular significance and use. Other test methods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertaining to their particular significance and use.  
5.2 The physical testing procedures in this practice can be used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.  
5.3 This practice addresses all the physical properties that describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used to determine the physical properties of fabrics used in inflatable restraints. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.  
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.  
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D5446 and the individual test method.  
1.4 In Section 9, this practice lists is alphabetical order the procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the following fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints.    
Yarn  
Section  
Denier (Yarn Number)  
9.3.1    
Fiber Content  
9.3.2    
Finish (Extractable Material)  
9.3.3    
Strength and Elongation  
9.3.4    
Twist  
9.3.5    
Fabric  
Air Permeability  
9.3.6    
Abrasion Resistance  
9.3.7    
Blocking  
9.3.8    
Bow and Skew  
9.3.9    
Breaking Force & Elongation  
9.3.10  
Burst Strength  
9.3.11  
Coating Adhesion  
9.3.12  
Coating Weight  
9.3.13  
Count of Woven Fabric  
9.3.14  
Dynamic Air Permeability  
9.3.28  
Edgecomb Resistance  
9.3.29  
Flammability  
9.3.15  
Fogging (Volatility)  
9.3.16  
Length  
9.3.17  
Mass per Unit Area  
9.3.18  
Non-Fibrous Material  
9.3.19  
Odor  
9.3.20  
Packability  
9.3.30  
pH  
9.3.21  
Stiffness  
9.3.22  
Tear Strength  
9.3.23  
Thickness  
9.3.24  
Warp Size Content & Residual Sizing  
9.3.25  
Width  
9.3.26  
Sewing Thread  
9.3.27  
1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice D5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when comparative results of physical properties before and after accelerated aging are required.  
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.  
1.8 This standa...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for determining the specific packability of uncoated and coated airbag fabrics. Fabric packability is an important factor in the design of airbag modules due to their inherent spacial constraints.  
5.2 A folded specimen exhibits better specific packability if it occupies a lower total volume at the specified loads compared to another specimen.  
5.3 The time required to test one sample (four specimens from the same lot of fabric) is approximately 1.5 h using this test method. Due to the length of time required by this test method to perform a single test, this test method is most suitable for use in design and development analysis or for inclusion in a list of required tests conducted for annual certification of an airbag fabric.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the ability to fold and pack fabrics used for inflatable restraints using an index of specific packability.  
1.2 Procedures in this test method describe operator techniques that must be followed closely to obtain repeatable and accurate results. Since these techniques are difficult to convey in writing, supplemental training for operators is required. A training video is available from ASTM (see Adjuncts ADJD6478 and ADJD6478A).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier with specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints.  
5.2 This practice may be used by the purchaser and the supplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint modules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.  
5.3 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. The specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures and conditions used to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraint modules and module components during and after deployment.  
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined by high-speed photography, and material integrity determined by visual inspection.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger side inflatable restraint modules.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Seam strength testing is used for design validation and for lot acceptance.  
5.2 This test method constitutes the conditions, procedures, and equipment by which either seams taken from inflatable restraint cushions, or seam types that can potentially be used for inflatable restraint cushions are tested for seam strength, seam efficiency, and failure mode. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written part specification or print. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the procedures described herein when (based on experience) considerations of equipment, cushion design, or other factors dictate otherwise.  
5.3 In cases of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should perform comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens from the same lot of fabric to be evaluated, which utilize a like seam assembly (or standard seam assembly) to achieve seam interaction. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.4 Test Method D5822 is a reliable test method but procedures which may require special attention are identified in the precision and bias section of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of seam efficiency and the maximum seam strength in inflatable restraint cushions composed of woven fabrics when a force is applied perpendicular to the seam, using a grab test. For evaluating sewing thread, refer to Test Method D204.  
1.2 This test method is restricted to seams that are either obtained from an inflatable restraint cushion or prepared off-line, specifically for testing, using fabric blanks, not obtained from a previously sewn cushion assembly. Seams may include but are not limited to sewn, OPW, glued, sealed and sewn, or fused (chemically or thermally). This test method can be used for either lot testing of production cushions, or for research and development purposes.  
1.3 This test method is used when the measurement of a resistance to a specified force, a breaking force, a minimum elongation, or a combination thereof are required to determine the seam strength, or seam integrity of a particular fabric for inflatable restraint use.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement between purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The depth of color achieved in dyeing fabric according to this practice is relative to the amount of sizing in the fabric. This practice employs a chromatic staining scale from 1 to 5 which is inversely proportional to the relative amount of sizing in the fabric. A light color stain indicates a low concentration of sizing and warrants a high numerical rating, while a dark color stain indicates a high concentration of sizing and warrants a low numerical rating.  
5.2 The accuracy of this practice depends upon the ability of the testing personnel to match the color of the stain to the colors in the AATCC 9 Step ChromaticTransference Scale.
SCOPE
1.1 Using a color scale of 1 to 5, this practice describes the procedures for determining the presence and relative amount of sizing in fabrics made of undyed nylon or non-cationically dyeable polyester yarns prepared with a cationically dyeable sizing  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints. Cushion overpressurization testing may be used for design and production validation, for manufacturing process control, for lot acceptance, or for a combination thereof.  
5.2 This practice constitutes the conditions, apparatus, and procedures by which inflatable restraints are commonly tested for cushion overpressurization. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a cushion specification or equivalent document. The practices in the specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of equipment, cushion design, or other factors dictate otherwise.  
5.3 There exists a large variety in cushion configurations and equipment designs, obviating a standard test method for cushion overpressurization. Therefore, a cushion specification should incorporate the practices stated herein when describing a test method for testing a specific cushion geometry and apparatus design. To ensure accuracy and repeatability, the specification should also address precision and bias in a manner consistent with ASTM prescribed procedures and consistent with the particular cushion geometry, equipment in use, and test procedures.  
5.3.1 Sources of variation in cushion overpressurization testing procedures include orifice size, attachment fixture, sensor location, method of attachment, presence or absence of internal bladder, accumulator size and pressure, transducer type and location, the presence or absence of tethers, presence or absence of vent plugs, and the accuracy of timing devices and pressure sensors. All sources of equipment and procedural variation should be addressed in the applicable specification.  
5.4 In accordance with the applicable specification, cushions may be pressurized without bursting to determine their resistance to a fixed level of high in...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures and conditions used to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraint cushions during and after overpressurization testing at elevated pressures capable of causing cushion bursting using air pressurization equipment.  
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained in conjunction with this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation and material integrity, determined by visual inspection.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to all inflatable restraint cushions.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers terminology which is used in the evaluation of inflatable restraint fabrics, cushions, and modules.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices are suitable for incorporation in a specification. Any reference to material or cushion specification in these practices shall mean any similar agreement between the purchaser and supplier relating to the inspection and acceptance of fabric intended for inflatable restraint use.  
5.2 These practices constitute the terminology, conditions, equipment, and procedures by which rolls of inflatable restraint fabrics or cut parts are inspected and graded.  
5.3 A specification incorporating these practices may deviate from them to account for considerations of fabric property, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint cushion design, or a combination thereof. Whenever such deviations from standard occur, they are recorded in the report.  
5.4 These practices acknowledge that, in the normal course of production, acceptable rolls of fabric will be produced containing imperfections; subsequently, pieces will be cut from the rolls and those pieces that contain imperfections restricted in Tables 1-5 will be culled at that time.  
5.5 The accuracy in the results from visually inspecting fabric using these practices is affected by the ability of the inspector to detect, identify, and evaluate the severity of an imperfection in a moving fabric or in a cut part. Such ability can be affected by visual acuity, viewing distance, fabric traverse speed, lighting conditions, inspector discipline and training, and the availability and accuracy of suitable visual aids.  
5.6 Systematic bias may result from using these practices whenever the precision or scale of the visual aids used to identify and quantify imperfections differs between the purchaser and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the inspection and grading of coated and uncoated woven flat and one-piece woven (OPW) fabrics, and for the inspection and culling of cut parts made of such fabrics, all of which are used in the manufacture of inflatable restraint cushions.  
1.2 For ease of reference, the scope, summary of practice, significance and use, apparatus, sampling, procedure, and report sections are listed separately for each inspection practice.    
Inspection Practice  
Section  
Fabric Rolls  
7  
Cut Pieces & OPW  
8  
1.3 These practices can be used to distinguish those fabric imperfections that may adversely affect inflatable restraint cushion fabrication or performance from those imperfections that will not.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in these practices may be used by agreement of the purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from these practices acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For matters relating to lot acceptance of commercial shipments and conformity to specification or other standard, refer to Section 13 of this test method.  
5.2 This test method is useful in the selection and design validation of permeable, uncoatable fabrics used in inflatable restraint cushions. The dynamic conditions and higher pressure differentials of this test method may better simulate the inflation and deflation cycle of an airbag module during deployment than do the steady-state conditions of Test Method D737.  
5.2.1 Only uncoated, permeable fabrics should be used. Use of coated fabrics may yield invalid results and potentially damage the test apparatus.  
5.3 Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a material specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Caution is advised on very low permeability fabrics or with the 200 cm3. size test heat because between-laboratory precision as presented in Section 12 may be as high as 21 %.  
5.4 This test method may be used for materials other than inflatable restraint fabrics which experience dynamic air permeability in sudden bursts. In such cases, the physical apparatus or its software algorithms may require modification to provide suitability for use.  
5.5 Due to the split-second time interval for testing, the pressure versus time data is subject to recording anomalies and electronic noise. The data should be digitally filtered to obtain the underlying smooth pressure curve prior to data analysis. The software in the apparatus includes a reliable algorithm both to smooth the curve and to determine the exponent of air permeability.  
5.6 It is inherent in the design and operation of this equipment that major components key to the calibration and measurements are specific to the individual test head. The size or permeability measuring range of the test head is typically chosen to...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures used to determine under dynamic airflow conditions the high pressure permeability of permeable, uncoated fabrics typically used for inflatable restraints. For the determination of air permeability of inflatable restraint fabrics under low pressure conditions at steady-state air flow, refer to Test Method D737.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For matters relating to lot acceptance of commercial shipments and conformity to specification or other standard, refer to Section 13 of this test method.  
5.2 This test method is useful in the selection and design validation of permeable, uncoatable fabrics used in inflatable restraint cushions. The dynamic conditions and higher pressure differentials of this test method may better simulate the inflation and deflation cycle of an airbag module during deployment than do the steady-state conditions of Test Method D737.  
5.2.1 Only uncoated, permeable fabrics should be used. Use of coated fabrics may yield invalid results and potentially damage the test apparatus.  
5.3 Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a material specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Caution is advised on very low permeability fabrics or with the 200 cm3 size test head because between-laboratory precision as presented in Section 12 may be as high as 21 %.  
5.4 This test method may be used for materials other than inflatable restraint fabrics which experience dynamic air permeability in sudden bursts. In such cases, the physical apparatus or its software algorithms may require modification to provide suitability for use.  
5.5 Due to the split-second time interval for testing, the pressure versus time data is subject to recording anomalies and electronic noise. The data should be digitally filtered to obtain the underlying smooth pressure curve prior to data analysis. The software in the apparatus includes a reliable algorithm both to smooth the curve and to determine the exponent of air permeability.  
5.6 It is inherent in the design and operation of this equipment that major components key to the calibration and measurements are specific to the individual test head. The size or permeability measuring range of the test head is typically chosen to ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures used to determine under dynamic airflow conditions the high pressure permeability of permeable, uncoated fabrics typically used for inflatable restraints. For the determination of air permeability of inflatable restraint fabrics under low pressure conditions at steady-state air flow, refer to Test Method D737.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A measurement of a fabric's edgecomb resistance indicates the relative tendency of a fabric to pull apart under seam stress or similar action. The related concepts of yarn slippage and seam slippage are limited to sewn seams, whereas the measurement of edgecomb resistance is made at the edge of a cut part in the absence of a sewn seam. The absence of a sewn seam in this test method eliminates the effect that a particular stitch might have on the tendency of a yarn to slip near an edge of a cut part  
5.2 This test method is useful for material design evaluations in such applications as airbags in which seam stress is a major concern.  
5.3 This method may be used as a complement to Test Method D5822.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the resistance to edgecombing of a woven fabric used in inflatable restraints.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for determining the specific packability of uncoated and coated airbag fabrics. Fabric packability is an important factor in the design of airbag modules due to their inherent spacial constraints.  
5.2 A folded specimen exhibits better specific packability if it occupies a lower total volume at the specified loads compared to another specimen.  
5.3 The time required to test one sample (four specimens from the same lot of fabric) is approximately 1.5 h using this test method. Due to the length of time required by this test method to perform a single test, this test method is most suitable for use in design and development analysis or for inclusion in a list of required tests conducted for annual certification of an airbag fabric.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the ability to fold and pack fabrics used for inflatable restraints using an index of specific packability.  
1.2 Procedures in this test method describe operator techniques that must be followed closely to obtain repeatable and accurate results. Since these techniques are difficult to convey in writing, supplemental training for operators is required. A training video is available from ASTM (see Adjuncts ADJD6478 and ADJD6478A).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier with specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For inflatable restraints, practices for conducting accelerated aging are designed to determine the aggravated effects on a fabric from exposures to heat, humidity, or ozone, or a combination thereof. These environmental conditions may also be cycled in combination. The four accelerated aging procedures of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints are referred to as cycle aging, heat aging, humidity aging, and ozone aging.  
5.2 The environmental conditions described in this practice are designed to allow restraints so that reliable comparisons may be made between different fabrics and different laboratories.  
5.3 In order to achieve precise and reliable physical property comparisons of different fabrics, it is necessary to control accurately the humidity, temperature, ozone, and cycling conditions to which the fabric is subjected.  
5.4 Fabric specimens are configured in accordance with the requirements of test methods to be conducted on the specimens subsequent to accelerated aging.  
5.5 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint fabrics are conditioned and aged. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of the purchaser and the supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when required as a preparatory step for other test methods.  
1.1.1 In Section 7, this practice lists four methods for conducting accelerated aging that are of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints. They are as follows:    
Description  
Section  
Cycle aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.4  
Heat aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.4.3.1  
Humidity aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.7  
Ozone aging  
8.8  
1.2 This practice may be used in conjunction with other ASTM test methods when subsequent tests of physical properties are required of aged fabric specimens.  
1.3 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for product development and design, production validation, manufacturing process control, lot acceptance, or for a combination thereof.  
5.2 The rate of inflation in this method does not attempt to mimic that of an actual cushion deployment, nor is it intended to subject the cushion to the dynamic loads, stress, and temperatures during such an event. It is also recognized that the compressed air used for this tests may not leak through the cushion at the same rate as the gas or mixture of gasses typically used in cushion inflators. Rather this method is intended to give a relative indication of the pressure holding ability of the cushion.  
5.3 The internal volume and internal design of cushions varies greatly. This test method is most useful when comparing data from cushions of the same design and volume. This test method does not provide any data concerning the volume of gas leaking from the bag. At certain higher levels of the initial internal pressure, this test method will irreversibly damage the cushion and change its leakage properties for future testing or for commercial use. The damage to the bag is dependent on the design or shape of a specific bag and the type of coating applied. It is the responsibility of the supplier and / or purchaser to determine if the parameters under which a cushion is tested will be destructive and render the cushion unfit for future use  
5.4 Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design and production validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a cushion specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the ability of an inflatable restraint cushion to retain air pressure at elevated pressures for a specified time interval.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier, provided the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The results of this test method should not be used to predict the actual internal pressure decay of a cushion during a deployment.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Every ASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section describing its particular significance and use. Other test methods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertaining to their particular significance and use.  
5.2 The physical testing procedures in this practice can be used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.  
5.3 This practice addresses all the physical properties that describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used to determine the physical properties of fabrics used in inflatable restraints. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.  
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.  
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D5446 and the individual test method.  
1.4 In Section 9, this practice lists is alphabetical order the procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the following fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints.    
Yarn  
Section  
Denier (Yarn Number)  
9.3.1    
Fiber Content  
9.3.2    
Finish (Extractable Material)  
9.3.3    
Strength and Elongation  
9.3.4    
Twist  
9.3.5    
Fabric  
Air Permeability  
9.3.6    
Abrasion Resistance  
9.3.7    
Blocking  
9.3.8    
Bow and Skew  
9.3.9    
Breaking Force & Elongation  
9.3.10  
Burst Strength  
9.3.11  
Coating Adhesion  
9.3.12  
Coating Weight  
9.3.13  
Count of Woven Fabric  
9.3.14  
Dynamic Air Permeability  
9.3.28  
Edgecomb Resistance  
9.3.29  
Flammability  
9.3.15  
Fogging (Volatility)  
9.3.16  
Length  
9.3.17  
Mass per Unit Area  
9.3.18  
Non-Fibrous Material  
9.3.19  
Odor  
9.3.20  
Packability  
9.3.30  
pH  
9.3.21  
Stiffness  
9.3.22  
Tear Strength  
9.3.23  
Thickness  
9.3.24  
Warp Size Content & Residual Sizing  
9.3.25  
Width  
9.3.26  
Sewing Thread  
9.3.27  
1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice D5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when comparative results of physical properties before and after accelerated aging are required.  
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.  
1.8 This sta...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The depth of color achieved in dyeing fabric according to this practice is relative to the amount of sizing in the fabric. This practice employs a chromatic staining scale from 1 to 5 which is inversely proportional to the relative amount of sizing in the fabric. A light color stain indicates a low concentration of sizing and warrants a high numerical rating, while a dark color stain indicates a high concentration of sizing and warrants a low numerical rating.  
5.2 The accuracy of this practice depends upon the ability of the testing personnel to match the color of the stain to the colors in the AATCC 9 Step ChromaticTransference Scale.
SCOPE
1.1 Using a color scale of 1 to 5, this practice describes the procedures for determining the presence and relative amount of sizing in fabrics made of undyed nylon or non-cationically dyeable polyester yarns prepared with a cationically dyeable sizing  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 This practice may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints. Cushion overpressurization testing may be used for design and production validation, for manufacturing process control, for lot acceptance, or for a combination thereof.  
5.2 This practice constitutes the conditions, apparatus, and procedures by which inflatable restraints are commonly tested for cushion overpressurization. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a cushion specification or equivalent document. The practices in the specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of equipment, cushion design, or other factors dictate otherwise.  
5.3 There exists a large variety in cushion configurations and equipment designs, obviating a standard test method for cushion overpressurization. Therefore, a cushion specification should incorporate the practices stated herein when describing a test method for testing a specific cushion geometry and apparatus design. To ensure accuracy and repeatability, the specification should also address precision and bias in a manner consistent with ASTM prescribed procedures and consistent with the particular cushion geometry, equipment in use, and test procedures.  
5.3.1 Sources of variation in cushion overpressurization testing procedures include orifice size, attachment fixture, sensor location, method of attachment, presence or absence of internal bladder, accumulator size and pressure, transducer type and location, the presence or absence of tethers, presence or absence of vent plugs, and the accuracy of timing devices and pressure sensors. All sources of equipment and procedural variation should be addressed in the applicable specification.  
5.4 In accordance with the applicable specification, cushions may be pressurized without bursting to determine their resistance to a fixed level of high i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures and conditions used to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraint cushions during and after overpressurization testing at elevated pressures capable of causing cushion bursting using air pressurization equipment.  
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained in conjunction with this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation and material integrity, determined by visual inspection.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to all inflatable restraint cushions.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific hazard information.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints.  
5.2 This practice may be used by the purchaser and the supplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint modules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.  
5.3 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. The specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures and conditions used to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraint modules and module components during and after deployment.  
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined by high-speed photography, and material integrity determined by visual inspection.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger side inflatable restraint modules.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers terminology which is used in the evaluation of inflatable restraint fabrics, cushions, and modules.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers terminology which is used in the evaluation of inflatable restraint fabrics, cushions, and modules.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Seam strength testing is used for design validation and for lot acceptance.  
5.2 This test method constitutes the conditions, procedures, and equipment by which either seams taken from inflatable restraint cushions, or seam types that can potentially be used for inflatable restraint cushions are tested for seam strength, seam efficiency, and failure mode. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written part specification or print. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the procedures described herein when (based on experience) considerations of equipment, cushion design, or other factors dictate otherwise.  
5.3 In cases of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should perform comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens from the same lot of fabric to be evaluated, which utilize a like seam assembly (or standard seam assembly) to achieve seam interaction. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.4 Test Method D5822 is a reliable test method but procedures which may require special attention are identified in the precision and bias section of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of seam efficiency and the maximum seam strength in inflatable restraint cushions composed of woven fabrics when a force is applied perpendicular to the seam, using a grab test. For evaluating sewing thread, refer to Test Method D204.  
1.2 This test method is restricted to seams that are either obtained from an inflatable restraint cushion or prepared off-line, specifically for testing, using fabric blanks, not obtained from a previously sewn cushion assembly. Seams may include but are not limited to sewn, OPW, glued, sealed and sewn, or fused (chemically or thermally). This test method can be used for either lot testing of production cushions, or for research and development purposes.  
1.3 This test method is used when the measurement of a resistance to a specified force, a breaking force, a minimum elongation, or a combination thereof are required to determine the seam strength, or seam integrity of a particular fabric for inflatable restraint use.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement between purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices are suitable for incorporation in a specification. Any reference to material or cushion specification in these practices shall mean any similar agreement between the purchaser and supplier relating to the inspection and acceptance of fabric intended for inflatable restraint use.  
5.2 These practices constitute the terminology, conditions, equipment, and procedures by which rolls of inflatable restraint fabrics or cut parts are inspected and graded.  
5.3 A specification incorporating these practices may deviate from them to account for considerations of fabric property, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint cushion design, or a combination thereof. Whenever such deviations from standard occur, they are recorded in the report.  
5.4 These practices acknowledge that, in the normal course of production, acceptable rolls of fabric will be produced containing imperfections; subsequently, pieces will be cut from the rolls and those pieces that contain imperfections restricted in Tables 1-5 will be culled at that time.  
5.5 The accuracy in the results from visually inspecting fabric using these practices is affected by the ability of the inspector to detect, identify, and evaluate the severity of an imperfection in a moving fabric or in a cut part. Such ability can be affected by visual acuity, viewing distance, fabric traverse speed, lighting conditions, inspector discipline and training, and the availability and accuracy of suitable visual aids.  
5.6 Systematic bias may result from using these practices whenever the precision or scale of the visual aids used to identify and quantify imperfections differs between the purchaser and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the inspection and grading of coated and uncoated woven flat and one-piece woven (OPW) fabrics, and for the inspection and culling of cut parts made of such fabrics, all of which are used in the manufacture of inflatable restraint cushions.  
1.2 For ease of reference, the scope, summary of practice, significance and use, apparatus, sampling, procedure, and report sections are listed separately for each inspection practice.    
Inspection Practice  
Section  
Fabric Rolls  
7  
Cut Pieces & OPW  
8
1.3 These practices can be used to distinguish those fabric imperfections that may adversely affect inflatable restraint cushion fabrication or performance from those imperfections that will not.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in these practices may be used by agreement of the purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from these practices acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
For matters relating to lot acceptance of commercial shipments and conformity to specification or other standard, refer to Section 13 of this test method.
This test method is useful in the selection and design validation of permeable, uncoatable fabrics used in inflatable restraint cushions. The dynamic conditions and higher pressure differentials of this test method may better simulate the inflation and deflation cycle of an airbag module during deployment than do the steady-state conditions of Test Method D737.
5.2.1 Only uncoated, permeable fabrics should be used. Use of coated fabrics may yield invalid results and potentially damage the test apparatus.
Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a material specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Caution is advised on very low permeability fabrics or with the 200 cm3. size test heat because between-laboratory precision as presented in Section 12 may be as high as 21 %.
This test method may be used for materials other than inflatable restraint fabrics which experience dynamic air permeability in sudden bursts. In such cases, the physical apparatus or its software algorithms may require modification to provide suitability for use.
Due to the split-second time interval for testing, the pressure versus time data is subject to recording anomalies and electronic noise. The data should be digitally filtered to obtain the underlying smooth pressure curve prior to data analysis. The software in the apparatus includes a reliable algorithm both to smooth the curve and to determine the exponent of air permeability.
It is inherent in the design and operation of this equipment that major components key to the calibration and measurements are specific to the individual test head. The size or permeability measuring range of the test head is typically chosen to correspond to the fabric spec...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures used to determine under dynamic airflow conditions the high pressure permeability of permeable, uncoated fabrics typically used for inflatable restraints. For the determination of air permeability of inflatable restraint fabrics under low pressure conditions at steady-state air flow, refer to Test Method D737.
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A measurement of a fabric's edgecomb resistance indicates the relative tendency of a fabric to pull apart under seam stress or similar action. The related concepts of yarn slippage and seam slippage are limited to sewn seams, whereas the measurement of edgecomb resistance is made at the edge of a cut part in the absence of a sewn seam. The absence of a sewn seam in this test method eliminates the effect that a particular stitch might have on the tendency of a yarn to slip near an edge of a cut part
This test method is useful for material design evaluations in such applications as airbags in which seam stress is a major concern.
This method may be used as a complement to Test Method D5822.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the resistance to edgecombing of a woven fabric used in inflatable restraints.
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A measurement of a fabric's edgecomb resistance indicates the relative tendency of a fabric to pull apart under seam stress or similar action. The related concepts of yarn slippage and seam slippage are limited to sewn seams, whereas the measurement of edgecomb resistance is made at the edge of a cut part in the absence of a sewn seam. The absence of a sewn seam in this test method eliminates the effect that a particular stitch might have on the tendency of a yarn to slip near an edge of a cut part
This test method is useful for material design evaluations in such applications as airbags in which seam stress is a major concern.
This method may be used as a complement to Test Method D5822.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the resistance to edgecombing of a woven fabric used in inflatable restraints.
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful for determining the specific packability of uncoated and coated airbag fabrics. Fabric packability is an important factor in the design of airbag modules due to their inherent spacial constraints.
A folded specimen exhibits better specific packability if it occupies a lower total volume at the specified loads compared to another specimen.
The time required to test one sample (four specimens from the same lot of fabric) is approximately 1.5 h using this test method. Due to the length of time required by this test method to perform a single test, this test method is most suitable for use in design and development analysis or for inclusion in a list of required tests conducted for annual certification of an airbag fabric.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the ability to fold and pack fabrics used for inflatable restraints using an index of specific packability.
1.2 Procedures in this test method describe operator techniques that must be followed closely to obtain repeatable and accurate results. Since these techniques are difficult to convey in writing, supplemental training for operators is required. A training video is available from ASTM (see Adjuncts ADJD6478 and ADJD6478A).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier with specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful for determining the specific packability of uncoated and coated airbag fabrics. Fabric packability is an important factor in the design of airbag modules due to their inherent spacial contraints.
A folded specimen exhibits better specific packability if it occupies a lower total volume at the specified loads compared to another specimen.
The time required to test one sample (four specimens from the same lot of fabric) is approximately 1.5 h using this test method. Due to the length of time required by this test method to perform a single test, this test method is most suitable for use in design and development analysis or for inclusion in a list of required tests conducted for annual certification of an airbag fabric.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the ability to fold and pack fabrics used for inflatable restraints using an index of specific packability.
1.2 Procedures in this test method describe operator techniques that must be followed closely to obtain repeatable and accurate results. Since these techniques are difficult to convey in writing, supplemental training for operators is required. A training video is available from ASTM (see Adjuncts ADJD6478 and ADJD6478A).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier with specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used for product development and design, production validation, manufacturing process control, lot acceptance, or for a combination thereof.  
The rate of inflation in this method does not attempt to mimic that of an actual cushion deployment, nor is it intended to subject the cushion to the dynamic loads, stress, and temperatures during such an event. It is also recognized that the compressed air used for this tests may not leak through the cushion at the same rate as the gas or mixture of gasses typically used in cushion inflators. Rather this method is intended to give a relative indication of the pressure holding ability of the cushion.  
The internal volume and internal design of cushions varies greatly. This test method is most useful when comparing data from cushions of the same design and volume. This test method does not provide any data concerning the volume of gas leaking from the bag. At certain higher levels of the initial internal pressure, this test method will irreversibly damage the cushion and change its leakage properties for future testing or for commercial use. The damage to the bag is dependent on the design or shape of a specific bag and the type of coating applied. It is the responsibility of the supplier and / or purchaser to determine if the parameters under which a cushion is tested will be destructive and render the cushion unfit for future use
Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design and production validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a cushion specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the ability of an inflatable restraint cushion to retain air pressure at elevated pressures for a specified time interval.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier, provided the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The results of this test method should not be used to predict the actual internal pressure decay of a cushion during a deployment.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
For inflatable restraints, practices for conducting accelerated aging are designed to determine the aggravated effects on a fabric from exposures to heat, humidity, or ozone, or a combination thereof. These environmental conditions may also be cycled in combination. The four accelerated aging procedures of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints are referred to as cycle aging, heat aging, humidity aging, and ozone aging.
The environmental conditions described in this practice are designed to allow restraints so that reliable comparisons may be made between different fabrics and different laboratories.
In order to achieve precise and reliable physical property comparisons of different fabrics, it is necessary to control accurately the humidity, temperature, ozone, and cycling conditions to which the fabric is subjected.
Fabric specimens are configured in accordance with the requirements of test methods to be conducted on the specimens subsequent to accelerated aging.
Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint fabrics are conditioned and aged. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of the purchaser and the supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when required as a preparatory step for other test methods.
1.1.1 In Section 7, this practice lists four methods for conducting accelerated aging that are of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints. They are as follows:
DescriptionSection   Cycle aging (Option “A” or “B”)8.4 Heat aging (Option “A” or “B”)8.6 Humidity aging (Option “A” or “B”)8.7 Ozone aging8.8
1.2 This practice may be used in conjunction with other ASTM test methods when subsequent tests of physical properties are required of aged fabric specimens.
1.3 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Every ASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section describing its particular significance and use. Other test methods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertaining to their particular significance and use.
The physical testing procedures in this practice can be used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.
This practice addresses all the physical properties that describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used to determine the physical properties of fabrics used in inflatable restraints. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D 5446 and the individual test method.
1.4 In Section 9, this practice lists is alphabetical order the procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the following fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints.
YarnSection  Denier (Yarn Number)9.3.1   Fiber Content9.3.2   Finish (Extractable Material)9.3.3   Strength and Elongation9.3.4   Twist9.3.5  Fabric  Air Permeability9.3.6   Abrasion Resistance9.3.7   Blocking9.3.8   Bow and Skew9.3.9   Breaking Force & Elongation9.3.10  Burst Strength9.3.11  Coating Adhesion9.3.12  Coating Weight9.3.13  Count of Woven Fabric9.3.14  Dynamic Air Permeability9.3.28  Edgecomb Resistance9.3.29  Flammability9.3.15  Fogging (Volatility)9.3.16  Length9.3.17  Mass per Unit Area9.3.18  Non-Fibrous Material9.3.19  Odor9.3.20  Packability9.3.30  pH9.3.21  Stiffness9.3.22  Tear Strength9.3.23  Thickness9.3.24  Warp Size Content & Residual Sizing9.3.25  Width9.3.26 Sewing Thread9.3.27  
1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice D 5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when comparative results of physical properties before and after accelerated aging are required.
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers terminology which is used in the evaluation of inflatable restraint fabrics, cushions, and modules.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
For matters relating to lot acceptance of commercial shipments and conformity to specification or other standard, refer to Section 13 of this test method.
This test method is useful in the selection and design validation of permeable, uncoatable fabrics used in inflatable restraint cushions. The dynamic conditions and higher pressure differentials of this test method may better simulate the inflation and deflation cycle of an airbag module during deployment than do the steady-state conditions of Test Method D 737.
5.2.1 Only uncoated, permeable fabrics should be used. Use of coated fabrics may yield invalid results and potentially damage the test apparatus.
Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a material specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Caution is advised on very low permeability fabrics or with the 200 cm3. size test heat because between-laboratory precision as presented in Section 12 may be as high as 21 %.
This test method may be used for materials other than inflatable restraint fabrics which experience dynamic air permeability in sudden bursts. In such cases, the physical apparatus or its software algorithms may require modification to provide suitability for use.
Due to the split-second time interval for testing, the pressure versus time data is subject to recording anomalies and electronic noise. The data should be digitally filtered to obtain the underlying smooth pressure curve prior to data analysis. The software in the apparatus includes a reliable algorithm both to smooth the curve and to determine the exponent of air permeability.
It is inherent in the design and operation of this equipment that major components key to the calibration and measurements are specific to the individual test head. The size or permeability measuring range of the test head is typically chosen to correspond to the fabric spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures used to determine under dynamic airflow conditions the high pressure permeability of permeable, uncoated fabrics typically used for inflatable restraints. For the determination of air permeability of inflatable restraint fabrics under low pressure conditions at steady-state air flow, refer to Test Method D 737.
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These practices are suitable for incorporation in a specification. Any reference to material or cushion specification in these practices shall mean any similar agreement between the purchaser and supplier relating to the inspection and acceptance of fabric intended for inflatable restraint use.
These practices constitute the terminology, conditions, equipment, and procedures by which rolls of inflatable restraint fabrics or cut parts are inspected and graded.
A specification incorporating these practices may deviate from them to account for considerations of fabric property, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint cushion design, or a combination thereof. Whenever such deviations from standard occur, they are recorded in the report.
These practices acknowledge that, in the normal course of production, acceptable rolls of fabric will be produced containing imperfections; subsequently, pieces will be cut from the rolls and those pieces that contain imperfections restricted in Tables 1-5 will be culled at that time.
The accuracy in the results from visually inspecting fabric using these practices is affected by the ability of the inspector to detect, identify, and evaluate the severity of an imperfection in a moving fabric or in a cut part. Such ability can be affected by visual acuity, viewing distance, fabric traverse speed, lighting conditions, inspector discipline and training, and the availability and accuracy of suitable visual aids.
Systematic bias may result from using these practices whenever the precision or scale of the visual aids used to identify and quantify imperfections differs between the purchaser and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the inspection and grading of coated and uncoated woven flat and one-piece woven (OPW) fabrics, and for the inspection and culling of cut parts made of such fabrics, all of which are used in the manufacture of inflatable restraint cushions.
1.2 For ease of reference, the scope, summary of practice, significance and use, apparatus, sampling, procedure, and report sections are listed separately for each inspection practice.
Inspection PracticeSection  Fabric Rolls7 Cut Pieces & OPW8
1.3 These practices can be used to distinguish those fabric imperfections that may adversely affect inflatable restraint cushion fabrication or performance from those imperfections that will not.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in these practices may be used by agreement of the purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from these practices acknowledged in the report.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful for determining the specific packability of uncoated and coated airbag fabrics. Fabric packability is an important factor in the design of airbag modules due to their inherent spacial contraints.
A folded specimen exhibits better specific packability if it occupies a lower total volume at the specified loads compared to another specimen.
The time required to test one sample (four specimens from the same lot of fabric) is approximately 1.5 h using this test method. Due to the length of time required by this test method to perform a single test, this test method is most suitable for use in design and development analysis or for inclusion in a list of required tests conducted for annual certification of an airbag fabric.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the ability to fold and pack fabrics used for inflatable restraints using an index of specific packability.
1.2 Procedures in this test method describe operator techniques that must be followed closely to obtain repeatable and accurate results. Since these techniques are difficult to convey in writing, supplemental training for operators is required. A training video is available from ASTM (see Adjuncts ADJD6478 and ADJD6478A and ).
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier with specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The depth of color achieved in dyeing fabric according to this practice is relative to the amount of sizing in the fabric. This practice employs a chromatic staining scale from 1 to 5 which is inversely proportional to the relative amount of sizing in the fabric. A light color stain indicates a low concentration of sizing and warrants a high numerical rating, while a dark color stain indicates a high concentration of sizing and warrants a low numerical rating.
The accuracy of this practice depends upon the ability of the testing personnel to match the color of the stain to the colors in the AATCC 9 Step ChromaticTransference Scale.
SCOPE
1.1 Using a color scale of 1 to 5, this practice describes the procedures for determining the presence and relative amount of sizing in fabrics made of undyed nylon or non-cationically dyeable polyester yarns prepared with a cationically dyeable sizing
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.
1.3 This practice may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Seam strength testing is used for design validation and for lot acceptance.
This test method constitutes the conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraints are tested for seam strength and seam efficiency. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written part specification or print. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the procedures described herein when (based on experience) considerations of equipment, cushion design, or other factors dictate otherwise.
In cases of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should perform comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens from the same lot of fabric to be evaluated, which utilize a like seam assembly (or standard seam assembly) to achieve seam interaction. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
Test Method D 5822 is a reliable test method but procedures which may require special attention are identified in the precision and bias section of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of seam efficiency and the maximum seam strength in inflatable restraint cushions composed of woven fabrics when a force is applied perpendicular to the seam, using a grab test. For evaluating sewing thread, refer to Test Method D 204.
1.2 This test method is restricted to seams that are obtained from an inflatable restraint cushion. Seams may include but are not limited to sewn, OPW, glued, fused (chemically or thermally).
1.3 This test method is used when the measurement of a resistance to a specified force, a breaking force, a minimum elongation, or a combination thereof are required to determine the seam strength, or seam integrity of a particular fabric for inflatable restraint use.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement between purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These practices are suitable for incorporation in a specification. Any reference to material or cushion specification in these practices shall mean any similar agreement between the purchaser and supplier relating to the inspection and acceptance of fabric intended for inflatable restraint use.
These practices constitute the terminology, conditions, equipment, and procedures by which rolls of inflatable restraint fabrics or cut parts are inspected and graded.
A specification incorporating these practices may deviate from them to account for considerations of fabric property, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint cushion design, or a combination thereof. Whenever such deviations from standard occur, they are recorded in the report.
These practices acknowledge that, in the normal course of production, acceptable rolls of fabric will be produced containing imperfections; subsequently, pieces will be cut from the rolls and those pieces that contain imperfections restricted in Tables 1-5 will be culled at that time.
The accuracy in the results from visually inspecting fabric using these practices is affected by the ability of the inspector to detect, identify, and evaluate the severity of an imperfection in a moving fabric or in a cut part. Such ability can be affected by visual acuity, viewing distance, fabric traverse speed, lighting conditions, inspector discipline and training, and the availability and accuracy of suitable visual aids.
Systematic bias may result from using these practices whenever the precision or scale of the visual aids used to identify and quantify imperfections differs between the purchaser and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the inspection and grading of coated and uncoated woven flat and one-piece woven (OPW) fabrics, and for the inspection and culling of cut parts made of such fabrics, all of which are used in the manufacture of inflatable restraint cushions.
1.2 For ease of reference, the scope, summary of practice, significance and use, apparatus, sampling, procedure, and report sections are listed separately for each inspection practice.
Inspection PracticeSection  Fabric Rolls7 Cut Pieces & OPW8
1.3 These practices can be used to distinguish those fabric imperfections that may adversely affect inflatable restraint cushion fabrication or performance from those imperfections that will not.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in these practices may be used by agreement of the purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from these practices acknowledged in the report.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
For inflatable restraints, practices for conducting accelerated aging are designed to determine the aggravated effects on a fabric from exposures to heat, humidity, or ozone, or a combination thereof. These environmental conditions may also be cycled in combination. The four accelerated aging procedures of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints are referred to as cycle aging, heat aging, humidity aging, and ozone aging.
The environmental conditions described in this practice are designed to allow restraints so that reliable comparisons may be made between different fabrics and different laboratories.
In order to achieve precise and reliable physical property comparisons of different fabrics, it is necessary to control accurately the humidity, temperature, ozone, and cycling conditions to which the fabric is subjected.
Fabric specimens are configured in accordance with the requirements of test methods to be conducted on the specimens subsequent to accelerated aging.
Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint fabrics are conditioned and aged. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of the purchaser and the supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when required as a preparatory step for other test methods.
1.1.1 In Section 7, this practice lists four methods for conducting accelerated aging that are of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints. They are as follows:
DescriptionSection   Cycle aging8.4 Heat aging8.5 Humidity aging8.6 Ozone aging8.7
1.2 This practice may be used in conjunction with other ASTM test methods when subsequent tests of physical properties are required of aged fabric specimens.
1.3 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints.
This practice may be used by the purchaser and the supplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint modules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.
Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. The specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures and conditions used to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraint modules and module components during and after deployment.
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined by high-speed photography, and material integrity determined by visual inspection.
1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger side inflatable restraint modules.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the practice acknowledged in the report.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A measurement of a fabric's edgecomb resistance indicates the relative tendency of a fabric to pull apart under seam stress or similar action. The related concepts of yarn slippage and seam slippage are limited to sewn seams, whereas the measurement of edgecomb resistance is made at the edge of a cut part in the absence of a sewn seam. The absence of a sewn seam in this test method eliminates the effect that a particular stitch might have on the tendency of a yarn to slip near an edge of a cut part
This test method is useful for material design evaluations in such applications as airbags in which seam stress is a major concern.
This method may be used as a complement to Test Method D 5822.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the resistance to edgecombing of a woven fabric used in inflatable restraints.
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this standard may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints. Cushion overpressurization testing may be used for design and production validation, for manufacturing process control, for lot acceptance, or for a combination thereof.
This practice constitutes the conditions, apparatus, and procedures by which inflatable restraints are commonly tested for cushion overpressurization. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a cushion specification or equivalent document. The practices in the specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of equipment, cushion design, or other factors dictate otherwise.
There exists a large variety in cushion configurations and equipment designs, obviating a standard test method for cushion overpressurization. Therefore, a cushion specification should incorporate the practices stated herein when describing a test method for testing a specific cushion geometry and apparatus design. To ensure accuracy and repeatability, the specification should also address precision and bias in a manner consistent with ASTM prescribed procedures and consistent with the particular cushion geometry, equipment in use, and test procedures.
Sources of variation in cushion overpressurization testing procedures include orifice size, attachment fixture, sensor location, method of attachment, presence or absence of internal bladder, accumulator size and pressure, transducer type and location, the presence or absence of tethers, presence or absence of vent plugs, and the accuracy of timing devices and pressure sensors. All sources of equipment and procedural variation should be addressed in the applicable specification.
In accordance with the applicable specification, cushions may be pressurized without bursting to determine their resistance to a fixed level of high internal pressure, or they m...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures and conditions used to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraint cushions during and after overpressurization testing at elevated pressures capable of causing cushion bursting using air pressurization equipment.
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained in conjunction with this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation and material integrity, determined by visual inspection.
1.3 This practice is applicable to all inflatable restraint cushions.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific hazard information.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful for determining the specific packability of uncoated and coated airbag fabrics. Fabric packability is an important factor in the design of airbag modules due to their inherent spacial contraints.
A folded specimen exhibits better specific packability if it occupies a lower total volume at the specified loads compared to another specimen.
The time required to test one sample (four specimens from the same lot of fabric) is approximately 1.5 h using this test method. Due to the length of time required by this test method to perform a single test, this test method is most suitable for use in design and development analysis or for inclusion in a list of required tests conducted for annual certification of an airbag fabric.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the ability to fold and pack fabrics used for inflatable restraints using an index of specific packability.
1.2 Procedures in this test method describe operator techniques that must be followed closely to obtain repeatable and accurate results. Since these techniques are difficult to convey in writing, supplemental training for operators is required. A training video is available from ASTM (see Adjuncts ADJD6478 and ADJD6478A and ).
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier with specific deviations from this practice acknowledged in the report.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints.
This practice may be used by the purchaser and the supplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint modules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.
Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. The specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures and conditions used to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraint modules and module components during and after deployment.
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined by high-speed photography, and material integrity determined by visual inspection.
1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger side inflatable restraint modules.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the practice acknowledged in the report.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Every ASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section describing its particular significance and use. Other test methods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertaining to their particular significance and use.
The physical testing procedures in this practice can be used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.
This practice addresses all the physical properties that describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used to determine the physical properties of fabrics used in inflatable restraints. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D 5446 and the individual test method.
1.4 In Section , this practice lists is alphabetical order the procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the following fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints.
1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice D 5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when comparative results of physical properties before and after accelerated aging are required.
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 0.