ASTM D4402/D4402M-13

Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to measure the apparent viscosity of asphalts at handling, mixing, or application temperatures.  
5.2 Some asphalts may exhibit non-Newtonian behavior under the conditions of this test method, or at temperatures within the range of this test method. Since non-Newtonian viscosity values are not absolute properties, but reflect the behavior of the fluid within the particular measurement system, it should be recognized that measurements made by this test method may not always predict field performance under the conditions of use.  
5.3 Comparisons between non-Newtonian viscosity values should be made only for measurements made with similar conditions of temperature, shear rate, and shear history.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for measuring the apparent viscosity of asphalt from 38 to 260°C [100 to 500°F] using a rotational viscometer and a temperature-controlled thermal chamber for maintaining the test temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 10.6 for specific precautionary information.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Jun-2013
• ICS: 91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials
• ICS: 93.080.20 - Road construction materials
• Technical Committee: D08 - Roofing and Waterproofing
• Drafting Committee: D08.03 - Surfacing and Bituminous Materials for Membrane Waterproofing and Built-up Roofing

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4402/D4402M-12 - Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D8125-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Re-Refined Engine Oil Bottoms (REOB)/Vacuum Tower Asphalt Extender (VTAE)
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D6626-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Performance-Graded Trinidad Lake Modified Asphalt Binder
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D3791/D3791M-11(2018) - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Effects of Heat on Asphalts
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D6373-23 - Standard Specification for Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D4280-18 - Standard Specification for Extended Life Type, Nonplowable, Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D8239-23 - Standard Specification for Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder Using the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) Test
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D6926-20 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Asphalt Mixture Specimens Using Marshall Apparatus
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D6114/D6114M-19 - Standard Specification for Asphalt-Rubber Binder
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D4383-21 - Standard Specification for Plowable, Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D312/D312M-16a(2023) - Standard Specification for Asphalt Used in Roofing
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D8051/D8051M-16(2023) - Standard Specification for Wax-Modified Asphalt Used in Roofing
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2013

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4402/D4402M − 13
StandardTest Method for
Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated
1
Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4402/D4402M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.2 filled asphalt, n—an asphalt blend that contains finely
dispersed insoluble mineral matter.
1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for measuring the
apparent viscosity of asphalt from 38 to 260°C [100 to 500°F]
3.1.3 Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid for which the rate of
using a rotational viscometer and a temperature-controlled
shear is proportional to the shearing stress. The constant ratio
thermal chamber for maintaining the test temperature. of the shearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the
liquid. The viscosity of a Newtonian liquid is therefore not
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
dependent on its shear rate. If the ratio is not constant, the
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
liquid is non-Newtonian. Many liquids exhibit both Newtonian
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
and non-Newtonian behavior, depending on the shear rate or
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
temperature, or both.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard.
3.1.4 shear rate, n—the measure of the speed at which the
intermediate layers of the liquid move with respect to each
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
-1
other. Its unit of measure is the reciprocal second (sec ).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.5 shear stress, n—the force per unit area required to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
produce the shearing action. Its SI unit of measurement is the
2
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 10.6 for
pascal, and its cgs unit of measurement is dynes/cm .
specific precautionary information.
3.1.6 viscosity, n—the ratio between the applied shear stress
and the rate of shear is called the coefficient of viscosity. This
2. Referenced Documents
coefficient is a measure of the resistance to flow of the liquid.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
The SI unit of viscosity is the pascal second (Pa·s). The
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
centimetre gram second (cgs) unit of viscosity is the poise
2
mometers
(dyne·s/cm ) and is equivalent to 0.1 Pa·s. Frequently, centi-
E1137 SpecificationforIndustrialPlatinumResistanceTher-
poise (cP)—equal to one millipascal second (mPa·s)—is used
mometers
as the viscosity unit.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3. Terminology
3.2.1 apparatus-measuring geometry, n—the part of the
3.1 Definitions:
equipment that is immersed in the asphalt sample, the dimen-
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—the ratio of shear stress to shear
sions of which are used, in conjunction with the rotational
rate for a Newtonian or non-Newtonian liquid.
resisting torque, to calculate the apparent viscosity. This
geometry may be referred to by the equipment manufacturer as
a spindle, bob, inner concentric cylinder, vane, and so forth.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofing
and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.03 on
4. Summary of Test Method
Surfacing and Bituminous Materials for Membrane Waterproofing and Built-up
Roofing.
4.1 Arotational viscometer, as described in this test method,
Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally
is used to measure the apparent viscosity of asphalt at elevated
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4402 – 12. DOI:
10.1520/D4402_D4402M-13.
temperatures. The torque on the apparatus-measuring
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
geometry, rotating in a thermostatically controlled sample
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
holder containing a sample of asphalt, is used to measure the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. relative resistance to rotation.The torque and speed are used to
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D4402/D4402M − 13
deter
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4402/D4402M − 12 D4402/D4402M − 13
Standard Test Method for
Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated
1
Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4402/D4402M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for measuring the apparent viscosity of asphalt from 38 to 260°C [100 to 500°F] using
a rotational viscometer and a temperature-controlled thermal chamber for maintaining the test temperature.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. See 10.6 for specific precautionary information.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers
E1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—the ratio of shear stress to shear rate for a Newtonian or non-Newtonian liquid.
3.1.2 filled asphalt, n—an asphalt blend that contains finely dispersed insoluble mineral matter.
3.1.3 Newtonian liquid, n—a liquid for which the rate of shear is proportional to the shearing stress. The constant ratio of the
shearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid. The viscosity of a Newtonian liquid is therefore not dependent
on its shear rate. If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian. Many liquids exhibit both Newtonian and non-Newtonian
behavior, depending on the shear rate or temperature, or both.
3.1.4 shear rate, n—the measure of the speed at which the intermediate layers of the liquid move with respect to each other.
-1
Its unit of measure is the reciprocal second (sec ).
3.1.5 shear stress, n—the force per unit area required to produce the shearing action. Its SI unit of measurement is the pascal,
2
and its cgs unit of measurement is dynes/cm .
3.1.6 viscosity, n—the ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of shear is called the coefficient of viscosity. This
coefficient is a measure of the resistance to flow of the liquid. The SI unit of viscosity is the pascal second (Pa·s). The centimetre
2
gram second (cgs) unit of viscosity is the poise (dyne·s/cm ) and is equivalent to 0.1 Pa·s. Frequently, centipoise (cP)—equal to
one millipascal second (mPa·s)—is used as the viscosity unit.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.03 on Surfacing
and Bituminous Materials for Membrane Waterproofing and Built-up Roofing.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012June 15, 2013. Published August 2012July 2013. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20062012 as
D4402 – 06.D4402 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/D4402_D4402M-12.10.1520/D4402_D4402M-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4402/D4402M − 13
3.2.1 apparatus-measuring geometry, n—the part of the equipment that is immersed in the asphalt sample, the dimensions of
which are used, in conjunction with the rotational resisting torque, to calculate the apparent viscosity. This geometry may be
referred to by the equipment manufacturer as a spindle, bob, inner concentric cylinder, vane, and so forth.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A rotational
...