ASTM D5951-96
(Practice)Standard Practice for Preparing Residual Solids Obtained After Biodegradability Standard Methods for Plastics in Solid Waste for Toxicity and Compost Quality Testing
Standard Practice for Preparing Residual Solids Obtained After Biodegradability Standard Methods for Plastics in Solid Waste for Toxicity and Compost Quality Testing
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a standard procedure for preparing the residual solids obtained at the end of standard methods for biodegradability testing of plastics in solid waste, for subsequent toxicity and compost quality testing. The practice yields mixtures that can be used as such for terrestrial toxicity testing or that can be submitted to water extraction for further aquatic toxicity tests, in accordance with Practice D 5152, and in conjunction with Method D 4229, Guides E 729, E 1192, E 1295, and E 1440, or other currently accepted toxicity test methods (see OECD Guidelines 201, 202, 203, 207, and 208 or U.S. EPA 40FR797A, as well as other documents such as A New Manual for Conducting Microtox Test with the Model 500 Analyzer the work on cyst-based toxicity tests by Centeno, et al). The mixtures can also be used for further soil contact biodegradation testing.
1.2 This practice provides for storage and drying of the mixtures obtained at the end of the test methods for determination of the biodegradability of plastics under controlled composting conditions (Test Method D 5338), and under high-solids anaerobic digestion (Test Method D 5511). The mixtures contain the biologically decomposed residuals from solid waste and from the plastic materials. For the blanks, the residuals will be derived only from the biologically decomposed solid waste. In the event that a particular sample does not pass the toxicity test, chemical characterization of the degradation products can be performed on the sample to determine the source of the toxicity. Description of the performance of these analyses is beyond the scope of this practice.
1.3 There is no ISO standard that is equivalent to this practice.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 5951 – 96
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Practice for
Preparing Residual Solids Obtained After Biodegradability
Standard Methods for Plastics in Solid Waste for Toxicity
and Compost Quality Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.1 This practice covers a standard procedure for preparing
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the residual solids obtained at the end of standard methods for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
biodegradability testing of plastics in solid waste, for subse-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
quent toxicity and compost quality testing. The practice yields
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mixtures that can be used as such for terrestrial toxicity testing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
or that can be submitted to water extraction for further aquatic
toxicity tests, in accordance with Practice D 5152, and in
2. Referenced Documents
conjunction with Method D 4229, Guides E 729, E 1192,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 1295, and E 1440, or other currently accepted toxicity test
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
methods (see OECD Guidelines 201, 202, 203, 207, and 208 or
D 3987 Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste
U.S. EPA 40FR797A, as well as other documents such as A
with Water
New Manual for Conducting Microtox Test with the Model 500
2 D 4229 Method for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests
Analyzer the work on cyst-based toxicity tests by Centeno, et
3 on Waste-Waters with Daphnia
al ). The mixtures can also be used for further soil contact
D 5152 Practice for Water Extraction of Residual Solids
biodegradation testing.
from Degraded Plastics for Toxicity Testing
1.2 This practice provides for storage and drying of the
D 5338 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegrada-
mixtures obtained at the end of the test methods for determi-
tion of Plastic Materials Under Controlled Composting
nation of the biodegradability of plastics under controlled
Conditions
composting conditions (Test Method D 5338), and under high-
D 5511 Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegra-
solids anaerobic digestion (Test Method D 5511). The mixtures
dation of Plastic Materials Under High-Solids Anaerobic-
contain the biologically decomposed residuals from solid waste
Digestion Conditions
and from the plastic materials. For the blanks, the residuals will
E 729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests with
be derived only from the biologically decomposed solid waste.
Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
In the event that a particular sample does not pass the toxicity
E 1192 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on
test, chemical characterization of the degradation products can
Aqueous Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and
be performed on the sample to determine the source of the
Amphibians
toxicity. Description of the performance of these analyses is
E 1295 Guide for Conducting Three Brood, Renewal Tox-
beyond the scope of this practice.
icity Tests with Ceriodaphnia Dubia
1.3 There is no ISO standard that is equivalent to this
E 1440 Guide for an Acute Toxicity Test with the Rotifer
practice.
Brachionus
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
2.2 OECD Guidelines:
OECD Guideline 201 Alga, Growth Inhibition Test
OECD Guideline 202 Daphnia sp., 14-day Reproduction
Test
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.96 on Environmentally
Degradable Plastics.
Current edition approved May 10, 1996. Published July 1996. 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Microbics Corporation, Carlsbad, CA.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04.
Centeno, M. D., Brendonck, L., and Persoone, G., “Cyst-Based Toxicity
Discontinued—See 1987 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04.
Toxicity Tests III: Development and Standardization of an Acute Toxicity Test with
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
the Freshwater Anostraean Crustacean Streptocephalus probosciceus,” Progress in
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.05.
Standardization of Aquatic Toxicity Tests, A. M. V. M. Soares and P. Calow, eds.,
Available from Director of Information, OECD, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775
Lewis Publishers, London, United Kingdom, pp. 37–56.
Paris Cedex 16, France.
D 5951
soil. Therefore, the effects of residual plastics on toxicity need
to be measured as well as the impact on the compost quality, in
order to evaluate the safe biological treatment through aerobic
or anaerobic degradation.
4.1.1 This practice provides a way of preparing residual
solids from tests simulating conditions of solid waste degrada-
tion for subsequent toxicity, biodegradation, or compost quality
testing.
4.2 Several methods have been developed for the determi-
nation of toxicological effects. A distinction can be made
between aquatic toxicity tests and terrestrial toxicity tests.
4.3 At the end of a composting process for municipal solid
waste, a post-treatment is performed to transform the rough
process compost into an upgraded market compost. This
post-treatment consists primarily of a drying of the compost
followed by a sieving over a 10-mm screen.
4.4 This practice provides for a standardized post-treatment
at the end of a standard method for biodegradation under
controlled composting conditions. The practice consists of
drying, storage, and sieving to be followed by further compost
quality testing. No sieving is applied to the dried residual solids
for subsequent toxicity and soil biodegradation testing.
4.5 At the end of an anaerobic digestion process for mu-
nicipal solids waste, a post-treatment is performed to transform
the digested material into an upgraded compost. This post-
treatment consists of a 10-day aerobic maturation and drying
phase, followed by a screening over a 10-mm screen.
4.6 This practice provides for a standardized post-treatment
at the end of the high solids anaerobic digestion method and
consists of preparing a mixture of the digested residue with a
compost, in order to submit the mixture to a ten-day controlled
FIG. 1 Schematic Overview of Practice
composting phase. The mixtures retrieved after the ten-day
controlled composting steps are then treated in the same way as
OECD Guideline 203 Fish, Acute Toxicity Test
the mixtures retrieved from an aerobic composting process and
OECD Guideline 207 Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests
prepared for subsequent toxicity testing by drying, storage, and
OECD Guideline 208 Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test
sieving.
2.3 Other Standards:
4.7 This practice is end-point specific as written, in that it is
U.S. EPA 40FR797A A Variety of Toxicity Testing Proce-
focused on a post-degradation analysis after the completion of
dures
a standard method. Sample preparation and storage as recom-
APHA 2540E Fixed and Volatile Solids Ignited at 550°C
mended herein allow for further qualitative and quantit
...
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