ASTM D146-97
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing and Waterproofing
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven Fabrics for Roofing and Waterproofing
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and examination of felts or woven fabrics, saturated or impregnated but not coated with asphaltic or coal-tar materials, for use in waterproofing or for the construction of built-up roof coverings.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 146 – 97
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Bitumen-Saturated Felts and Woven
Fabrics for Roofing and Waterproofing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 146; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Sampling
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and examination 3.1 From each shipment of the specified saturated felt or
of felts or woven fabrics, saturated or impregnated but not fabric, select at random a number of rolls equal to one half the
coated with asphaltic or coal-tar materials, for use in water- cube root of the total number of rolls in the lot. If the
proofing or for the construction of built-up roof coverings. specification requires sampling during manufacture, consider
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the the lot to be the planned production quantity and select the rolls
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the at uniformly spaced time intervals throughout the production
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- period. The minimum sample shall consist of five rolls. If the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- calculated number is fractional, express it as the next highest
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. whole number. For convenience, the following table, showing
the number of rolls to be selected from lots of various sizes, is
2. Referenced Documents
given:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Number of Rolls in Shipment Number of Rolls in Sample
D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
Up to 1 000 5
Bituminous Materials by Distillation
1 001 to 1 728 6
D 147 Methods of Testing Bituminous Mastics, Grouts, and
1 729 to 2 744 7
2 745 to 4 096 8
Like Mixtures
4 4 097 to 5 832 9
D 645 Test Method for Thickness of Paper and Paperboard
5 833 to 8 000 10
D 828 Test Method for Tensile Breaking Strength of Paper
8 001 to 10 648 11
10 649 to 13 842 12
and Paperboard
13 843 to 17 576 13
D 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing, Waterproofing,
17 577 to 21 952 14
and Bituminous Materials
The rolls so selected constitute the representative sample
D 1682 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Elongation of
used for all subsequent observations and tests pertaining to the
Textile Fabrics
lot of material being examined. Identify each individual roll.
D 1910 Test Methods for Construction Characteristics of
Woven Fabrics
EXAMINATION OF REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
D 4072 Test Method for Toluene-Insoluble (TI) Content of
Tar and Pitch
4. Gross Mass per Roll
D 4312 Test Method for Toluene-Insoluble (TI) Content of
4.1 Weigh each roll, intact, to the nearest 100 g ( ⁄4 lb), and
Tar and Pitch (Short Method)
record each weight as the gross mass of that roll.
5. Mass of Wrapping Material and Mandrel (Core)
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on
5.1 Strip each roll of its wrappings and weigh it to the
Roofing, Waterproofing, and Bituminous Materials and are the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee D08.04 on Fabrics for Bituminous Roofing and Waterproofing.
nearest ⁄4 lb (100 g). If mandrels (cores) are used, collect them
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1997. Published April 1997. Originally
after the rolls are unwound and weigh them together, to the
published as D 146 – 22 T. Last previous edition D 146 – 90.
2 nearest ⁄4 lb (100 g). Calculate the average mass of the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Discontinued—see 1985 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04. wrappings and mandrels per roll and record.
Discontinued—see 1980 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 20.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
6. Mandrels (Cores)
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.
6.1 Determine the shape of the cross section of the mandrels
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Discontinued—see 1981 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 32.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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D 146
(cores) and report. If circular, measure the outside diameter to
where:
the nearest ⁄16 in. (1 mm). If square, measure each outside edge
D = mass of the specimen, g, and
to the nearest ⁄16 in. (1 mm). Measure and report the length of E = width of the specimen, mm (in.).
the mandrel projecting beyond each end of each roll to the
The mass so determined should be within 1 % of the average
nearest ⁄4 in. (5 mm).
net mass per unit area (Section 9). If the specimen so selected
fails to conform to this requirement, cut additional specimens
7. Net Mass
from the same roll until one of the proper mass is obtained. Use
7.1 Subtract the average mass of the wrappings and man-
this specimen for further examination as described in Sections
drels (Section 5) from the gross mass of each roll (Section 4)
11-16 .
and record as the net mass of each roll. Calculate the average
11. Detached Comminuted Surfacing
net mass per roll of the representative sample and record as the
average for the lot.
11.1 If the material is surfaced with sand or other finely
comminuted material, sweep the detached surfacing from the
8. Appearance and Dimensions of Rolls
representative specimen with an Osborn brush (or equivalent),
8.1 Unwind the rolls. Observe the workmanship and finish,
brushing in one direction only. Combine the comminuted
and record pertinent defects. Measure and record the length of
material thus removed with the loose material, collected as
each roll to the nearest 1 in. (25 mm) and its width to the
described in Section 10, and weigh both together to the nearest
2 2
nearest ⁄16 in. (1 mm). Calculate and record the area of
1 g. Calculate this mass in lb/100 ft (g/m ), record, and report
2 2
material contained in each roll to the nearest 0.1 m (1 ft ).
as detached comminuted surfacing.
8.2 Measure and record the width of the selvage of each roll
1 NOTE 1—The Osborn No. 322 Master Duster is the brush prescribed in
to the nearest 1 mm ( ⁄16in.).
Section 11. It is filled with Tampico fiber bristles projecting 73 mm
(2 ⁄8 in.) from its holder.
9. Net Mass per Unit Area
9.1 From the net mass (Section 7) and the dimensions
12. Moisture
(Section 8), calculate the net mass per unit area for each roll,
12.1 From the representative specimen, cut four 2- by 18-in.
as follows:
(50- by 460-mm) test specimens, as shown in A-1 and A-2 of
For Felts:
Fig. 1. Cut them into 1-in. (25-mm) squares and select about 50
2 2
g/m 5 A/BC ~lb/100 ft 5 1200 A/BC! (1)
g, at random. Weigh to the nearest 0.1 g and distill with 100 mL
of solvent as prescribed in Test Method D 95. Read the volume
of water collected in the trap and calculate to grams on the
For Fabrics:
basis that 1 mL weighs 1 g. Calculate the moisture to the
2 2
g/m 5 A/BC ~ oz/yd 5 1728 A/BC! (2)
nearest 0.5 % of the mass of the specimen used (including the
detached comminuted surfacing, if any) and report as moisture,
where: percentage of net mass.
A = net mass of rolls, kg (lb),
NOTE 2—Any sample taken for determination of moisture shall be
B = width of material, mm (in.), and
protected from the time of sampling against change in moisture by
C = length of material, m (ft).
enclosing it in a substantially moisture-proof container.
Calculate the average net mass per unit area for the rolls in
13. Strength
the representative sample and record it as the average for the
lot.
13.1 Felts:
13.1.1 From the representative specimen, cut ten rectangu-
10. Selecting a Representative Specimen
lar test strips, 1 by 6 in. (25 by 150 mm) with the fiber grain,
10.1 Examine in detail the roll having the unit net mass
as shown at B-1 to B-10 in Fig. 1, and ten strips across the
closest to the average unit net mass of the lot. Discard the
grain, as shown at C-1 to C-10 in Fig. 1. Discard any
outside convolution and cut a specimen from the roll. Make the
specimens of perforated felt in which a perforation is within ⁄32
cuts perpendicular to the sides of the roll, straight and 30 in.
in. (0.8 mm). of an edge. Condition both sets in air at 73.6 6
(750 mm) apart, to the nearest ⁄32 in. (1 mm). Collect loose
3.4°F for at least 2 h, and test in a room maintained at the same
material, such as sand, if any, that may become detached from
temperature. In case of dispute, specimens shall also be
the specimen. Measure the width of the specimen to the nearest
conditioned in a controlled relative humidity of 50 6 5%.
⁄16 in. (2 mm). Weigh it, together with any detached surfacing,
Determine the strength in accordance with Test Method D 828,
to the nearest 1 g. Calculate the net mass per unit area as
except as modified herein. At the start of the test, set apart the
follows:
edges of the jaws of the clamps at 3.06 0.1 in. (75 6 3 mm).
For Felts:
Use a pendulum type tensile tester with a driven clamp speed
2 2
of 12 in. (305 mm)/min, or a load-cell type tensile tester with
g/m 5 1333.3 D/E lb/100 ft 5 1.0582 D/E! (3)
~
For Fabrics:
The Osborn No. 322 Master Duster, available from Osborn Manufacturing Co.,
2 2
g/m 5 1333.3 D/E ~ oz/yd 5 1.5238 D/E! (4)
5401 Hamilton Ave., Cleveland, OH 44114. If required in less than dozen lots, the
order must be marked “For ASTM Test.”
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 146
mm 25 50 100 150 300 750
in. 1 2 4 6 12 30
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.
FIG. 1 Location of Test Pieces in Representative Specimen
a rate of jaw separation of 2 in. (51 mm)/min, and a response 13.2 Fabrics—From the representative specimen, cut five
time of 1.25 s (or faster). Cut additional strips from adjacent 4- by 6-in. (100- by 150-mm) test pieces with the longer
areas of the representative specimen when needed because of dimension parallel to the warp yarns, as shown at E-1 to E-5 in
discarded specimens or false breaks. Average the ten readings Fig. 1. Test these pieces at 21.1 6 1.1°C (70 6 2°F) in
for each set to the nearest5N(1 lbf) and report as the average accordance with the grab method described in Test Methods
breaking strength with and across the fiber grain, respectively. D 1682.
13.1.2 Precision —The following data should be used for
NOTE 3—As a referee method, or in case any dispute arises regarding
judging the acceptability of results (95 % probability) on
the strength, repeat the test, with the exception that the fabric before being
samples from the same lot from the same supplier:
tested shall be exposed at least2hinan atmosphere of 65 % relative
13.1.2.1 Repeatability— Duplicate results by the same op-
humidity at 21.1°C (70°F).
erator should not be considered suspect unless they differ by
14. Pliability
more than the following amount:
Pendulum method 615%
14.1 Felts—From the representative specimen, cut ten 25-
Load-Cell method 615%
by 1- by 8-in. (200-mm) test pieces, five in the direction of and
13.1.2.2 Reproducibility— The results submitted by each of
five across the fiber grain, as shown at F-1 to F-5, and at G-1
two laboratories should not be considered suspect unless they
to G-5 in Fig. 1, respectively. Immerse them in water at 25 6
differ by more than the following amounts:
1°C (77 6 2°F) for 10 to 15 min; then remove each specimen
Pendulum method 615% separately and immediately bend it 90° over the rounded edge
Load-Cell method 615%
of a block at a uniform speed in approximately 2 s. The block
shall be 3.0 in. (75 mm) square by 2.0 in. (50 mm) thick, with
one long edge rounded on a radius of 0.50 in. (12.7 mm) and
10 another edge on the same 3 in. (75 mm) face rounded on a
Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters. Request
RR: D-8-1005. radius of 0.75 in. (19 mm). In bending, hold the specimen
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 146
tightly against the upper 2-in. (50-mm) face of the block and for carbonaceous matter retained mechanically in its interstices
bend its projecting end over the specified rounded edge without by multiplying by (100-F)/100, where F is the percentage of
exerting any stress other than that required to keep the retained carbonaceous matter as determined in Section 17.
specimen in contact with the block and to avoid kinking. 16.3 Recover the mineral matter in the filter medium by
Consider any surface rupture visible to the normal eye and drying to constant weight in a vented oven at 220 to 230°F.
exceeding ⁄8 in. (3 mm) in length as a failure. Calculate the entrapped mineral by subtracting the initial
14.2 Fabrics—Cut five 1.0- by 8.0-in. (25- by 200-mm) test weight of the filter medium and record as adherent mineral
pieces from the representative specimen in the direction of the matter and stabilizer.
warp, as shown at G-1 to G-5 in Fig. 1. Immerse them in a
NOTE 4—Coaltar-saturated felt cannot be thoroughly desaturated by
cooling mixture of ice and water at 32°F (0°C) for 10 to 15
any known means; only an approximate value may be obtained through
min; then remove each specimen separately and immediately
desaturation. For coaltar products use Test Method D 4072 or Test Method
bend it over a 0.063-in. (1.60-mm) diameter mandrel through
D 4312.
an arc of 180° at a uniform speed in approximately 2 s and then
17. Retained Carbonaceous Matter
through 360° over the same mandrel in the opposite direction.
17.1 Determine the carbonaceous matter derived from a
Dry the specimens thoroughly and examine them. If one or
more of the test specimens crack, cut ten specimens from coal-tar pitch saturant and retained by the desaturated fabric by
means of the following colorimetric method. Please note that
another portion of the sample and repeat the test. If one or more
of these specimens crack, consider the material as failing. the results obtained for this determination are only an approxi-
mation.
15. Loss on Heating
17.1.1 Macerate by boiling in water about 15 g of an
unsaturated fabric of the same general character as the one
15.1 From the representative specimen, cut two 12.0- by
under examinatio
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