ASTM D4630-96(2008)

Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test (Withdrawn 2017)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method—The constant pressure injection test method is used to determine the transmissivity and storativity of low-permeability formations surrounding packed-off intervals. Advantages of the method are: (1) it avoids the effect of well-bore storage, (2) it may be employed over a wide range of rock mass permeabilities, and (3) it is considerably shorter in duration than the conventional pump and slug tests used in more permeable rocks.
Analysis—The transient water flow rate data obtained using the suggested test method are evaluated by the curve-matching technique described by Jacob and Lohman (1) and extended to analysis of single fractures by Doe et al. (2). If the water flow rate attains steady state, it may be used to calculate the transmissivity of the test interval (3).  
Units:  
Conversions—The permeability of a formation is often expressed in terms of the unit darcy. A porous medium has a permeability of 1 darcy when a fluid of viscosity 1 cp (1 mPa·s) flows through it at a rate of 1 cm3/s (10−6 m3/s)/1 cm2  (10−4 m2) cross-sectional area at a pressure differential of 1 atm (101.4 kPa)/1 cm (10 mm) of length. One darcy corresponds to 0.987 μm2. For water as the flowing fluid at 20°C, a hydraulic conductivity of 9.66 μm/s corresponds to a permeability of 1 darcy.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a field procedure for determining the transmissivity and storativity of geological formations having permeabilities lower than 10−3 μm2  (1 millidarcy) using constant head injection.
1.2 The transmissivity and storativity values determined by this test method provide a good approximation of the capacity of the zone of interest to transmit water, if the test intervals are representative of the entire zone and the surrounding rock is fully water-saturated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers a field procedure for determining the transmissivity and storativity of geological formations having permeabilities lower than 10−3 μm2 (1 millidarcy) using constant head injection.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D18 on Soil and Rock, this test method was withdrawn in March 2017 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Sep-2008
• Withdrawal Date: 29-Mar-2017
• ICS: 07.060 - Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4630-96(2002) - Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2008
• Replaced By: ASTM D4630-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2019
• Referred By: ASTM D6286/D6286M-20 - Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling and Direct Push Methods for Geotechnical and Environmental Subsurface Site Characterization
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D6000/D6000M-15e1 - Standard Guide for Presentation of Water-Level Information from Groundwater Sites
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D5876/D5876M-17 - Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D7492/D7492M-16a - Standard Guide for Use of Drainage System Media with Waterproofing Systems
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D4043-17 - Standard Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D420-18 - Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4630 − 96 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Low-
Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using the
1
Constant Head Injection Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4630; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
µ = fluid viscosity, and
g = acceleration due to gravity.
1.1 This test method covers a field procedure for determin-
ing the transmissivity and storativity of geological formations
2.1.2 storage coeffıcient, S—the storage coefficient of a
−3 2
havingpermeabilitieslowerthan10 µm (1millidarcy)using
formation of thickness, b, is defined as follows:
constant head injection.
S 5 S ·b (3)
s
1.2 The transmissivity and storativity values determined by
where:
this test method provide a good approximation of the capacity
S = specific storage.
s
of the zone of interest to transmit water, if the test intervals are
The ebrss is the specific storage of a material if it were
representative of the entire zone and the surrounding rock is
fully water-saturated. homogeneous and porous over the entire interval. The specific
storage is given as follows:
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this S 5 ρg ~C 1nC ! (4)
s b w
standard.
where:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C = bulk rock compressibility,
b
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C = fluid compressibility, and
w
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
n = formation porosity.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2.2 Symbols:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
−1 2
2.2.1 C —bulk rock compressibility (M LT ).
b
−1 2
2. Terminology
2.2.2 C —compressibility of water (M LT ).
w
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 2.2.3 G—dimensionless function.
2.1.1 transmissivity, T—the transmissivity of a formation of −1
2.2.4 K—hydraulic conductivity (LT ).
thickness, b, is defined as follows:
2.2.4.1 Discussion—The use of symbol K for the term
T 5 K·b (1) hydraulic conductivity is the predominant usage in groundwa-
ter literature by hydrogeologists, whereas the symbol k is
where:
commonly used for this term in the rock and soil mechanics
K = hydraulic conductivity.
and soil science literature.
The hydraulic conductivity, K, is related to the permeability, −1 −2
2.2.5 P—excess test hole pressure (ML T ).
k , as follows:
3 −1
2.2.6 Q—excess water flow rate (L T ).
K 5 kρg/µ (2)
3 −1
2.2.7 Q —maximum excess water flow rate (L T ).
o
where:
2.2.8 S—storativity (or storage coefficient) (dimensionless).
ρ = fluid density,
−1
2.2.9 S —specific storage (L ).
s
2 −1
2.2.10 T—transmissivity (L T ).
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
2.2.11 b—formation thickness (L).
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
2.2.12 e—fracture aperture (L).
Vadose Zone Investigations.
−2
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
2.2.13 g—acceleration due to gravity (LT ).
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4630–96 (2002).
2
DOI: 10.1520/D4630-96R08. 2.2.14 k—permeability (L ).
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D4630 − 96 (2008)
2.2.15 n—porosity (dimensionless).
2.2.16 r —radius of test hole (L).
w
2.2.17 t—time elapsed from start of test (T).
2.2.18 α—dimensionless parameter.
−1 −1
2.2.19 µ—viscosity of water (ML T ).
−3
2.2.20 ρ—density of water (ML ).
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Aboreholeisfirstdrilledintotherockmass,intersecting
the geological formations for which the transmissivity and
storativity are desired. The borehole is cored through potential
zonesofinterest,andislatersubjectedtogeophysicalborehole
logging over these intervals. During the test, each interval of
interest is packed off at top and bottom with inflatable rubber
packers attached to high-pressure steel tubing.
3.2 The test itself involves rapidly applying a constant
pressure to the water in the packed-off interval and tubing
string, and recording the resulting changes in water flow rate.
The water flow rate is measured by one of a series of flow
meters of different sensitivities located at the surface. The
initial transient water flow rate is dependent on the transmis-
sivity and storativity of the rock surrounding the test interval
andonthevolumeofwatercontainedinthepacked
...