ASTM E455-98
(Test Method)Standard Method for Static Load Testing of Framed Floor or Roof Diaphragm Constructions for Buildings
Standard Method for Static Load Testing of Framed Floor or Roof Diaphragm Constructions for Buildings
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers procedures designed (1) to evaluate the static shear capacity of a typical segment of a framed diaphragm under simulated loading conditions, and (2) to provide a determination of the stiffness of the construction and its connections. A diaphragm construction is an assembly of materials designed to transmit shear forces in the plane of the construction.
1.2 No effort has been made to specify the test apparatus, as there are a number that can be used as long as the needs of the testing agency are met. If round-robin testing is to be conducted, test apparatus and testing procedures shall be mutually agreed upon in advance by the participants.
1.3 The text of this standard contains notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information and are not requirements of the standard. Notes and footnotes in tables and figures are requirements of this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 5.
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An American National Standard
Designation: E 455 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Static Load Testing of Framed Floor or Roof Diaphragm
Constructions for Buildings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 455; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
G8 = shear stiffness of the diaphragm obtained
from test (includes shear deformation factor
1.1 This test method covers procedures designed (1)to
for the connection system), lbf/in. (or N/mm)
evaluate the static shear capacity of a typical segment of a
I = moment of inertia of the transformed section
framed diaphragm under simulated loading conditions, and (2)
of the diaphragm based on webs or flanges,
to provide a determination of the stiffness of the construction
4 4
in. (or mm )
and its connections. A diaphragm construction is an assembly
L = total span of a simply supported diaphragm,
of materials designed to transmit shear forces in the plane of
in. (or mm)
the construction.
P = concentrated load, lbf (or N)
1.2 No effort has been made to specify the test apparatus, as
R = maximum diaphragm reaction, lbf (or N)
u
there are a number that can be used as long as the needs of the
S = ultimate shear strength of the diaphragm,
u
testing agency are met. If round-robin testing is to be con-
lbf/ft (or N/m)
ducted, test apparatus and testing procedures shall be mutually
a = span length of cantilever diaphragm, in. (or
agreed upon in advance by the participants.
mm)
1.3 The text of this standard contains notes and footnotes
b = depth of diaphragm, in. (or mm)
that provide explanatory information and are not requirements
t = thickness of web material, in. (or mm)
of the standard. Notes and footnotes in tables and figures are
w = uniform load, lbf/in. (or N/mm)
requirements of this standard.
D = bending deflection of diaphragm, in. (or mm)
b
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D = empirical expression for that portion of the
k
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
diaphragm deflection contributed by the shear
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
deformation of the connection system, in. (or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mm)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
D = pure shear deformation of diaphragm, in. (or
s
precautionary statements, see Section 5.
mm)
D 8 = apparent total shear deformation of the dia-
s
2. Terminology
phragm based on test (see section 8.1.2.2), in.
2.1 Symbols:
(or mm). This factor includes both the pure
shear deformation and that contributed by
distortion of the connection system.
E = modulus of elasticity of flange or web mate-
D = total deflection of diaphragm, in. (or mm)
t
rial, depending upon which material is held
D = deformation measured at Point 1, 2,___,in.
1,2,___
constant in a transformed section analysis, psi
(or mm)
(or MPa)
G = shear modulus of the web material, psi (or
3. Summary of Method
MPa)
3.1 The general purpose of this test method is to evaluate
the shear forces that can be carried by the web of a framed floor
or roof diaphragm assembly by testing a simulation of the
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-6 on Performance
construction. The test method outlines basic procedures for the
of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.11 on Horizontal
static load testing of these constructions using simple beam or
and Vertical Structures/Structural Performance of Completed Structures.
cantilever-type test specimens. Suggested specimen and test
Current edition approved April 10, 1998. Published June 1998. Originally
published as E 455 – 76. Last previous edition E 455 – 97a.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 455
setup details are provided, along with loading procedures, Either a cantilever or a simple span diaphragm assembly may
instrumentation, and evaluation methods. be used, with concentrated or distributed loading.
3.2 Construction:
5.1.2 Frame Requirements—The frame is a part of the test
3.2.1 Diaphragm Performance Assumptions—These dia-
assembly and shall consist of members of the same or similar
phragm assemblies, assumed to act as plate girders, span
materials as those intended for use in the prototype construc-
between shear walls, moment bents, or other constructions that
tion. The test frame members shall be of equal or less strength
furnish the end or intermediate supports to the system. The
than those intended for use in the prototype construction. If the
chord members of the assembly perpendicular to the line of
test objective is to force failure to occur elsewhere in the
applied load act as the flanges of the girder, and the plate or
assembly, make the test frame members stronger and note the
panel elements act as the web. A schematic drawing of a simple
modification in the test report. The frame shall be calibrated to
span diaphragm is shown in Fig. 1.
establish its load-deformation characteristics before attaching
3.2.2 Connections—The performance of the diaphragm is
the diaphragm elements. If the frame has a stiffness equal to or
influenced by the type and spacing of the panel attachments
less than 2 % of the total diaphragm assembly, no adjustment
and perimeter anchorage. It is necessary to ensure that the type
of test results for frame resistance need be made. However, if
of connection system used and its application as nearly as
the frame stiffness is greater than 2 % of the total assembly, the
possible duplicate the system intended for use in the prototype
test results shall be adjusted to compensate for frame resis-
structure.
tance.
3.3 Deformations—The in-plane diaphragm deformation(s)
5.1.2.1 Cantilever Frame (see Fig. 2)—A pinned frame
shall be recorded. The total in-plane deformation of a dia-
reaction at corner (C) shall be provided to transfer the
phragm consists of bending and shear deformation plus any
horizontal force (P) through the diaphragm into the support
additional deformation caused by distortion of the connection
system. The pin shall be located as close as possible to the
system. Table 1 contains some useful deflection equations.
diaphragm-to-frame contact plane to minimize warping of the
4. Significance and Use diaphragm surface. A vertical reaction roller or rollers shall be
provided in the diaphragm plane at corner (H). The frame shall
4.1 Framed floor and roof systems are tested by this test
be laterally supported at adjacent corners (D) and (E) on rollers
method for static shear capacity. This test method will help
and at other locations as necessary to prevent displacement of
determine structural diaphragm properties needed for design
the diaphragm from the plane of testing, but not to restrict
purposes.
in-plane displacements.
5. Apparatus
5.1.2.2 Simple Span Frame (see Fig. 3)—In-plane reactions
shall be provided at points (E) and (H) as shown to resist the
5.1 Test Assembly:
applied test load or loads. The frame shall be supported with
5.1.1 General—The diaphragm test assembly consists of a
rollers at points (C), (D), (E), and (H), and under each loading
frame or framing system on which the elements comprising the
web of the diaphragm are placed. The elements are fastened to point. Hold-downs with rollers shall be provided to prevent
displacement of the specimen from the plane of testing but not
the frame in a manner equivalent to their attachment in the
field. The assembly may be tested horizontally or vertically. to restrict in-plane displacements. The diaphragm can also be
FIG. 1 Schematic of Simple Span Diaphragm
E 455
TABLE 1 Useful Deflection Equations
NOTE 1—Other equations may be applicable depending on the number of load points used.
A
Maximum Deflections
Type of Beam Loading Condition
D D D 8
b s s
4 2 2
Simple beam uniform load 5wL /384EI wL /8Gbt wL /8G8b
B 3
Simple beam third-point load 23PL /648EI PL/3Gbt PL/3G8b
4 2 2
Cantilever beam uniform load wa /8EI wa /2Gbt wa /2G8b
Cantilever beam concentrated load at free end Pa /3EI Pa/Gbt Pa/G8b
A
At midspan of simple beam and free end of cantilever beam. Make appropriate adjustment in units as required for compatibility when SI units are used.
B
For bending deflection at the load points under a third-point load, use the following equation:
D 5 ~5PL /162EI!
b ~at L/3!
NOTE 1—|srs Dial gage or other deflection measuring device.
NOTE 2—Lateral restraint devices are not shown, and should not restrict movement in the plane of the diaphragm.
FIG. 2 Plan of a Cantilever Beam Diaphragm Test with a Concentrated Load
supported by tension reactions at points (C) and (D) instead of and b have the same connotation as above with a minimum
reactions shown at points (E) and (H) in Fig. 3. dimension in either case of 8 ft (2.4 m). The diaphragm shall
5.1.3 Diaphragm Size: contain typical end and side joints for the elements.
5.1.3.1 Cantilever Diaphragm—The diaphragm shall be
tested on a span length a, as shown in Fig. 2, equal to or greater 6. Safety Precautions
than the typical support spacing likely to be used in the
6.1 Tests of this type can be dangerous. Equipment and
building. The test assembly shall not be less than 8 ft (2.4 m)
facilities must be designed with ample safety factors to ensure
in either length or width; nor shall it contain less than four
that it is the specimen that fails and not
...
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