ASTM D7005-03
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) of Geocomposites
Standard Test Method for Determining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) of Geocomposites
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is to be used as a quality control or quality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control (MQC) test, it would generally be used by the geocomposite product manufacturer or fabricator. As a construction quality assurance (CQA) test, it would be used by certification or inspection organizations.
This test method can also be used to verify if the adhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to various incubation media in durability and/or chemical resistance testing.
Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it should be understood that this is an index test.
Note 2—There have been numerous attempts to relate the results of this test to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materials determined per Test Method D 5321. To date, no relationships have been established between the two properties.
Test Method D 7005 for determining the bond strength (ply adhesion) strength may be used as an acceptance test of commercial shipments of geocomposites, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 are advisable.
In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedure in Test Method D 7005 for acceptance of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, grip faces, grip size, etc. Comparative tests should then be conducted to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be randomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared to the ...
SCOPE
1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond strength of flexible multi-ply materials is difficult to measure with current technology. The above is recognized and accepted, since all known methods of measurement include the force required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that required to separate them. However, useful information can be obtained when one realizes that the bending force is included and that direct comparison between different materials, or even between the same materials of different thickness, cannot be made. Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plies will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.
1.2 This index test method defines a procedure for comparing the bond strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. The focus is on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types of drainage cores; for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Other possible uses are geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves, geomembranes, geogrids, or other dissimilar materials. Various processes can make such laminates: adhesives, thermal bonding, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.1.1.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D7005–03
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion) of
Geocomposites
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7005; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 413 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Adhesion to
Flexible Substrate
1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond
D 2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens
strength of flexible multi-ply materials is difficult to measure
for Textiles
withcurrenttechnology.Theaboveisrecognizedandaccepted,
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
since all known methods of measurement include the force
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that
D 5321 Test Method for Determining the Coefficient of Soil
required to separate them. However, useful information can be
and Geosynthetic or Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic Fric-
obtained when one realizes that the bending force is included
tion by the Direct Shear Method
and that direct comparison between different materials, or even
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
between the same materials of different thickness, cannot be
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
made. Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plies
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.
F 904 Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply
1.2 This index test method defines a procedure for compar-
Adhesion of Similar Laminates from Flexible Materials
ing the bond strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. The
focus is on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types of
3. Terminology
drainage cores; for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Other
3.1 Definitions:
possible uses are geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves,
3.1.1 bond strength (ply adhesion)—amount of force re-
geomembranes,geogrids,orotherdissimilarmaterials.Various
quired(perunitwidth)toseparatepliesofmaterialormaterials
processes can make such laminates: adhesives, thermal bond-
in peeling mode plus the force to bend the plies.
ing, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.
3.1.2 necking—localized reduction in cross section, which
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
may occur in a material under tensile stress.
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
3.1.3 geocomposite—a product composed of two or more
information purposes only.
materials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 geosynthetic—a planar product manufactured from
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
technical engineering related material as an integral part of a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
man-made project structure, or system.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
3.1.5 geotextile—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
tionary statements are given in 7.1.1.
solely of textiles.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.6 geonet—a geosynthetic consisting of integrally con-
nected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various
2.1 ASTM Standards:
angles for planar drainage of liquids or gases.
D76 SpecificationforTensileTestingMachinesforTextiles
3.1.7 geomat/geospacer—any three dimensional, polymeric
material used with soil, rock, or other geotechnical engineering
related material as an integral part of a man-made project,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
structure, or system.
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani-
3.1.8 index test—a test procedure, which may contain a
cal Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published December 2003.
known bias but may be used to establish an order for a set of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specimens with respect to the property of interest.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.9 machine direction—the direction in the plane of the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. fabric parallel to the direction of manufacture.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7005–03
3.1.10 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics—airmaintained 6. Apparatus
at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of
6.1 Grips—Agripping system that minimizes both slippage
21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
and uneven stress distribution is required. Grips lined with thin
rubber, crocus clothe or pressure sensitive tape, as well as
4. Summary of Test Method
file-facedorserratedgripshasbeensuccessfullyusedformany
materials. Air-actuated grips have been found advantageous,
4.1 Initially the geotextile is separated from its associated
particularly in the case of materials that tend to “neck” in the
material with care. The separated plies of the test specimen are
grips, since pressure is maintained at all times. Grip faces shall
placed into the grips of a tensile testing machine. The grips are
measure not less than 50.8 mm (2.0 in.) wide by no less than
then separated and the force required to further separate the
100 mm (4 in.) long, with the longer dimension perpendicular
plies is defined as bond strength.
to the direction of the applied load.
NOTE 1—The force to bend the separated plies is included in the
6.2 Testing Machine—A tensile testing machine with com-
measured force.
puter acquisition capabilities conforming to the requirements
for SpecificationD76.
5. Significance and Use
6.3 Specimen Cutter—A die 101.6 62mm(4 6 0.08 in.)
5.1 This test method is to be used as a quality control or
wide by at least 200 mm (8 in.) long.
quality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control
(MQC) test, it would generally be used by the geocomposite
7. Sampling and Test Specs and Units
product manufacturer or fabricator. As a construction quality
7.1 Sampling must be performed in a manner that will
assurance (CQA) test, it would be used by certification or
provide the desired information. No single procedure can be
inspection organizations.
given for all situations. Therefore, Practice D 4354 should be
5.2 This test method can also be used to verify if the
used as a guide in planning sampling procedures.
adhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to various
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For sampling, disregard the first
incubation media in durability and/or chemical resistance
meter(3ft)andthelastmeter(3ft)ofmaterialfromthesample
testing.
roll. Consider the units in the laboratory sample. For the
5.3 Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it should
laboratory sample, take a swatch at a minimum of 30 cm (1 ft)
be understood that this is an index test.
in the machine direction by the roll width.
7.3 Test Specimens—Take no specimen nearer the selvedge
NOTE 2—There have been numerous attempts to relate the results of
or edge of the sample than ⁄20 of the width of the roll, or 150
this test to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materials
mm (6 in.), whichever is larger, from the bonded material. Cut
determined per Test Method D 5321. To date, no relationships have been
established between the two properties.
strips 101.6 62mm(4 6 0.08 in.) wide and at least 200 mm
(8 in.) long, parall
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