D35.01 - Mechanical Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The determination of the tensile force-elongation values of geogrids provides index property values. This standard practice shall be used for the determination of radial properties, judgment of conformity of product manufactured, and acceptance of commercial shipments of geogrids.  
4.2 The standard strain at which this practice is applied is 2 %, as this has been established and accepted over the years as the lowest strain at which consistent measurement of the properties of geogrids can be achieved. However, if a customer or specifier requires calculation at a lower strain, this can be done provided the higher standard deviation this can give is accepted.  
4.3 In cases of dispute arising from differences in reported results when using this standard practice for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests and calculations to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future results in light of the known bias.  
4.4 This standard practice is applicable to all geogrids with two or three sets of ribs in which variation of tensile properties between different sets of parallel ribs is 20 % or less. For multiple-layered geogrids, it should be applied to each layer individually and the results for all layers summed in each radial di...
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1.1 This practice presents a method for determining in-air index values (see Note 1) of the radial load and radial stiffness at low strain in each symmetric direction of a balanced geogrid (see Note 2) subjected to 360° radial strain. This determination is based on tensile test results from testing in accordance with Test Method D6637/D6637M and an analysis of the radial force balance in each symmetric direction across a circle of geogrid that is assumed to be strained uniformly in all radial directions to a low strain level.  
1.2 Symmetric directions relative to the machine direction:  
1.2.1 For geogrids with square or rectangular apertures: 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°.  
1.2.2 For geogrids with triangular apertures: 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°.
Note 1: These index properties are not to be used for design or performance purposes.
Note 2: A balanced geogrid is one in which the manufacturer’s specification indicates that variation of tensile properties between different sets of parallel ribs is 20 % or less.  
1.3 This practice will facilitate comparisons of the radial tensile properties of different balanced geogrids and judgment of conformity of product manufactured and acceptance of commercial shipments of geogrids by standardizing the data used and the method by which the calculations are performed.  
1.4 This standard practice is restricted in application to geogrids with two sets of parallel ribs arranged at nominally 90° to each other or three sets of parallel ribs arranged at nominally 60° to each other with one set lying in the cross-machine direction.  
1.5 Further, this practice is restricted to 20 % variation in the specified unit tensile properties of the different sets of ribs in a geogrid in order to enable the development of the mathematics that use these properties of each set of ribs in the geogrid. This generates index values for the unit tensile properties in the nominal directions as outlined in ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used as a quality control or quality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control (MQC) test, it would generally be used by the geocomposite product manufacturer or fabricator. As a construction quality assurance (CQA) test, it would be used by certification or inspection organizations.  
5.2 This test method can also be used to verify if the adhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to various incubation media in durability or chemical resistance testing, or both.  
5.3 Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it should be understood that this is an index test.
Note 2: There have been numerous attempts to relate the results of this test to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materials determined per Test Method D5321/D5321M. To date, no relationships have been established between the two properties.  
5.4 Test Method D7005/D7005M for determining the bond strength (ply adhesion) strength may be used as an acceptance test of commercial shipments of geocomposites, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 are advisable.  
5.4.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedure in Test Method D7005/D7005M for acceptance of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, grip faces, grip size, etc. Comparative tests should then be conducted to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be randomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The average results from ...
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1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond strength of flexible multi-ply materials is difficult to measure with current technology. The above is recognized and accepted, since all known methods of measurement include the force required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that required to separate them. However, useful information can be obtained when one realizes that the bending force is included and that direct comparison between different materials, or even between the same materials of different thickness, cannot be made. Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plies will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.  
1.2 This index test method defines a procedure for comparing the bond strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. The focus is on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types of drainage cores, for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Other possible uses are geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves, geomembranes, geogrids, or other dissimilar materials. Various processes can make such laminates: adhesives, thermal bonding, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 11.1.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the wide-width force-elongation properties of geotextiles provides design parameters for reinforcement type applications, for example, design of reinforced roadways/pavements, reinforced embankments over soft subgrades, reinforced soil retaining walls, and reinforcement of slopes. When strength is not necessarily a design consideration, an alternative test method may be used for acceptance testing. Test Method D4595/D4595M for the determination of the wide-width tensile properties of geotextiles may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete (Note 3). Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4595/D4595M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 Most geotextiles can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given geotextile depending upon its structure. Special clamping adaptions may be necessary with strong...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width specimen tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven geotextiles, nonwoven geotextiles, layered fabrics, and knit fabrics that are used for geotextile applications.  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width method are included.  
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Developme...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the tensile force-elongation values of geogrids provides index property values. This test method shall be used for quality control and acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geogrids.  
5.2 In cases of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.3 All geogrids can be tested by any of these methods. Some modification of techniques may be necessary for a given geogrid depending upon its physical makeup. Special adaptations may be necessary with strong geogrids, multiple layered geogrids, or geogrids that tend to slip in the clamps or those which tend to be damaged by the clamps.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile strength properties of geogrids by subjecting strips of varying width to tensile loading.  
1.2 Three alternative procedures are provided to determine the tensile strength, as follows:  
1.2.1 Method A—Testing a single geogrid rib in tension (N or lbf).  
1.2.2 Method B—Testing multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.2.3 Method C—Testing multiple layers of multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.3 This test method is intended for quality control and conformance testing of geogrids.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The trapezoid tear method is a test that produces tension along a reasonably defined course such that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The trapezoid tearing strength for woven fabrics is determined primarily by the properties of the yarns that are gripped in the clamps. In nonwoven fabrics, because the individual fibers are more or less randomly oriented and capable of some reorientation in the direction of the applied load, the maximum trapezoid tearing strength is reached when the resistance to further reorientation is greater than the force required to rupture one or more fibers simultaneously.  
5.2 The trapezoid tearing strength method is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different fabrics or different directions in the same fabric.  
5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments; however, caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.3.1 may be advisable.  
5.3.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Student's t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in...
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1.1 This test method is an index test used to measure the force required to continue or propagate a tear in woven or nonwoven geotextiles by the trapezoid method. While useful for quality control and acceptance testing, the trapezoid tear test does not provide all the information needed for all design applications and other test methods should be used.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile applications.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The aperture stability modulus is a measure of the in-plane shear modulus, which is a function of other geogrid characteristics, most notably junction stability, flexural rib stiffness, and rib tensile modulus.  
5.2 The test data can be used in conjunction with interpretive methods to evaluate the geogrid aperture stability at various traffic loads and base/subgrade conditions.
Note 1: Aperture stability modulus is referenced in the FHWA Geosynthetics Design and Construction Guidelines (2008) as an input parameter for the design of geogrid-reinforced unpaved roads using punched and drawn biaxial geogrids. Geogrids of different manufacturing process and material composition may use this property in calibration and validation of their material within the associated design.  
5.3 This test method is not intended for routine acceptance testing of geogrid. This test method should be used to characterize geogrid intended for use in applications in which aperture stability is considered relevant.
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the Aperture Stability Modulus of a geogrid. (The terms “Secant Aperture Stability Modulus,” “Torsional Rigidity Modulus,” “In-plane Shear Modulus,” and “Torsional Stiffness Modulus” have been used in the literature to describe this same property.)  
1.2 This test method is intended to determine the in-plane stability of a geogrid by clamping a center node and measuring the stiffness over an area of the geogrid. This test method is applicable for various types of geogrid.  
1.3 This test method is intended to provide characteristic properties for design. The test method was developed for pavement and subgrade improvement calibrated design methods requiring input of aperture stability modulus.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This index test method is to be used to determine the strength of an individual junction in a geogrid product. The test is performed in isolation, while in service the junction is typically confined. Thus the results from this test method are not anticipated to be related to design performance.  
5.2 The value of junction strength can be used for manufacturing quality control, development of new products, or a general understanding of the in-isolation behavior of a particular geogrid’s junction (for example, in relation to handling during shipment and placement of the geogrid).  
5.3 This test method is applicable to geogrid products with essentially symmetrical orthogonal or non-orthogonal ribs, yarns, or straps, that is, geogrids which are composed of ribs, yarns, or straps that are entangled through weaving or knitting, welded, bonded, or formed through drawing.
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1.1 This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the strength of an individual geogrid junction, also called a node. The test is configured such that a single rib is pulled from its junction with a rib(s) transverse to the test direction to obtain the maximum force, or strength of the junction. The procedure allows for the use of two different clamps with the appropriate clamp selected to minimize the influence of the clamping mechanism on the specific type of geogrid to be tested.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The grab method is applicable whenever it is desired to determine the “effective strength” of the fabric in use, that is, the strength of the material in a specific width, together with the additional strength contributed by adjacent material. There is no simple relationship between grab tests and strip tests since the amount of fabric assistance depends on the construction of the fabric. It is useful as a quality control or acceptance test.  
5.2 The procedure in Test Method D4632/D4632M for the determination of grab strength of geotextiles may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 are advisable.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedures in Test Method D4632/D4632M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the manufacturer should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Student's t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the manufacturer must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.3 Most geotextile fabrics can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given fabric, depending upon its structure. Special adaptation may be nece...
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1.1 This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the breaking load (grab strength) and elongation (grab elongation) of geotextiles using the grab method. This test method is not suitable for knitted fabrics and alternate test methods should be used. While useful for quality control and acceptance testing for a specific fabric structure, the results can only be used comparatively between fabrics with very similar structures because each different fabric structure performs in a unique and characteristic manner in this test. The grab test method does not provide all the information needed for all design applications and other test methods should be used.  
1.2 Procedures for measuring the breaking load and elongation by the grab method in both the dry and wet state are included; however, testing is normally done in the dry condition unless specified otherwise in an agreement or specification.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined.  
5.1.1 The test method is applicable to all geosynthetics and all soils when loaded in a cyclic manner.  
5.1.2 This test method produces test data, which can be used in the design of geosynthetic-reinforced pavement structures or in applications where geosynthetics are subjected to cyclic loads.  
5.1.3 The test results may also provide information related to the in-soil stress-strain response of a geosynthetic under confined loading conditions.  
5.2 Information derived from this test may be a function of soil gradation, plasticity, as-placed dry unit weight, moisture content, length and surface characteristics of the geosynthetic, and other test parameters. Therefore, results are expressed in terms of the actual test conditions. The test measures the net effect of a combination of interface shear mechanisms, which may vary depending on type of geosynthetic specimen, embedment length, relative opening size, soil type, displacement rate, normal stress, and other factors.  
5.3 Information between laboratories on precision is incomplete. In cases of dispute, comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between laboratories may be advisable.
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1.1 This test method details how cyclic loading is applied to geosynthetics embedded in soil to determine the apparent stiffness of the soil–geosynthetic interface.  
1.2 Resilient interface shear stiffness describes the shear stiffness between a geosynthetic and its surrounding soil under conditions of small cyclic loads.  
1.3 This test method is intended to provide properties for design. The test method was developed for mechanistic empirical pavement design methods requiring input of the resilient interface shear stiffness. The use of this parameter from this test method for other applications involving cyclic loading should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. It can also be used to compare different geosynthetics, soil types, etc., and thereby be used as a research and development test procedure.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Puncture using a 50 mm probe is applicable to determine the index strength resistance and deformation of a particular geotextile or geotextile-related products.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles.  
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of the type in question. The test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.4 This test method is not applicable to materials that are manufactured in sizes that are too small to be placed into the test apparatus in accordance with the procedures in this test method. Furthermore, it is not appropriate to separate plies of a geosynthetic or geocomposite for use in this test method.
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1.1 This test method is an index test used to measure the force required to puncture a geotextile and geotextile-related products with a 50 mm diameter cylindrical probe. The dimensions of the probe provide a multidirectional force on the geotextile.
Note 1: This test is also commonly known as CBR Puncture Test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As explained in Test Method D4595, narrow geotextile specimens demonstrate the tendency to contract (neck down) in the gauge area when under stress. The wider width specimen will minimize this phenomenon in seams during strength testing. The results achieved in this test method can more accurately correlate to the seam strength values anticipated in the field.  
5.2 This test method can be used to measure the seam strength of geotextiles from the factory or field, and may also be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles.  
5.3 This test method can be used to help determine seam design engineering for the geotextiles being evaluated, as well as comparing wet-conditioned specimens with dry specimen results.  
5.4 This test method is not intended to address long-term performance of a seam, nor any of its components such as the thread or the adhesive. However, it can be used as an index value to monitor the behavior of a seam exposed to any particular exposure, in example as part of an effort to assess its long-term performance.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the factory and field seam strength of geotextiles, using a wide specimen and wet and dry specimens.  
1.2 The long-term performance of a seaming technique is not addressed by this test method. This test method will provide data to indicate the short-term seam strength that can be achieved for each particular geotextile and seam assembly construction. To assess the long-term performance of a seaming technique, it is possible to use Practice D6389, using this test method to determine the anticipated strength reduction in the initial, short-term wide-width tensile strength (Test Method D4595) results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability to maintain design function (for example, reinforcement, separation, barrier, etc.) or design properties (for example, tensile strength, chemical resistance, etc.), or both, of a geosynthetic may be affected by damage to the physical structure of the geosynthetic due to the rigors of field installation. The effect of damage may be assessed by analyzing specimens cut from sample(s) retrieved after installation in a representative test section. Analysis may be performed with visual examination or laboratory testing of specimens from the control sample(s), and from the exhumed sample(s).  
5.2 A uniform practice for installing and retrieving representative sample(s) from a test section is needed to assess installation damage using project-specific or generally accepted, representative materials and procedures. Damage of a specific grade and type of geosynthetic under specific installation procedures may be assessed with sample(s) exhumed from a full-scale test section.
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1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for obtaining samples of geosynthetics from a test section for use in assessment of the effects of damage immediately after installation caused only by the installation techniques. The assessment may include physical testing. This practice is applicable to any geosynthetic except those installed between layers of aggregate or soil modified by a binder.
Note 1: The binder would inhibit the retrieval of the geosynthetic without inflicting further damage to the geosynthetic. Other practices may be suitable for retrieving geosynthetics used in these applications but are out of the scope of this practice.  
1.2 This practice is limited to full-scale test sections and does not address laboratory modeling of field conditions. This practice does not address which test method(s) to use for quantifying installation damage.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The CPL test is intended as a performance test to quantify the benefits of geosynthetics in pavement structures, as recommended by AASHTO R 50-09. Performance is predominantly defined in terms of S-TBR.  
5.2 The CPL test is a laboratory test used to accelerate rutting in a roadway cross section using a stationary cyclic plate. While the application of load differs from actual roads, the results from similarly constructed CPL tests are useful to evaluate and compare the performance of various products or designs. The results from these tests are most relevant to roads having similar design characteristics (material strengths and thicknesses).
Note 1: The extrapolation of cyclic plate results to designs that deviate significantly from the parameters tested may not be accurate, and performance calculations made at significantly different load cycle levels than the expected service life of an actual pavement may not provide an accurate estimate of the benefits actually realized.  
5.3 The number of load cycles applied by the CPL device corresponds to the number of equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs) used in the AASHTO 1993 pavement design equation.  
5.4 The test method is applicable to geosynthetics and soils used in typical pavement applications.  
5.5 This test method produces test data that can be used to compare geosynthetic products, construction methods, and cross section configurations used in design of roads.  
5.6 This test can be used to characterize specific behaviors of the geosynthetic under the conditions tested by including sensors to measure stresses and strains within the pavement cross section or on the geosynthetic itself. Sensors should be appropriately sized and installed to minimize their influence on the results of the test.  
5.7 The relationship between load cycles and deformation is a function of the composite stiffness of the constructed system and the interdependence between the individual components of the design.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard test method outlines the procedure used to determine the performance of unpaved and paved roadway cross sections, with and without geosynthetics, that are built in a controlled manner and tested using a stationary, cyclic load applied to the surface to simulate traffic.  
1.2 Test section performance from these tests is normally calculated as a function of life extension, but can also be determined based on structural improvement. Life extension is related to the number of load cycles that can be accommodated by a particular configuration when compared to a similarly constructed control. Structural improvements are based on elemental or system-wide stiffness increases.  
1.3 The cyclic plate load (CPL) test is intended to be a performance test conducted as closely as possible to as-built unpaved and paved roadway cross sections. It has been used as a tool to compare different geosynthetics; soil types, strengths, and thicknesses; and construction procedures for a variety of pavement applications.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for manufacturing quality control testing of a specific geosynthetic; however, caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is not suitable for very limp geosynthetics or those that show a marked tendency to curl or twist at a cut edge.  
5.3 The stiffness of a geosynthetic may change with storage.  
5.4 No evidence has been found showing that bending length is dependent on specimen width. The tendency for specimens to curl or twist will affect the result, because of the rigidity provided at the edge. Consequently, the edge effect is less of an issue for a wider strip.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of geogrids, geotextiles, and geogrid-geotextile composites, all of which are referred to as geosynthetics within this test method. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity is calculated through use of the cantilever test procedure.  
1.1.1 This test method employs the principle of cantilever bending of the geosynthetic under its own mass.  
1.2 This test method applies to geogrids, geotextiles, and geogrid-geotextile composites.  
1.3 This test method is for manufacturing quality control purposes only, to ensure uniformity and consistency of flexural rigidity for a specific product from roll to roll and lot to lot.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pullout test method is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined.  
5.1.1 The test method is applicable to all geosynthetics and all soils.  
5.1.2 This test method produces test data, which can be used in the design of geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls, slopes, and embankments, or in other applications where resistance of a geosynthetic to pullout under simulated field conditions is important.  
5.1.3 The test results may also provide information related to the in-soil stress-strain response of a geosynthetic under confined loading conditions.  
5.2 The pullout resistance versus normal stress plot obtained from this test is a function of soil gradation, plasticity, as-placed dry unit weight, moisture content, length and surface characteristics of the geosynthetic, and other test parameters. Therefore, results are expressed in terms of the actual test conditions. The test measures the net effect of a combination of pullout mechanisms, which may vary depending on type of geosynthetic specimen, embedment length, relative opening size, soil type, displacement rate, normal stress, and other factors.  
5.3 Information between laboratories on precision is incomplete. In cases of dispute, comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between laboratories may be advisable.
SCOPE
1.1 Resistance of a geosynthetic to pullout from soil is determined using a laboratory pullout box.  
1.2 The test method is intended to be a performance test conducted as closely as possible to replicate design or as-built conditions. It can also be used to compare different geosynthetics, soil types, etc., and thereby be used as a research and development test procedure.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide covers applications, support mechanisms, and design principles associated with geocells to help designers and engineers determine when and how to appropriately use this technology.  
5.2 A better understanding of the key design principles, material properties, mechanisms of improvement, and methodologies will help engineers and owners interested in using geocells understand the most efficient and appropriate ways to utilize this type of ground improvement for a variety of geotechnical-related applications.  
5.3 This guide does not preclude the judgment and practice of those competent in geotechnical design.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to cover basic considerations for the use of geocells in various geotechnical and roadway projects to bring a unified understanding of efficient and appropriate ways to utilize this type of ground improvement technology for a variety of geotechnical-related applications, including but not limited to: load support for pavements, subgrade improvement, slope stability, retaining walls, earth retention, and slope and channel protection. Engineers and owners interested in using this manufactured product can refer to the information in this guide to learn about key design principles, properties, mechanisms, and methodologies for applicable geotechnical applications. Geotechnical designs that incorporate geocells should take into consideration the specific attributes of each product. The engineer is encouraged to utilize design methodologies based on reliable test results and research.  
1.2 This guide offers a collection of information and does not recommend a course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience, and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects.  
1.4 The word “standard” in the title of this guide means only that this guide has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.  
1.5 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure described in this test method for determination of the shear resistance of the soil and geosynthetic or geosynthetic and geosynthetic interface is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined. The test specimens and conditions, including normal stresses, are generally selected by the user.  
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised as outlined in 5.2.1.  
5.2.1 The shear resistance can be expressed only in terms of actual test conditions (see Notes 2 and 3). The determined value may be a function of the applied normal stress, material characteristics (for example, of the geosynthetic), soil properties, size of sample, moisture content, drainage conditions, displacement rate, magnitude of displacement, and other parameters.
Note 2: In the case of acceptance testing requiring the use of soil, the user must furnish the soil sample, soil parameters, and direct shear test parameters. The method of test data interpretation for purposes of acceptance should be mutually agreed to by the users of this test method.
Note 3: Testing under this test method should be performed by laboratories qualified in the direct shear testing of soils and meeting the requirements of Practice D3740, especially since the test results may depend on site-specific and test conditions.  
5.2.2 This test method measures the total resistance to shear between a geosynthetic and a supporting material (substratum) or a geosynthetic and an overlying material (superstratum). The total shear resistance may be a combination of sliding, rolling, and interlocking of material components.  
5.2.3 This test method does not distinguish between individual mechanisms, which may be a function of the soil and geosynthetic used, method of material placement and hydration, normal and shear stresses applied, means used to hold the geosynthetic in pla...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the shear resistance of a geosynthetic against soil, or a geosynthetic against another geosynthetic, under a constant rate of deformation.  
1.1.1 The test method is intended to indicate the performance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field conditions. Results obtained from this method may be limited in their applicability to the specific conditions considered in the testing.  
1.2 The test method is applicable for all geosynthetics, with the exception of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), which are addressed in Test Method D6243/D6243M.  
1.3 The test method is not suited for the development of exact stress-strain relationships for the test specimen due to the nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displacement.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers guidelines for the acceptance testing frequency requirements for geonet and geonet drainage geocomposite materials describing types of tests, test methods, and recommended verifications.  
1.2 This guide is intended to aid purchasers, installers, contractors, owners, operators, designers, and agencies in establishing a minimum level of effort for product acceptance testing and verification. This is intended to ensure that the supplied geonet and/or geonet drainage geocomposite roll(s) meet accepted material specifications.  
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an index test for determining the puncture resistance of geomembranes and related products. The use of this test method is to establish an index value by providing standard criteria and a basis for uniform reporting.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geomembranes and related materials since the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the index puncture resistance of geomembranes and related products.  
1.2 The use of Test Method D4833/D4833M may be inappropriate for testing some woven geotextiles or related products which have large openings, such as geonets and geogrids.  
1.3 It is recommended that geotextile and geotextile related products be tested using Test Method D6241.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Due to hydraulic pressure that may be present on some applications, engineers need to understand the capability of these products to resist this pressure. This test allows engineers to compare products and verify pullout strength.  
5.2 Hydraulic pullout resistance is a function of locking extension dimensions, locking extension geometry, locking extensions per area, locking extension polymer composition, and the properties of the concrete in which the locking extensions are embedded.  
5.3 The data from this test method provides comparative information for rating hydraulic pullout resistance of different geomembranes with locking extensions embedded in concrete. Hydraulic pullout resistance, while partly dependent on locking extension dimensions, has no simple correlation to locking extension dimensions and geometry. Hence, hydraulic pullout resistance cannot be determined with a small sample without potentially producing misleading data to the actual hydraulic pullout resistance of the material. Therefore, the hydraulic pullout resistance is expressed in kPa (lb/ft2).  
5.4 The apparatus can be circular or square in nature and must have a test area of 0.36 m2 (558 in.2).  
5.5 Fig. 1 shows an example of a circular test apparatus that can be used in the performance of this test. The apparatus requires a pressure vessel rated to a minimum 690 kPa (14 410 lb/ft2). The vessel test diameter should be a minimum of 677.04 mm (26.655 in.) as shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Picture of Circular Test Apparatus
Note 1: Larger vessels may be used but it is up to user to establish correlation to the standard size vessel. The use of a smaller diameter vessel than denoted in this standard may contribute to higher pullout resistance due to thickness or stiffness of some products.  
5.6 Test Pedestal—The base of the testing apparatus which holds the test specimen.  
5.7 Upper Flange—Is the flange that is bolted down on top of specimen to create a seal.  
5.8 Form—Is an alumi...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydraulic pullout resistance of a geomembrane with locking extensions embedded in concrete by determining the pressure required for locking extensions of the embedded specimen to pullout of the concrete.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means by which samples of geosynthetics may be selected to provide a statistically valid sample for the selection of test specimens without previous knowledge of the variability that may exist between production units.  
5.2 The principles stated in Practice D4271, and the illustrative text in that practice, can be used by test method authors in preparing sampling statements.  
5.3 This practice gives three procedures for sampling: one for manufacturer's quality control (MQC), one for manufacturer's quality assurance (MQA) testing, and a third for purchaser's specification conformance testing. For this reason, test methods containing a section on sampling that requires the use of this practice should contain a statement in the section on reporting similar to the following: “Report which procedure from Practice D4354 was used for sampling: Procedure A for Manufacturer's Quality Control (MQC), Procedure B for Manufacturer's Quality Assurance (MQA) Testing, or Procedure C for Purchaser's Specification Conformance Testing.  
5.4 Manufacturer's quality assurance is done internally to assure the manufacturer of the MQC program. When it is required to provide certification to a purchaser as to quality assurance, the MQA testing is to be done by an external MQA testing facility.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers three procedures for the sampling of geosynthetics and rolled erosion control products (RECPs) for testing. This practice requires that instructions on taking laboratory samples and test specimens be part of every test method for geosynthetics.  
1.1.1 The first procedure describes the sampling of production units for the purpose of manufacturer's quality control (MQC) (Table 1).    
1.1.2 The second procedure describes the sampling of production units for the purpose of manufacturer's quality assurance (MQA) testing during the manufacturing process. This requires that backup statistical process control records be maintained during the manufacturing process (Table 2).  
1.1.3 The third procedure describes the division of shipments of geosynthetics and rolled erosion control products into lots and the determination of lot sample size for purchaser's specification conformance testing (Table 3).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Methods A, B, and C provide a means of evaluating the tensile modulus of geogrids and geotextiles for applications involving small-strain cyclic loading. The test methods allow for the determination of cyclic tensile modulus at different levels of prescribed or permanent strain, thereby accounting for possible changes in cyclic tensile modulus with increasing permanent strain in the material. These test methods shall be used for research testing and to define properties for use in specific design methods.  
5.2 In cases of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause shall be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier shall agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.3 All geogrids can be tested by Test Method A or B. Some modification of techniques may be necessary for a given geogrid depending upon its physical makeup. Special adaptations may be necessary with strong geogrids, multiple-layered geogrids, or geogrids that tend to slip in the clamps or those which tend to be damaged by the clamps.  
5.4 Most geotextiles can be tested by Test Method C. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given geotextile depen...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of small-strain tensile properties of geogrids and geotextiles by subjecting wide-width specimens to cyclic tensile loading.  
1.2 These test methods (A, B, and C) allow for the determination of small-strain cyclic tensile modulus by the measurement of cyclic tensile load and elongation.  
1.3 This test method is intended to provide properties for design. The test method was developed for mechanistic-empirical pavement design methods requiring input of the reinforcement tensile modulus. The use of cyclic modulus from this test method for other applications involving cyclic loading should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.  
1.4 Three test methods (A, B, and C) are provided to determine small-strain cyclic tensile modulus on geogrids and geotextiles.  
1.4.1 Test Method A—Testing a relatively wide specimen of geogrid in cyclic tension in kN/m (lbf/ft).  
1.4.2 Test Method B—Testing multiple layers of a relatively wide specimen of geogrid in cyclic tension in kN/m (lbf/ft).  
1.4.3 Test Method C—Testing a relatively wide specimen of geotextile in cyclic tension in kN/m (lbf/ft).  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The connection strength between geosynthetic reinforcement and segmental concrete block units is used in design of reinforced soil retaining walls.  
5.2 This test is used to determine the connection strength for the design of the connection system formed by segmental concrete block units and geosynthetic reinforcement layers in reinforced soil retaining walls. Performing a series of these connection tests at varying normal loads permits development of a relationship between connection strength and normal load. This relationship may be linear, bilinear, or some other complex mathematical expression.  
5.3 This connection strength test is meant to be a performance test (laboratory or field); therefore, it should be conducted using full-scale system components. The conditions for the test are selected by the user and are not for routine testing.  
5.4 As a performance test on full-scale system components, it accounts for some of the variables in construction procedures and materials tolerance normally present for these types of retaining wall systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the connection properties between a layer of geosynthetic reinforcement and segmental concrete block units used in construction of reinforced soil retaining walls. The test is carried out under conditions determined by the user that reproduce the connection system at full scale. The results of a series of tests are used to define a relationship between connection strength for a segmental unit-geosynthetic connection system and normal load.  
1.2 This is a performance test used to determine properties for design of retaining wall systems utilizing segmental concrete units and soil reinforcing geosynthetics, either geotextiles or geogrids. The test is performed on a full-scale construction of the connection and may be run in a laboratory or the field.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The shear strength between segmental concrete units (with and without geosynthetic reinforcement) is used in design of reinforced soil retaining walls.  
5.2 This test is used to determine the shear strength for the design of the facing stability of segmental retaining walls. Performing a series of these shear tests at varying normal loads permits development of a relationship between shear strength and normal load. This relationship may be linear, bilinear, or some other complex mathematical expression.  
5.3 This shear strength test is meant to be a performance test (laboratory or field); therefore, it should be conducted using full-scale system components. The conditions for the test are selected by the user and are not for routine testing.  
5.4 As a performance test on full-scale system components, it accounts for some of the variables in construction procedures and materials tolerance normally present for these types of retaining wall systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the shear strength between two layers of segmental concrete block units used in construction of reinforced soil retaining walls. The test is carried out under conditions determined by the user that reproduce the facing system at full scale. The results of a series of tests are used to define a relationship between shear strength developed between segmental concrete units and normal load.  
1.2 This is a performance test used to determine properties for design of retaining wall systems utilizing segmental concrete units and soil reinforcing geosynthetics, either geotextiles or geogrids. The test is performed on a full-scale construction of the facing system and may be run in a laboratory or the field.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method evaluates tensile breaking force of geonets for the purposes of quality control and quality assurance. Testing is performed parallel to the machine direction only, for that is the primary direction that geonets witness tensile loading. This method is an index test and is not intended for design purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the breaking force of a geonet.  
1.2 This test is applicable for manufacturing quality control (MQC) and construction quality assurance (CQA) testing, and is not recommended as a performance test.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine if the geotextile material meets specifications for mass per unit area. This test method can be used for quality control to determine specimen conformance. This measurement allows for a simple control of the delivered material by a comparison of the mass per unit area of the delivered material and the specified mass per unit area.  
5.2 The procedure in this test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests in accordance with 5.2.1 are advisable.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedures in this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the manufacturer should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimen should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Student’s t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the manufacturer must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and can be used as an index to the determination of mass per unit area of all geotextiles.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units or other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The long-term material strength of geosynthetic reinforcement material is a critical design parameter for many civil engineering projects including, but not limited to, reinforced wall structures and reinforced slopes. Geosynthetic reinforcement products are produced using a variety of polymeric materials and using a variety of manufacturing procedures. Accordingly, product-specific testing using representative produced products is recommended for establishment of long-term material strength for products used as reinforcement in structures.  
4.2 The primary use of the test results obtained from a reinforcement testing program is to determine the available long-term (that is, end of design life, typically 75 years) material strength, Tal, of the reinforcement. The available long-term strength, Tal, is calculated as follows:
4.3 This long-term geosynthetic reinforcement strength concept is illustrated in Fig. 1. As shown in the figure, some strength losses occur immediately upon installation, and others occur throughout the design life of the reinforcement. Much of the long-term strength loss does not begin to occur until near the end of the reinforcement design life.
FIG. 1 Long-Term Geosynthetic Strength Concepts  
4.4 The value selected for Tult, for design purposes, is the minimum average roll value (MARV) for the product. This minimum average roll value, denoted as TMARV, accounts for statistical variance in the material strength. Other sources of uncertainty and variability in the long-term strength result from installation damage, creep extrapolation, and the chemical degradation process. It is assumed that the observed variability in the creep rupture envelope is 100 % correlated with the short-term tensile strength, as the creep strength is typically directly proportional to the short-term tensile strength within a product line. Therefore, the MARV of Tult adequately takes into account variability in the creep strength.  
4.5 In accordanc...
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1.1 This guide presents a description of how to use test results from reduction factor test reports for reinforcement geosynthetics. It is based solely on testing and reporting requirements as established in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard AASHTO R 69-15, Standard Practice for Determination of Long-Term Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcement. AASHTO R 69-15 is used to determine the long-term allowable material strength, Tal, that is solely product property performance dependant.  
1.2 This guide is intended to assist designers and users of reinforcement geosynthetics when reviewing reports of reduction factor testing efforts. This guide is not intended to replace education or experience, or other alternative design procedures. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized pr...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The vertical compression test for geocomposite pavement panel drains is intended to simulate vertical, horizontal, and eccentric loading resulting from an applied vertical load. The results of the analyses, including vertical strain of the panels and core area change, may be used as an index test. The vertical compression test may be used to evaluate core area change for a given load.  
5.2 The vertical compression test may be used to evaluate percent vertical strain for a given load.  
5.3 This test method may be modified to evaluate core area change and vertical strain under various backfill conditions.
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1.1 This test method covers vertical strain and core area change of geocomposite pavement drains, such as those included in Specification D7001, under vertical compression.  
1.2 The values as stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The compression behavior test for geosynthetics is intended to be an index test. It is anticipated that the results of the compression behavior test will be used to evaluate product. The results of the analyses may also be used to compare the relative compressive yield points of materials that exhibit a detectable compressive yield point. It is anticipated that this test will be used for quality control testing to evaluate uniformity and consistency within a lot or between lots where sample geometry factors (for example, thickness) or materials may have changed.
Note 1: This is a one-dimensional test for compressive loading of a geosynthetic(s) in one plane.  
5.1.1 The compressive yield point of geosynthetics may be evaluated from the stress/strain relationship. Many materials exhibit compressive deformation but may not show a distinct compressive yield point.  
5.2 This test method can be used to evaluate the short-term stress/strain behavior of geosynthetics under compressive stress while loaded at a constant rate of deformation.  
5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised because interlab testing is incomplete.  
5.3.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, two parties should take a group of test specimens from material shipped to the project. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If...
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1.1 This test method covers the procedures for evaluation of the deformations of a geosynthetic or combination of geosynthetics (that is, geocomposite (excluding geotextiles, geomembranes, and geosynthetic clay liners)) under short-term compressive loading. This test method is strictly an index test method to be used to verify the compressive strength consistency of a given manufactured geosynthetic(s). Results from this test method should not be considered as an indication of actual or long-term performance of the geosynthetic(s) in field applications.  
1.2 Since these geosynthetics may experience multidirectional compressive loadings in the field, this test method will not show actual field performance and should not be used for this specific objective. The evaluator of the results should also recognize that the determination of the short-term single-plane compressive behavior of geosynthetics does not reflect the installed performance of synthetic drainage systems and, therefore, should not be used as the only method of product specification or performance with respect to synthetic drainage systems.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in inch-pound units are provided in parentheses for information.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a means by which the purchaser can determine the conformance of geosynthetic properties as applied to the acceptance or rejection of a material in regards to a material specification.  
4.2 This practice has been developed with strong emphasis on practicality and the realization that all geosynthetics are subjected to a vigorous quality control program prior to shipping.
Note 1: It is suggested that the user obtain the mean, standard deviation, and/or the coefficient of variation for given physical/mechanical properties of a product directly from the manufacturer. If this data is unavailable, it is suggested that users of this practice begin to accumulate data that can be used to estimate product averages and standard deviations for each product.
Note 2: The risk to the purchaser of buying out-of-specification materials is minimal when conformance requirements are detailed in the purchase specification and adequate conformance testing is performed. It is the producer's responsibility to perform thorough quality control testing for all properties requiring certification. The producer's risk of rejection is minimal with the performance of this thorough quality control testing.
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the conformance of geosynthetic properties to standard specifications.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Geotextiles are to be properly manufactured in a manner consistent with a minimum level of quality control as determined by in-house testing of the final product. This practice sets forth the types of tests, the methods of the testing, and the minimum testing frequencies appropriate for geotextile manufacturing quality control.  
4.2 It should be clearly recognized that manufacturers may perform additional tests or at a greater frequency than set forth in this practice, or both. In this case the manufacturer’s quality control plan will take precedence over this practice.  
4.3 It should also be recognized that purchasers and installers of geotextiles may require additional tests or at a greater frequency than called for in this practice, or both. The organization(s) producing such project-specific specification or quality assurance plan should recognize that such requirements are beyond the current state of this practice. If such a request is made by the purchasers or installers, they should clearly communicate the requirements to the manufacturer or supplier during the contract decisions in order that disputes do not arise at a subsequent time.  
4.4 This practice provides guidance for sampling and testing as well as proper management of test data and certifications.
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1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing quality control of geotextiles, describing types of tests, the proper test methods, minimum testing frequencies, and best practices for sampling.  
1.2 This practice does not address manufacturing quality assurance, product acceptance testing, or conformance testing. These are independent activities taken by organizations other than the geotextiles manufacturer.  
1.3 This practice is intended to aid manufacturers, suppliers, purchasers, installers, and end users of geotextiles in establishing a minimum level of effort for maintaining quality control.  
1.4 This practice covers procedures for sampling geotextiles for the purpose of manufacturing quality control (MQC). These procedures are designed to ensure that the correct number of representative samples are obtained and properly reported by the manufacturer.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The determination of the tensile force-elongation values of geogrids provides index property values. This standard practice shall be used for the determination of radial properties, judgment of conformity of product manufactured, and acceptance of commercial shipments of geogrids.  
4.2 The standard strain at which this practice is applied is 2 %, as this has been established and accepted over the years as the lowest strain at which consistent measurement of the properties of geogrids can be achieved. However, if a customer or specifier requires calculation at a lower strain, this can be done provided the higher standard deviation this can give is accepted.  
4.3 In cases of dispute arising from differences in reported results when using this standard practice for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests and calculations to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future results in light of the known bias.  
4.4 This standard practice is applicable to all geogrids with two or three sets of ribs in which variation of tensile properties between different sets of parallel ribs is 20 % or less. For multiple-layered geogrids, it should be applied to each layer individually and the results for all layers summed in each radial di...
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1.1 This practice presents a method for determining in-air index values (see Note 1) of the radial load and radial stiffness at low strain in each symmetric direction of a balanced geogrid (see Note 2) subjected to 360° radial strain. This determination is based on tensile test results from testing in accordance with Test Method D6637/D6637M and an analysis of the radial force balance in each symmetric direction across a circle of geogrid that is assumed to be strained uniformly in all radial directions to a low strain level.  
1.2 Symmetric directions relative to the machine direction:  
1.2.1 For geogrids with square or rectangular apertures: 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°.  
1.2.2 For geogrids with triangular apertures: 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°.
Note 1: These index properties are not to be used for design or performance purposes.
Note 2: A balanced geogrid is one in which the manufacturer’s specification indicates that variation of tensile properties between different sets of parallel ribs is 20 % or less.  
1.3 This practice will facilitate comparisons of the radial tensile properties of different balanced geogrids and judgment of conformity of product manufactured and acceptance of commercial shipments of geogrids by standardizing the data used and the method by which the calculations are performed.  
1.4 This standard practice is restricted in application to geogrids with two sets of parallel ribs arranged at nominally 90° to each other or three sets of parallel ribs arranged at nominally 60° to each other with one set lying in the cross-machine direction.  
1.5 Further, this practice is restricted to 20 % variation in the specified unit tensile properties of the different sets of ribs in a geogrid in order to enable the development of the mathematics that use these properties of each set of ribs in the geogrid. This generates index values for the unit tensile properties in the nominal directions as outlined in ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the wide-width strip force-elongation properties of geotextiles provides design parameters for reinforcement type applications, for example design of reinforced embankments over soft subgrades, reinforced soil retaining walls, and reinforcement of slopes. When strength is not necessarily a design consideration, an alternative test method may be used for acceptance testing. Test Method D4595/D4595M for the determination of the wide-width strip tensile properties of geotextiles may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete (Note 6). Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4595/D4595M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 Most geotextiles can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given geotextile depending upon its structure. Special clamping adaptions may be necessary with strong geotextiles or geot...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile application.  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip method are included.  
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Puncture using a 50 mm flat circular probe is applicable to determine the index strength resistance and deformation of a particular geotextile or geotextile-related products.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles.  
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of the type in question. The test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.4 This test method is not applicable to materials that are manufactured in sizes that are too small to be placed into the test apparatus in accordance with the procedures in this test method. Furthermore, it is not appropriate to separate plies of a geosynthetic or geocomposite for use in this test method.
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1.1 This test method is an index test used to measure the force required to puncture a geotextile and geotextile-related products with a 50 mm diameter probe rod. The dimensions of the probe provide a multidirectional force on the geotextile.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability to maintain design function (for example, reinforcement, separation, barrier, etc.) or design properties (for example, tensile strength, chemical resistance, etc.), or both, of a geosynthetic may be affected by damage to the physical structure of the geosynthetic due to the rigors of field installation. The effect of damage may be assessed by analyzing specimens cut from sample(s) retrieved after installation in a representative test section. Analysis may be performed with visual examination or laboratory testing of specimens from the control sample(s), and from the exhumed sample(s).  
5.2 A uniform practice for installing and retrieving representative sample(s) from a test section is needed to assess installation damage using project-specific or generally accepted, representative materials and procedures. Damage of a specific grade and type of geosynthetic under specific installation procedures may be assessed with sample(s) exhumed from a full-scale test section.
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1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for obtaining samples of geosynthetics from a test section for use in assessment of the effects of damage immediately after installation caused only by the installation techniques. The assessment may include physical testing. This practice is applicable to any geosynthetic.  
1.2 This practice is limited to full-scale test sections, and does not address laboratory modeling of field conditions. This practice does not address which test method(s) to use for quantifying installation damage.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure described in this test method for determination of the shear resistance of the soil and geosynthetic or geosynthetic and geosynthetic interface is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined. The test specimens and conditions, including normal stresses, are generally selected by the user.  
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised as outlined in 5.2.1.  
5.2.1 The shear resistance can be expressed only in terms of actual test conditions (see Notes 2 and 3). The determined value may be a function of the applied normal stress, material characteristics (for example, of the geosynthetic), soil properties, size of sample, moisture content, drainage conditions, displacement rate, magnitude of displacement, and other parameters.
Note 2: In the case of acceptance testing requiring the use of soil, the user must furnish the soil sample, soil parameters, and direct shear test parameters. The method of test data interpretation for purposes of acceptance should be mutually agreed to by the users of this test method.
Note 3: Testing under this test method should be performed by laboratories qualified in the direct shear testing of soils and meeting the requirements of Practice D3740, especially since the test results may depend on site-specific and test conditions.  
5.2.2 This test method measures the total resistance to shear between a geosynthetic and a supporting material (substratum) or a geosynthetic and an overlying material (superstratum). The total shear resistance may be a combination of sliding, rolling, and interlocking of material components.  
5.2.3 This test method does not distinguish between individual mechanisms, which may be a function of the soil and geosynthetic used, method of material placement and hydration, normal and shear stresses applied, means used to hold the geosynthetic in pla...
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the shear resistance of a geosynthetic against soil, or a geosynthetic against another geosynthetic, under a constant rate of deformation.  
1.1.1 The test method is intended to indicate the performance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field conditions. Results obtained from this method may be limited in their applicability to the specific conditions considered in the testing.  
1.2 The test method is applicable for all geosynthetics, with the exception of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), which are addressed in Test Method D6243/D6243M.  
1.3 The test method is not suited for the development of exact stress-strain relationships for the test specimen due to the nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displacement.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure described in this test method for determination of the shear resistance of the soil and geosynthetic or geosynthetic and geosynthetic interface is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined. The test specimens and conditions, including normal stresses, are generally selected by the user.  
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised as outlined in 5.2.1.  
5.2.1 The shear resistance can be expressed only in terms of actual test conditions (see Notes 2 and 3). The determined value may be a function of the applied normal stress, material characteristics (for example, of the geosynthetic), soil properties, size of sample, moisture content, drainage conditions, displacement rate, magnitude of displacement, and other parameters.
Note 2: In the case of acceptance testing requiring the use of soil, the user must furnish the soil sample, soil parameters, and direct shear test parameters. The method of test data interpretation for purposes of acceptance should be mutually agreed to by the users of this test method.
Note 3: Testing under this test method should be performed by laboratories qualified in the direct shear testing of soils and meeting the requirements of Practice D3740, especially since the test results may depend on site-specific and test conditions.  
5.2.2 This test method measures the total resistance to shear between a geosynthetic and a supporting material (substratum) or a geosynthetic and an overlying material (superstratum). The total shear resistance may be a combination of sliding, rolling, and interlocking of material components.  
5.2.3 This test method does not distinguish between individual mechanisms, which may be a function of the soil and geosynthetic used, method of material placement and hydration, normal and shear stresses applied, means used to hold the geosynthetic in pla...
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the shear resistance of a geosynthetic against soil, or a geosynthetic against another geosynthetic, under a constant rate of deformation.  
1.1.1 The test method is intended to indicate the performance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field conditions. Results obtained from this method may be limited in their applicability to the specific conditions considered in the testing.  
1.2 The test method is applicable for all geosynthetics, with the exception of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), which are addressed in Test Method D6243/D6243M.  
1.3 The test method is not suited for the development of exact stress-strain relationships for the test specimen due to the nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displacement.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a means by which the purchaser can determine the conformance of geosynthetic properties as applied to the acceptance or rejection of a material in regards to a material specification.  
4.2 This practice has been developed with strong emphasis on practicality and the realization that all geosynthetics are subjected to a vigorous quality control program prior to shipping.
Note 1: It is suggested that the user obtain the mean, standard deviation, and/or the coefficient of variation for given physical/mechanical properties of a product directly from the manufacturer. If this data is unavailable, it is suggested that users of this practice begin to accumulate data that can be used to estimate product averages and standard deviations for each product.
Note 2: The risk to the purchaser of buying out-of-specification materials is minimal when conformance requirements are detailed in the purchase specification and adequate conformance testing is performed. It is the producer's responsibility to perform thorough quality control testing for all properties requiring certification. The producer's risk of rejection is minimal with the performance of this thorough quality control testing.
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the conformance of geosynthetic properties to standard specifications.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability to maintain design function (for example, reinforcement, separation, barrier, etc.) or design properties (for example, tensile strength, chemical resistance, etc.), or both, of a geosynthetic may be affected by damage to the physical structure of the geosynthetic due to the rigors of field installation. The effect of damage may be assessed by analyzing specimens cut from sample(s) retrieved after installation in a representative test section. Analysis may be performed with visual examination or laboratory testing of specimens from the control sample(s), and from the exhumed sample(s).  
5.2 A uniform practice for installing and retrieving representative sample(s) from a test section is needed to assess installation damage using project-specific or generally accepted, representative materials and procedures. Damage of a specific grade and type of geosynthetic under specific installation procedures may be assessed with sample(s) exhumed from a full-scale test section.
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1.1 This practice covers standardized procedures for obtaining samples of geosynthetics from a test section for use in assessment of the effects of damage immediately after installation caused only by the installation techniques. The assessment may include physical testing. This practice is applicable to any geosynthetic.  
1.2 This practice is limited to full-scale test sections, and does not address laboratory modeling of field conditions. This practice does not address which test method(s) to use for quantifying installation damage.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure described in this test method for determination of the shear resistance of the soil and geosynthetic or geosynthetic and geosynthetic interface is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined. The test specimens and conditions, including normal stresses, are generally selected by the user.  
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised as outlined in 5.2.1.  
5.2.1 The shear resistance can be expressed only in terms of actual test conditions (see Note 2 and Note 3). The determined value may be a function of the applied normal stress, material characteristics (for example, of the geosynthetic), soil properties, size of sample, moisture content, drainage conditions, displacement rate, magnitude of displacement, and other parameters.
Note 2: In the case of acceptance testing requiring the use of soil, the user must furnish the soil sample, soil parameters, and direct shear test parameters. The method of test data interpretation for purposes of acceptance should be mutually agreed to by the users of this test method.
Note 3: Testing under this test method should be performed by laboratories qualified in the direct shear testing of soils and meeting the requirements of Practice D3740, especially since the test results may depend on site-specific and test conditions.  
5.2.2 This test method measures the total resistance to shear between a geosynthetic and a supporting material (substratum) or a geosynthetic and an overlying material (superstratum). The total shear resistance may be a combination of sliding, rolling, and interlocking of material components.  
5.2.3 This test method does not distinguish between individual mechanisms, which may be a function of the soil and geosynthetic used, method of material placement and hydration, normal and shear stresses applied, means used to hold the geosynthetic in...
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the shear resistance of a geosynthetic against soil, or a geosynthetic against another geosynthetic, under a constant rate of deformation.  
1.1.1 The test method is intended to indicate the performance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field conditions. Results obtained from this method may be limited in their applicability to the specific conditions considered in the testing.  
1.2 The test method is applicable for all geosynthetics, with the exception of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) which are addressed in Test Method D6243/D6243M.  
1.3 The test method is not suited for the development of exact stress-strain relationships for the test specimen due to the nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displacement.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the wide-width strip force-elongation properties of geotextiles provides design parameters for reinforcement type applications, for example design of reinforced embankments over soft subgrades, reinforced soil retaining walls, and reinforcement of slopes. When strength is not necessarily a design consideration, an alternative test method may be used for acceptance testing. Test Method D4595 for the determination of the wide-width strip tensile properties of geotextiles may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete (Note 6). Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4595 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 Most geotextiles can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given geotextile depending upon its structure. Special clamping adaptions may be necessary with strong geotextiles or geotextiles made f...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile application.  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip method are included.  
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used as a quality control or quality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control (MQC) test, it would generally be used by the geocomposite product manufacturer or fabricator. As a construction quality assurance (CQA) test, it would be used by certification or inspection organizations.  
5.2 This test method can also be used to verify if the adhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to various incubation media in durability or chemical resistance testing, or both.  
5.3 Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it should be understood that this is an index test.
Note 2: There have been numerous attempts to relate the results of this test to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materials determined per Test Method D5321/D5321M. To date, no relationships have been established between the two properties.  
5.4 Test Method D7005/D7005M for determining the bond strength (ply adhesion) strength may be used as an acceptance test of commercial shipments of geocomposites, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 are advisable.  
5.4.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedure in Test Method D7005/D7005M for acceptance of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, grip faces, grip size, etc. Comparative tests should then be conducted to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be randomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The average results from ...
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1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond strength of flexible multi-ply materials is difficult to measure with current technology. The above is recognized and accepted, since all known methods of measurement include the force required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that required to separate them. However, useful information can be obtained when one realizes that the bending force is included and that direct comparison between different materials, or even between the same materials of different thickness, cannot be made. Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plies will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.  
1.2 This index test method defines a procedure for comparing the bond strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. The focus is on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types of drainage cores; for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Other possible uses are geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves, geomembranes, geogrids, or other dissimilar materials. Various processes can make such laminates: adhesives, thermal bonding, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 11.1.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the tensile force-elongation values of geogrids provides index property values. This test method shall be used for quality control and acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geogrids.  
5.2 In cases of dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.3 All geogrids can be tested by any of these methods. Some modification of techniques may be necessary for a given geogrid depending upon its physical make-up. Special adaptations may be necessary with strong geogrids, multiple layered geogrids, or geogrids that tend to slip in the clamps or those which tend to be damaged by the clamps.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile strength properties of geogrids by subjecting strips of varying width to tensile loading.  
1.2 Three alternative procedures are provided to determine the tensile strength, as follows:  
1.2.1 Method A—Testing a single geogrid rib in tension (N or lbf).  
1.2.2 Method B—Testing multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.2.3 Method C—Testing multiple layers of multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).  
1.3 This test method is intended for quality control and conformance testing of geogrids.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This index test method is to be used to determine the strength of an individual junction in a geogrid product. The test is performed in isolation, while in service the junction is typically confined. Thus the results from this test method are not anticipated to be related to design performance.  
5.2 The value of junction strength can be used for manufacturing quality control, development of new products, or a general understanding of the in-isolation behavior of a particular geogrid’s junction (for example, in relation to handling during shipment and placement of the geogrid).  
5.3 This test method is applicable to geogrid products with essentially symmetrical orthogonal or non-orthogonal ribs, yarns or straps, that is, geogrids which are composed of ribs, yarns or straps that are entangled through weaving or knitting, welded, bonded or formed through drawing.
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1.1 This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the strength of an individual geogrid junction, also called a node. The test is configured such that a single rib is pulled from its junction with a rib(s) transverse to the test direction to obtain the maximum force, or strength of the junction. The procedure allows for the use of two different clamps with the appropriate clamp selected to minimize the influence of the clamping mechanism on the specific type of geogrid to be tested.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is to be used as a quality control or quality assurance test. As a manufacturing quality control (MQC) test, it would generally be used by the geocomposite product manufacturer or fabricator. As a construction quality assurance (CQA) test, it would be used by certification or inspection organizations.  
5.2 This test method can also be used to verify if the adhesion or bond strength varies after exposure to various incubation media in durability or chemical resistance testing, or both.  
5.3 Whatever use is to be associated with the test, it should be understood that this is an index test.
Note 2: There have been numerous attempts to relate the results of this test to the interface shearing resistance of the respective materials determined per Test Method D5321/D5321M. To date, no relationships have been established between the two properties.  
5.4 Test Method D7005/D7005M for determining the bond strength (ply adhesion) strength may be used as an acceptance test of commercial shipments of geocomposites, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.4.1 are advisable.  
5.4.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedure in Test Method D7005/D7005M for acceptance of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, grip faces, grip size, etc. Comparative tests should then be conducted to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be randomly assigned to each laboratory for testing. The average results from ...
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1.1 It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond strength of flexible multi-ply materials is difficult to measure with current technology. The above is recognized and accepted, since all known methods of measurement include the force required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that required to separate them. However, useful information can be obtained when one realizes that the bending force is included and that direct comparison between different materials, or even between the same materials of different thickness, cannot be made. Also, conditioning that affects the moduli of the plies will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.  
1.2 This index test method defines a procedure for comparing the bond strength or ply adhesion of geocomposites. The focus is on geotextiles bonded to geonets or other types of drainage cores; for example, geomats, geospacers, etc. Other possible uses are geotextiles adhered or bonded to themselves, geomembranes, geogrids, or other dissimilar materials. Various processes can make such laminates: adhesives, thermal bonding, stitch bonding, needling, spread coating, etc.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 11.1.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Aperture Stability Modulus is a measure of the in-plane shear modulus, which is a function of other geogrid characteristics, most notably junction stability, flexural rib stiffness, and rib tensile modulus.  
5.2 The test data can be used in conjunction with interpretive methods to evaluate the geogrid aperture stability at various traffic loads and base/subgrade conditions.
Note 1: Aperture stability modulus is referenced in the FHWA Geosynthetics Design and Construction Guidelines (2008) as an input parameter for the design of geogrid-reinforced unpaved roads using punched and drawn biaxial geogrids. Geogrids of different manufacturing process and material composition may use this property in calibration and validation of their material within the associated design.  
5.3 This test method is not intended for routine acceptance testing of geogrid. This test method should be used to characterize geogrid intended for use in applications in which aperture stability is considered relevant.
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the “Aperture Stability Modulus” of a geogrid. (The terms “Secant Aperture Stability Modulus,” “Torsional Rigidity Modulus,” “In-plane Shear Modulus,” and “Torsional Stiffness Modulus” have been used in the literature to describe this same property.)  
1.2 This test method is intended to determine the in-plane stability of a geogrid by clamping a center node and measuring the stiffness over an area of the geogrid. This test method is applicable for various types of geogrid.  
1.3 This test method is intended to provide characteristic properties for design. The test method was developed for pavement and subgrade improvement calibrated design methods requiring input of aperture stability modulus.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The grab method is applicable whenever it is desired to determine the “effective strength” of the fabric in use, that is, the strength of the material in a specific width, together with the additional strength contributed by adjacent material. There is no simple relationship between grab tests and strip tests since the amount of fabric assistance depends on the construction of the fabric. It is useful as a quality control or acceptance test.  
5.2 The procedure in Test Method D4632/D4632M for the determination of grab strength of geotextiles may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 are advisable.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedures in Test Method D4632/D4632M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the manufacturer should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Student's t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the manufacturer must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.3 Most geotextile fabrics can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given fabric, depending upon its structure. Special adaptation may be nece...
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1.1 This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the breaking load (grab strength) and elongation (grab elongation) of geotextiles using the grab method. This test method is not suitable for knitted fabrics and alternate test methods should be used. While useful for quality control and acceptance testing for a specific fabric structure, the results can only be used comparatively between fabrics with very similar structures, because each different fabric structure performs in a unique and characteristic manner in this test. The grab test methods does not provide all the information needed for all design applications and other test methods should be used.  
1.2 Procedures for measuring the breaking load and elongation by the grab method in both the dry and wet state are included; however, testing is normally done in the dry condition unless specified otherwise in an agreement or specification.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The grab method is applicable whenever it is desired to determine the “effective strength” of the fabric in use, that is, the strength of the material in a specific width, together with the additional strength contributed by adjacent material. There is no simple relationship between grab tests and strip tests since the amount of fabric assistance depends on the construction of the fabric. It is useful as a quality control or acceptance test.  
5.2 The procedure in Test Method D4632/D4632M for the determination of grab strength of geotextiles may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 are advisable.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using the procedures in Test Method D4632/D4632M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the manufacturer should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Student's t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the manufacturer must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.3 Most geotextile fabrics can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given fabric, depending upon its structure. Special adaptation may be nece...
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1.1 This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the breaking load (grab strength) and elongation (grab elongation) of geotextiles using the grab method. This test method is not suitable for knitted fabrics and alternate test methods should be used. While useful for quality control and acceptance testing for a specific fabric structure, the results can only be used comparatively between fabrics with very similar structures, because each different fabric structure performs in a unique and characteristic manner in this test. The grab test methods does not provide all the information needed for all design applications and other test methods should be used.  
1.2 Procedures for measuring the breaking load and elongation by the grab method in both the dry and wet state are included; however, testing is normally done in the dry condition unless specified otherwise in an agreement or specification.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The trapezoid tear method is a test that produces tension along a reasonably defined course such that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The trapezoid tearing strength for woven fabrics is determined primarily by the properties of the yarns that are gripped in the clamps. In nonwoven fabrics, because the individual fibers are more or less randomly oriented and capable of some reorientation in the direction of the applied load, the maximum trapezoid tearing strength is reached when the resistance to further reorientation is greater than the force required to rupture one or more fibers simultaneously.  
5.2 The trapezoid tearing strength method is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different fabrics or different directions in the same fabric.  
5.3 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments; however, caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.3.1 may be advisable.  
5.3.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Student's t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in...
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1.1 This test method is an index test used to measure the force required to continue or propagate a tear in woven or non-woven geotextiles by the trapezoid method. While useful for quality control and acceptance testing, the trapezoid tear test does not provide all the information needed for all design applications and other test methods should be used.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts that are used for geotextile applications.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined.  
5.1.1 The test method is applicable to all geosynthetics and all soils when loaded in a cyclic manner.  
5.1.2 This test method produces test data, which can be used in the design of geosynthetic-reinforced pavement structures or in applications where geosynthetics are subjected to cyclic loads.  
5.1.3 The test results may also provide information related to the in-soil stress-strain response of a geosynthetic under confined loading conditions.  
5.2 Information derived from this test may be a function of soil gradation, plasticity, as-placed dry unit weight, moisture content, length and surface characteristics of the geosynthetic and other test parameters. Therefore, results are expressed in terms of the actual test conditions. The test measures the net effect of a combination of interface shear mechanisms, which may vary depending on type of geosynthetic specimen, embedment length, relative opening size, soil type, displacement rate, normal stress, and other factors.  
5.3 Information between laboratories on precision is incomplete. In cases of dispute, comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between laboratories may be advisable.
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1.1 This test method details how cyclic loading is applied to geosynthetics embedded in soil to determine the apparent stiffness of the soil–geosynthetic interface.  
1.2 Resilient interface shear stiffness describes the shear stiffness between a geosynthetic and its surrounding soil under conditions of small cyclic loads.  
1.3 This test method is intended to provide properties for design. The test method was developed for mechanistic empirical pavement design methods requiring input of the resilient interface shear stiffness. The use of this parameter from this test method for other applications involving cyclic loading should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. It can also be used to compare different geosynthetics, soil types, etc., and thereby be used as a research and development test procedure.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard may involve hazardous materials, and equipment.