ASTM A31-14

Standard Specification for Steel Rivets and Bars for Rivets, Pressure Vessels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements, and associated test methods for steel rivets for use in boilers and pressure vessels, and steel bars for use in the manufacture of such rivets. Two grades of steel are covered here, as follows: Grade A and Grade B. The steel used to make the rivets shall be manufactured by open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen process, and the corresponding rivets shall be manufactured from steel bars conforming to the applicable bar grade ordered. The steel shall undergo heat and product analysis for measurements of chemical contents for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. Finished bars and rivets shall go through rivet bend, rivet flattening, bar tensile, and bar bend tests for measurements of mechanical properties such as ratio of bend diameter to diameter of the shank for rivets, and tensile strength, yield point, elongation, and ratio of bend diameter to diameter of specimen for bars.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers steel rivets for use in boilers and pressure vessels and steel bars for use in the manufacture of rivets.  
1.2 Two grades are covered:  
1.2.1 Grade A—Bars having a yield point of 23 000 psi (160 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.18% maximum.  
1.2.2 Grade B—Bars having a yield point of 29 000 psi (200 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.28 % maximum.  
1.2.3 Rivets are manufactured from the applicable bar grade.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2014
• ICS: 21.060.40 - Rivets
• Technical Committee: F16 - Fasteners
• Drafting Committee: F16.02 - Steel Bolts, Studs and Nuts

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A31 −14
Standard Specification for
1
Steel Rivets and Bars for Rivets, Pressure Vessels
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA31; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
1. Scope* B18.1.2 Large Rivets ⁄2 Inch Nominal Diameter and Larger
2
B18.24 Part Identifying Number (PIN) Code System Stan-
1.1 This specification covers steel rivets for use in boilers
dard for B18 Fastener Products
and pressure vessels and steel bars for use in the manufacture
of rivets.
3. Ordering Information
1.2 Two grades are covered:
3.1 Orders for rivets and bars under this specification shall
1.2.1 Grade A—Bars having a yield point of 23 000 psi
include:
(160 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.18% maximum.
3.1.1 Specification designation and date of issue,
1.2.2 Grade B—Bars having a yield point of 29 000 psi
3.1.2 Quantity—Number of pieces for rivets and weight for
(200 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.28 % maximum.
bars,
1.2.3 Rivets are manufactured from the applicable bar
3.1.3 Name of product and grade (A or B),
grade.
3.1.4 Size (diameter and length),
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.5 Rivet head type,
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.1.6 If inspection at point of manufacture is required,
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.1.7 Certification, if required (Section 14), and
and are not considered standard.
3.1.8 Additional testing or special requirements, if required.
3.1.9 For establishment of a part identifying system, see
2. Referenced Documents
ASME B18.24.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is: ASTM A31 – 82, 10 000
A29/A29M SpecificationforGeneralRequirementsforSteel
1
pieces, steel rivets GradeA, ⁄2 by 2 in., button head, test reports required.
Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
4. Materials and Manufacture
of Steel Products
4.1 The steel shall be made by any of the following
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
processes: open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen.
cal Analysis of Steel Products
4.2 Rivets shall be manufactured from rivet bars conform-
F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-
ing to the applicable grade ordered.
chanical Properties and Performance Inspection
4
4.3 Rivets shall be manufactured by hot- or cold-heading.
2.2 ASME Standards:
7
B18.1.1 Small Solid Rivets ⁄16 Inch Nominal Diameter and
4.4 Bars shall be furnished as rolled and not pickled, blast
Smaller
cleaned,oroiled.Atproducer’soption,barsmaybecleanedfor
inspection or cold drawn.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
5. Chemical Composition
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
Nuts, Rivets and Washers.
5.1 The steel shall conform to chemical composition pre-
Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originally
scribed in Table 1.
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A31 – 04(2009). DOI:
10.1520/A0031-14.
5.2 HeatAnalysis—Ananalysisofeachheatofsteelshallbe
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
made by the bar manufacturer to determine for GradesAand B
cation SA-31 in Section II of that Code.
the percentages of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This analysis shall be made from a test ingot taken during the
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
pouringoftheheat.Thechemicalcompositionthusdetermined
the ASTM website.
shallbereportedtothepurchaserorhisrepresentativeandshall
4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
conform to the requirements for heat analysis in accordance
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org. with Table 1.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A31−14
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements TABLE 2 Bend Requirements, Rivets
Grade A Grade B Ratio of Bend Diameter to Diameter of
Diameter of
River Shank
Heat Product Heat Product
Rivet Shank, in.
Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis Grade A Grade B
3
Carbon, max, % 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.31 ⁄4 and under flat 1
3 1
Over ⁄4 flat 1 ⁄2
Manganese, %
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A31 − 04 (Reapproved 2009) A31 − 14
Standard Specification for
1
Steel Rivets and Bars for Rivets, Pressure Vessels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A31; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This specification covers steel rivets for use in boilers and pressure vessels and steel bars for use in the manufacture of
rivets.
1.2 Two grades are covered:
1.2.1 Grade A—Bars having a yield point of 23 000 psi (160 MPa) minimum with no controls on carbon content. carbon 0.18%
maximum.
1.2.2 Grade B—Bars having a yield point of 29 000 psi (200 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.28 % maximum.
1.2.3 Rivets are manufactured from the applicable bar grade.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A29/A29M Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
F1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical Properties and Performance Inspection
4
2.2 ASME Standards:
7
B18.1.1 Small Solid Rivets ⁄16 Inch Nominal Diameter and Smaller
1
B18.1.2 Large Rivets ⁄2 Inch Nominal Diameter and Larger
B18.24 Part Identifying Number (PIN) Code System Standard for B18 Fastener Products
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Orders for rivets and bars under this specification shall include:
3.1.1 ASTMSpecification designation and date of issue,
3.1.2 Quantity—Number of pieces for rivets and weight for bars,
3.1.3 Name of product and grade (A or B),
3.1.4 Size (diameter and length),
3.1.5 Rivet head type,
3.1.6 If inspection at point of manufacture is required,
3.1.7 Certification, if required (Section 14), and
3.1.8 Additional testing or special requirements, if required.
3.1.9 For establishment of a part identifying system, see ASME B18.24.
1
NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is: ASTM A31 – 82, 10 000 pieces, steel rivets Grade A, ⁄2 by 2 in., button head, test reports required.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts, Nuts, Rivets
and Washers.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009April 1, 2014. Published March 2010April 2014. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
ε1
A31 – 04 .(2009). DOI: 10.1520/A0031-04R09.10.1520/A0031-14.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-31 in Section II of that Code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, ThreeTwo Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990,
http://www.asme.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A31 − 14
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 The steel shall be made by any of the following processes: open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen.
4.2 Rivets shall be manufactured from rivet bars conforming to the applicable grade ordered.
4.3 Rivets shall be manufactured by hot- or cold-heading.
4.4 Bars shall be furnished as rolled and not pickled, blast cleaned, or oiled. At producer’s option, bars may be cleaned for
inspection or cold drawn.
5. Chemical Composition
5.1 The steel shall conform to chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
5.2 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the bar manufacturer to determine for Grades A and B
the percentages of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. This analysis shall be made from a test ingot taken during the
pouring of the heat. The chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the purc
...