ASTM D4580-03(2007)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Measuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks by Sounding
Standard Practice for Measuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks by Sounding
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice may be used in conjunction with other methods in determining the general condition of concrete bridge decks.
This practice may be used in determining specific areas of delamination requiring repair.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for surveying concrete bridge decks by sounding to determine delaminations in the concrete. It is not intended that the procedures described herein are to be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with bituminous mixtures. The procedures may be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with portland cement concrete mixtures; however, areas indicated to be delaminated may have a lack of bond between the overlay and the underlying bridge deck (Note 1).
Note 1—The influence of variable field conditions such as traffic noise, vibration, moisture content of the concrete, and the like, are not completely known and additional investigation may be needed. It is generally agreed that the practice should not be used on frozen concrete.
1.2 The following three procedures are covered in this practice:
1.2.1 Procedure A, Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—This procedure uses an electric powered tapping device, sonic receiver, and recorder mounted on a cart. The cart is pushed across the bridge deck and delaminations are recorded on the recorder.
1.2.2 Procedure B, Chain Drag—This procedure consists of dragging a chain over the bridge deck surface. The detection of delaminations is accomplished by the operator noting dull or hollow sounds. Tapping the bridge deck surface with a steel rod or hammer may be substituted for the chain drag.
1.2.3 Procedure C, Rotary Percussion —This procedure consists of rolling a dual-wheel, multi-toothed apparatus attached to an extension pole over the bridge deck surface. The percussive force caused by the tapping wheels will create either a dull or hollow sound indicating any delamination.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4580 − 03(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
Measuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks by
Sounding
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4580; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope percussiveforcecausedbythetappingwheelswillcreateeither
a dull or hollow sound indicating any delamination.
1.1 This practice covers procedures for surveying concrete
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
bridge decks by sounding to determine delaminations in the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
concrete. It is not intended that the procedures described herein
responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and
are to be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
bituminous mixtures. The procedures may be used on bridge
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
decks that have been overlaid with portland cement concrete
mixtures;however,areasindicatedtobedelaminatedmayhave
2. Significance and Use
a lack of bond between the overlay and the underlying bridge
2.1 This practice may be used in conjunction with other
deck (Note 1).
methods in determining the general condition of concrete
NOTE 1—The influence of variable field conditions such as traffic noise,
bridge decks.
vibration, moisture content of the concrete, and the like, are not com-
pletely known and additional investigation may be needed. It is generally 2.2 This practice may be used in determining specific areas
agreed that the practice should not be used on frozen concrete.
of delamination requiring repair.
1.2 The following three procedures are covered in this
PROCEDURE A—ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
practice:
SOUNDING DEVICE
1.2.1 Procedure A, Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—
This procedure uses an electric powered tapping device, sonic
3. Summary of Procedure
receiver, and recorder mounted on a cart. The cart is pushed
3.1 Longitudinal lines at a predetermined spacing are estab-
across the bridge deck and delaminations are recorded on the
lished on the bridge deck.
recorder.
3.2 After calibration, the sounding device is pushed along
1.2.2 ProcedureB,ChainDrag—This procedure consists of
the established lines. Electrically powered tapping wheels emit
dragging a chain over the bridge deck surface.The detection of
vibrations into the deck that are sensed by sonic receivers.
delaminations is accomplished by the operator noting dull or
Areas of delamination are indicated by deflections on a strip
hollowsounds.Tappingthebridgedecksurfacewithasteelrod
chart recorder.
or hammer may be substituted for the chain drag.
1.2.3 Procedure C, Rotary Percussion —This procedure
3.3 All portions on the strip chart indicating delaminations
consists of rolling a dual-wheel, multi-toothed apparatus at-
are plotted on a scaled map of the bridge deck. An outline is
tached to an extension pole over the bridge deck surface. The
made showing the areas of delamination.
4. Apparatus
NOTE 2—The apparatus described here has been found suitable and is
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and
the most common type commercially available. Other apparatuses that do
Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on
not exactly conform to these requirements such as sounding device,
Bridges and Structures.
tapping rate, or sonic receivers may also be accepted.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4580 – 03. DOI:
4.1 Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—A small, three-
10.1520/D4580-03R07.
wheeled cart upon which is mounted a 12-V battery, two
The rotary sound detecting device for concrete and procedure are patent
tapping wheels, two sonic receivers, a two-channel-strip
pending in the US Patent and Trademark Office by Philip K. Clark Company, Inc.,
recorder, and associated connectors and cables.
503 Central Drive, Suite 102, Virginia Beach, VA 23454. Interested parties are
invited to submit information regarding the identification of an alternative(s) to this
4.1.1 Tapping Wheels—Two rigid-steel-tapping wheels ca-
patent pending item to ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
pable of tapping the bridge deck surface at the rate of 33
PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Your comments will receive
times/s. The tapping wheels shall be located approximately 6
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical subcommittee,
which you may attend. in. (152 mm) apart.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4580 − 03 (2007)
4.1.2 Sonic Receivers—Two sonic receivers consisting of 7. Test Procedure
oil-filled soft tires, inside each of which a receiving transducer
7.1 Stretch the stringline between corresponding marks on
is mounted in nonrotating proximity to the concrete surface.
each end of the bridge.
The transducers shall be piezo-electric hydrophones that are
7.2 With the switch in the operate position and the power
coupledtotheconcretesurfacethroughthesofttiresandtheoil
and transmitter switches on, push the sounding device at a
within the wheels. Each receiving wheel shall be located
normal walking speed over the bridge deck. The device must
approximately 3 in. (76 mm) outside of and parallel to its
be centered over the stringline. Continue in this manner until
corresponding tapping wheel.
the entire deck has been surveyed.
4.1.3 Strip Chart Recorder—A two-channel-strip chart re-
corder shall be capable of receiving the signals from the sonic
7.3 Mark the ends of the bridge, expansion devices, and so
receivers. The electronics unit shall accept only those portions
forth, by activating the event marker.
of the signal that occur during the first 3 ms after the
occurrence of a tap and further limit the recorder to respond
8. Data Interpretation and Plotting
only to those frequency components of the signal that lies in
8.1 Construct a scaled map of the deck surface.
the range of 300 to 1200 Hz. The processed signals shall be
8.2 Plot the limits of all portions of each trace indicating a
rectified and integrated to produce a visual record on the
delamination. A delamination is considered a trace deflection
respective channels of the record chart. The chart shall be
of four or more minor chart divisions above the normal
driven in proportion to the distance traveled so that the length
background response.
of the record represents a predetermined length of travel. The
recording pen on one channel shall be capable of acting as an
8.3 Connect the limits of these plots and outline the indi-
event marker.
vidual delaminated areas.
4.1.4 Cables and Connectors—There shall be sufficient
8.4 Determine the total area contained in the individual
cables and connectors for connection of the left-tapping wheel
delaminated areas.
sonic-receiver system to the left channel of the strip chart
recorder and the right-tapping wheel sonic-receiver system to 8.5 Divide the total delaminated area by the total bridge
the right channel of the strip chart recorder. deck area and multiply times 100 to yield the percent of deck
area delaminated.
4.2 Measuring Tape, Markers, Stringline—A measuring
tape, markers, and stringline shall be provided for establishing
PROCEDURE B—CHAIN DRAG
lines on the bridge deck that will serve to keep the sounding
device positioned properly while making the survey.
9. Summary of Procedure
4.3 Calibrator—A solid aluminum bar capable of checking
9.1 A grid system is laid out on the bridge deck.
the operational system of the sounding device.
9.2 Chains are dragged over the deck surface. Delaminated
areas are those where a dull or hollow sound from the chain
5. Calibration
dragging operation is apparent.
5.1 Place the device on the calibrator bar in the on position
9.3 Delaminated areas are outlined on the deck surface. A
with the chart drive operating. This will establish the electrical
map is prepared indicating the location of delaminations with
zero line.
respect to the grid lines.
5.2 With the calibration s
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4580–02 Designation:D4580–03 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
Measuring Delaminations in Concrete Bridge Decks by
Sounding
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4580; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thispracticecoversproceduresforsurveyingconcretebridgedecksbysoundingtodeterminedelaminationsintheconcrete.
It is not intended that the procedures described herein are to be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with bituminous
mixtures. The procedures may be used on bridge decks that have been overlaid with portland cement concrete mixtures; however,
areas indicated to be delaminated may have a lack of bond between the overlay and the underlying bridge deck (Note 1).
NOTE 1—The influence of variable field conditions such as traffic noise, vibration, moisture content of the concrete, and the like, are not completely
known and additional investigation may be needed. It is generally agreed that the practice should not be used on frozen concrete.
1.2 The following three procedures are covered in this practice:
1.2.1 Procedure A, Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—This procedure uses an electric powered tapping device, sonic
receiver, and recorder mounted on a cart.The cart is pushed across the bridge deck and delaminations are recorded on the recorder.
1.2.2 Procedure B, Chain Drag—This procedure consists of dragging a chain over the bridge deck surface. The detection of
delaminations is accomplished by the operator noting dull or hollow sounds. Tapping the bridge deck surface with a steel rod or
hammer may be substituted for the chain drag.
1.2.3 Procedure C, Rotary Percussion —This procedure consists of rolling a dual-wheel, multi-toothed apparatus attached to
an extension pole over the bridge deck surface. The percussive force caused by the tapping wheels will create either a dull or
hollow sound indicating any delamination.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 This practice may be used in conjunction with other methods in determining the general condition of concrete bridge decks.
2.2 This practice may be used in determining specific areas of delamination requiring repair.
PROCEDURE A—ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SOUNDING DEVICE
3. Summary of Procedure
3.1 Longitudinal lines at a predetermined spacing are established on the bridge deck.
3.2 After calibration, the sounding device is pushed along the established lines. Electrically powered tapping wheels emit
vibrations into the deck that are sensed by sonic receivers. Areas of delamination are indicated by deflections on a strip chart
recorder.
3.3 All portions on the strip chart indicating delaminations are plotted on a scaled map of the bridge deck. An outline is made
showing the areas of delamination.
4. Apparatus
NOTE 2—The apparatus described here has been found suitable and is the most common type commercially available. Other apparatuses that do not
exactly conform to these requirements such as sounding device, tapping rate, or sonic receivers may also be accepted.
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on Bridges and
Structures.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2002. Published March 2002. Originally published as D 4580–86. Last previous edition D 4580–86 (1997).
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4580 – 03.
The rotary sound detecting device for concrete and procedure are patent pending in the US Patent and Trademark Office by Philip K. Clark Company, Inc., 503 Central
Drive, Suite 102, Virginia Beach, VA 23454. Interested parties are invited to submit information regarding the identification of an alternative(s) to this patent pending item
to ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428–-2959. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
meeting of the responsible technical subcommittee,, which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4580–03 (2007)
4.1 Electro-Mechanical Sounding Device—A small, three-wheeled cart upon which is mounted a 12-V battery, two tapping
wheels, two sonic receivers, a two-channel-strip recorder, and associated connectors and cables.
4.1.1 TappingWheels—Two rigid-steel-tapping wheels capable of tapping the bridge deck surface at the rate of 33 times/s.The
tapping wheels shall be located approximately 6 in. (152 mm) apart.
4.1.2 Sonic Receivers— Two sonic receivers consisting of oil-filled soft tires, inside each of which a receiving transducer is
mounted in nonrotating proximity to the concrete surface. The transducers shall be piezo-electric hydrophones that are coupled to
the concrete surface through the soft tires and the oil within the wheels. Each receiving wheel shall be located approximately 3
in. (76 mm) outside of and parallel to its corresponding tapping wheel.
4.1.3 Strip Chart Recorder—A two-channel-strip chart recorder shall be capable of receiving the signals from the sonic
receivers. The electronics unit shall accept only those portions of the signal that occur during the first 3 ms after the occurrence
of a tap and further limit the recorder to respond only to those frequency components of the signal that lies in the range of 300
to 1200 Hz. The processed signals shall be rectified and integrated to produce a visual record on the respective channels of the
record chart. The chart shall be driven in proportion to the distance traveled so that the length of the record represents a
predetermined length of travel. The recording pen on one channel shall be capable of acting as an event marker.
4.1.4 Cables and Connectors—There shall be sufficient cables and connectors for connection of the left-tapping wheel
sonic-receiver system to the left channel of the strip chart recorder and the right-tapping wheel sonic-receiver system to the right
channel of the strip chart recorder.
4.2 Measuring Tape, Markers, Stringline —A measuring tape, markers, and stringline shall be provided for establishing lines
on the bridge deck that will serve to keep the sounding device positioned properly while making the survey.
4.3 Calibrator—A solid aluminum bar capable of checking the operational system of the sounding device.
5. Calibration
5.1 Place the device on the calibrator bar in the on position with the chart drive operating. This will establish the electrical zero
line.
5.2 With the calibration switch in the calibrate position, turn on the power, transmitter, and chart drive switches. Each of the
recorderpensshouldtracearathererraticlineapproximatelyhalfwaybetweenthemaximumpenmovementandtheelectricalzero
line. This line may vary one or two major divisions due to normal variations in the response of the system to the aluminum bar.
If the response line does not fall as described, then each channel shall be adjusted with the appropriate calibration adjustment
control.
6. Bridge Deck Layout
6.1 Any accumulation of debris on the deck must be removed.
6.2 Beginning at a curb face, mark each end of the bridge at the interval chosen for making the survey.
NOTE 3—Various spacing intervals such as 15 in. (38.1 cm), 18 in. (45.7 cm), and 3 ft (91.4 cm) have been used.The closer spacings are recommended
for an in-depth analysis of the bridge deck. The wider spacing intervals are suitable for general-condition surveys of bridge decks.
7. Test Procedure
7.1 Stretch the stringline between corresponding marks on each end of the bridge.
7.2 With the switch in the operate position and the power and transmitter switches on, push the sounding device at a normal
walking speed over the bridge deck. The device must be centered over the stringline
...
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