ASTM F2700-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Continuous Heating
Standard Test Method for Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Continuous Heating
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat transfer through flame resistant materials for clothing subjected to a continuous, combined convective and radiant heat exposure.
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are not flame resistant.Note 1
The determination of a materials flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done according to the applicable performance and/or specification standard for the materials end-use.
1.1.2 This test method does not predict a materials skin burn injury performance from the specified thermal energy exposure. It does not account for the thermal energy contained in the test specimen after the exposure has ceased.Note 2
See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F2700 − 08
StandardTest Method for
Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant
Materials for Clothing with Continuous Heating
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat 2.1 ASTM Standards:
transferthroughflameresistantmaterialsforclothingsubjected D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
to a continuous, combined convective and radiant heat expo- D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
sure. D1777Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
not flame resistant. Fabric
E457Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using
NOTE 1—The determination of a material’s flame resistance shall be
a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorimeter
made prior to testing and done according to the applicable performance
F1494Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
and/or specification standard for the material’s end-use.
F2703TestMethodforUnsteady-StateHeatTransferEvalu-
1.1.2 This test method does not predict a material’s skin
ation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Burn
burn injury performance from the specified thermal energy
Injury Prediction
exposure. It does not account for the thermal energy contained
in the test specimen after the exposure has ceased.
3. Terminology
NOTE 2—See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this
3.1 Definitions:
test method and predicted skin burn injury.
3.1.1 breakopen, n—in testing thermal protective materials,
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the
amaterialresponseevidencedbytheformationofaholeinthe
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under
test specimen during the thermal exposure that may result in
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all
the exposure energy in direct contact with the heat sensor.
factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The specimen is considered to exhibit
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
breakopen when a hole is produced as a result of the thermal
2 2
exposurethatisatleast3.2cm (0.5in. )inareaoratleast2.5
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
cm (1.0 in.) in any dimension. Single threads across the
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
opening or hole do not reduce the size of the hole for the
conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly
purposes of this test method.
used for thermal testing.
3.1.2 charring, n—the formation of a carbonaceous residue
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and 3.1.3 dripping,n—amaterialresponseevidencedbyflowing
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory of the polymer.
limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as
a result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF23onPersonal
ProtectiveClothingandEquipmentandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
F23.80 on Flame and Thermal. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F2700-08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2700 − 08
3.1.5 heat flux, n—the thermal intensity indicated by the materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame
amountofenergytransmitteddividedbyareaandtime;kW/m resistant clothing for workers exposed to combined convective
(cal/cm ·s). and radiant thermal hazards.
3.1.6 ignition, n—the initiation of combustion.
5.2 This test method evaluates a material’s unsteady-state
heat transfer properties when exposed to a continuous and
3.1.7 melting, n—a material response evidenced by soften-
constantheatsource.Airmovementatthefaceofthespecimen
ing of the polymer.
and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat
3.1.8 unsteady state heat transfer value, n—in testing of
transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing
thermal protective materials, a quantity expressed as the
air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid
time-dependent difference between the incident and exiting
in the repeatability of the results.
thermal energy values normal to and across two defined
5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static,
parallel surfaces of an exposed thermal insulative material.
horizontalpositionanddoesnotinvolvemovementexceptthat
3.1.9 heat transfer performance value (HTP), n—in testing
resulting from the exposure.
of thermal protective materials, the cumulative amount of
energy identified by the intersection of the measured time- 5.4 Thistestmethodspecifiesastandardized84 62kW/m
dependent heat transfer response through the subject material (2 6 0.05 cal/cm s) exposure condition. Different exposure
to a time-dependent, empirical performance curve, expressed conditions have the potential to produce different results. Use
2 2
as a rating or value; J/cm (cal/cm ). of other exposure conditions that are representative of the
expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the
3.1.10 response to heat exposure, n—in testing the thermal
resultsalongwithadeterminationoftheexposureenergylevel
resistance of thermal protective materials, the observable
stability.
responseofthematerialtotheenergyexposureasindicatedby
break-open, melting, dripping, charring, embrittlement,
5.5 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from
shrinkage, sticking, and ignition.
the heat exposure.
3.1.11 shrinkage, n—a decrease in one or more dimensions
NOTE 4—See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this
of an object or material.
test method and predicted skin burn injury.
3.1.12 sticking, n—a material response evidenced by soft-
6. Apparatus and Materials
ening and adherence of the material to the surface of itself or
6.1 General Arrangement—The measurement apparatus
another material.
configuration consists of a combined convective and radiant
3.1.13 For the definitions of protective clothing terms used
energyheatsource,awatercooledshutterforexposurecontrol,
in this method, refer to Terminology F1494, and for other
a specimen and sensor support structure, a specimen holder
textile terms used in this method, refer to Terminology D123.
assembly, a copper calorimeter sensor assembly, and a data
acquisition/analysis system. Automation of the apparatus for
4. Summary of Test Method
execution of the measurement procedure is allowed. The
4.1 Ahorizontally positioned test specimen is exposed to a
general arrangement of the test apparatus configuration is
combined convective and radiant heat source with an exposure
shown in Fig. 1.
2 2
heat flux of 84 62kW/m (2 6 0.05 cal/cm s).
6.2 Gas Supply—Propane (commercial grade or better) or
NOTE 3—Other exposure heat flux values are allowed, however
Methane (technical grade or better).
different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different
results. The test facility shall verify the stability of other exposure levels 6.3 Gas Flowmeter—Any gas flowmeter or rotometer with
over the material’s exposure time interval (used to determine the heat
rangetogiveaflowequivalentofatleast6L(0.21ft )/minair
transfer performance value) and include this in the test results report.
at standard conditions.
4.2 The unsteady-state transfer of heat through the test
6.4 Thermal Energy Sources
specimen is measured using a copper slug calorimeter. The
6.4.1 Two each, Meker or Fisher burners jetted for the
change in temperature versus time is used, along with the
selected fuel gas (propane or methane) with a 38 mm (1.5 in.)
known thermo-physical properties of copper, to determine the
diametertopandanorificesizeof1.2mm( ⁄64in.)arrangedso
respective thermal energy passed through the test specimen.
that the bodies (top section) do not obstruct the quartz lamps
4.3 Aheattransferperformancevalueofthetestspecimenis
and their flame profiles overlap. Dimension tolerances are
determined as the intersection of the time-dependent cumula-
65%.
tive heat response as measured by the calorimeter to a
6.4.2 Nine 500W T3 translucent quartz infrared lamps ,
time-dependent, empirical performance curve identified in
connected to a variable electrical power controller, arranged as
10.9.
a linear array with 13 6 0.5 mm center-to-center spacing set
125 6 10 mm from the specimen surface.
4.4 Observations of the thermal response of the specimen
6.4.2.1 Use of a water-cooled housing for the quartz infra-
resulting from the exposure are optionally noted.
red lamp bank is recommended. This helps to avoid heating
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Thistestmethodisintendedforthedeterminationofthe
A500 Watt T3 120VAC quartz infrared heat lamp, product number 21651-1
heattransferperformancevalueofamaterial,acombinationof from Philips Lighting Company has been used successfully in this application.
F2700 − 08
NOTE 1—Note the exposure heat source incorporates two Meker burners and nine quartz infrared lamps
FIG. 1 Apparatus used to Measure Heat Transfer Performance of Textile Materials
adjacent mechanical components and to shield the operator 6.5.2 The thermocouple wire bead is installed in the calo-
from the radiant energy.
rimeter as shown in Fig. 2.
6.5.2.1 The thermocouple wire bead shall be bonded to the
6.5 Thermal Sensor
copperdiskeithermechanicallyorbyusinghighmeltingpoint
6.5.1 Thetransmittedheatsensorisa4 60.05cmdiameter
(HMP) solder.
circular copper slug calorimeter constructed from electrical
(1)Amechanical bond shall be produced by mechanically
gradecopperwithamassof18 60.05grams(priortodrilling)
deforming the copper disk material (utilizing a copper filling
with a singleANSI type J (Fe / Cu-Ni) orANSI type K (Ni-Cr
/ Ni-Al) thermocouple wire bead (0.254 mm wire diameter or slug as shown in Fig. 2) around the thermocouple bead.
(2)A solder bond shall be produced by using a suitable
finer – equivalent to 30 AWG) installed as identified in 6.5.2
and shown in Fig. 2 (see Test Method E457 for information HMP solder with a melting temperature >280°C.
regarding slug calorimeters). The sensor holder shall be con-
NOTE 6—HMPsolders consisting of 5%Sb-95%Pb (~307 ° C melting
structed from non-conductive heat resistant material with a
point) and 5%Sb-93.5%Pb-1.5%Ag (~300 °C melting point) have been
thermal conductivity value of ≤ 0.15 W/m•K, high tempera-
found to be suitable. The 280 °C temperature minimum identified above
ture stability, and resistance to thermal shock. The board shall
corresponds to the point where melting of the solder bond would be
experienced with an ~17 second exposure of an 84 kW/m heat flux to a
be nominally 1.3 cm (0.5 in.) or greater in thickness. The
prepared copper calorimeter with a surface area of 12.57 cm and a mass
sensor is held into the recess of the board using three straight
of 18.0 g.Acareful soldering technique is required to avoid “cold” solder
pins, trimmed to a nominal length of 5 mm, by placing them
joints (where the solder has not formed a suitable bond of the thermo-
equidistant around the edge of the sensor so that the heads of
couple to the copper disk).
the pins hold the sensor flush to the surface.
6.5.3 Weight the sensor board assembly so that the total
6.5.1.1 Paint the exposed surface of the copper slug calo-
massis1.0 60.01kgandthedownwardforceexhibitedbythe
rimeter with a thin coating of a flat black high temperature
copper slug sensor surface is uniform.
spray paint with an absorptivity of 0.9 or greater .The painted
sensormustbedriedandcured,accordingtothemanufacturers
NOTE 7—Any system of weighting that provides a uniformly weighted
instructions, before use and present a uniformly applied coat-
sensor is allowed. An auxiliary stainless steel plate affixed to and/or
ing (no visual thick spots or surface irregularities). In the
individual weights placed at the top of the sensor assembly have been
found to be effective.
absence of manufacturers instructions, an external heat source,
forexample,anexternalheatlamp,shallbeusedtocompletely
6.6 Data Acquisition/Analysis System—A data acquisition/
drive off any remaining organic carriers in a freshly painted
analysis system is required that is capable of recording the
surface before use.
calorimeter temperature response, calculating the resulting
thermal energy, and determining the test endpoint by compar-
NOTE5—AbsorptivityofpaintedcalorimetersisdiscussedintheASTM
Research Report, “ASTM Research Program on ElectricArcTest Method
ing the time-dependent thermal energy transfer reading to an
Development to Evaluate Protective Clothing Fabric; ASTM F18.65.01
empirical performance curve.
TestingGroupReportonArcTestingAnalysisoftheF1959StandardTest
6.6.1 Thedataacquisitioncomponentshallhaveaminimum
Method—Phase 1.”
sampling rate of four samples per second for temperatures to
250°C with a minimum resolution of 0.1°C and an accuracy of
Zynolyte #635 from Aervoe Industries has been found suitable. Zynolyte is a
60.75°C. It must be capable of making cold junction correc-
registered trademark of the Glidden Company.
tions and converting the millivolt signals from either the type
Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:F18-1001. JorKthermocoupletotemperature(seeNISTMonograph175
F2700 − 08
NOTE 1—Secure sensor into supporting insulation board with 3 sewing pins cut to a nominal 5 mm. All dimensional tolerances are 61%.
FIG. 2 Copper Calorimeter Sensor Detail
NOTE 8—The upper specimen mounting plate is designed so that the
or ASTM MNL 12 Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in
coppercalorimeterassemblyfitsintothecentercutout.Anoptionalspacer
Temperature Measurement).
component is also designed to fit into the center cutout with the copper
6.7 S
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