ASTM E488-96
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements
Standard Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the static, seismic, fatigue and shock, tensile and shear strengths of post-installed and cast-in-place anchorage systems in structural members made of concrete or structural members made of masonry. Only those tests required by the specifying authority need to be performed.
1.2 These test methods are intended for use with such anchorage devices designed to be installed perpendicular to a plane surface of the structural member.
1.3 Whereas combined tension and shear as well as torsion tests are performed under special conditions, such tests are not covered in the methods described herein.
1.4 While individual procedures are given for static, seismic, fatigue and shock testing, nothing herein shall preclude the use of combined testing conditions which incorporate two or more of these types of tests, (such as seismic, fatigue and shock tests in series), since the same equipment is used for each of these tests.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: E 488 – 96 An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
Strength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
the static, seismic, fatigue and shock, tensile and shear 3.1.1 adhesive anchor—a post-installed anchor that derives
strengths of post-installed and cast-in-place anchorage systems its holding strength from the chemical compound between the
in structural members made of concrete or structural members wall of the hole and the anchor rods. The materials used
made of masonry. Only those tests required by the specifying include epoxy, cementitious material, polyester resin, and other
authority need to be performed. similar types.
1.2 These test methods are intended for use with such 3.1.2 anchor spacing—the distance between anchors mea-
anchorage devices designed to be installed perpendicular to a sured centerline to centerline, in mm (in.); also, the minimum
plane surface of the structural member. distance between reaction points of the test frame.
1.3 Whereas combined tension and shear as well as torsion 3.1.3 cast-in-place anchor—an anchor that is installed prior
tests are performed under special conditions, such tests are not to the placement of concrete and derives its holding strength
covered in the methods described herein. from plates, lugs, or other protrusions that are cast into the
1.4 While individual procedures are given for static, seis- concrete.
mic, fatigue and shock testing, nothing herein shall preclude 3.1.4 displacement—movement of an anchor relative to the
the use of combined testing conditions which incorporate two structural member. For tension tests, displacement is measured
or more of these types of tests, (such as seismic, fatigue and along the axis of the anchor, and for shear tests, displacement
shock tests in series), since the same equipment is used for is measured perpendicular to the axis of the anchor, in mm
each of these tests. (in.).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.5 edge distance—side cover distance or the distance
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the from the centerline of an anchor to the nearest edge of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- structural member, in mm (in.); also, minimum distance from
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- the centerline to the test frame.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1.6 embedment depth—distance from the test member
surface to the installed end of the anchor, in mm (in.), prior to
2. Referenced Documents
the setting of the anchor.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.7 expansion anchor—a post-installed anchor that de-
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines rives its holding strength through a mechanically expanded
E 171 Specification for Standard Atmospheres for Condi-
system which exerts forces against the sides of the drilled hole.
tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials 3.1.8 fatigue test—a laboratory test that applies repeated
E 468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-
load cycles to an anchorage system for the purpose of
tigue Test Results for Metallic Materials determining the fatigue life or fatigue strength of that system.
E 575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests of
3.1.9 LVDT—a linear variable differential transformer used
Building Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As- for measuring the displacement or movement of an anchor or
semblies
anchor system.
3.1.10 post-installed anchor—an anchor that is installed
after the placement and hardening of concrete.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-6 on
3.1.11 run-out—a condition where failure did not occur at a
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.13
specified number of load cycles in a fatigue test.
on Structural Performance of Connections in Building Constructions.
3.1.12 safe working loads—the allowable or design load
Current edition approved April 10, 1996. Published June 1996. Originally
published as E 488 – 76. Last previous edition E 488 – 90. obtained by applying factors of safety to the ultimate load of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
the anchorage device, kN (lbf).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
3.1.13 seismic test—a laboratory test that applies load
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 488
cycles of varying magnitude and frequency to an anchorage
D = displacement of anchor occurring at maxi-
FS
system for the purpose of simulating a seismic event (earth-
mum load for shear fatigue test mm (in.).
quake).
A and B = maximum displacement instrument read-
fu fu
3.1.14 shear test—a test in which an anchor is loaded ings for fatigue tests mm (in.).
A and B = initial displacement instrument readings for
perpendicular to the axis of the anchor and parallel to the
fi fi
fatigue tests mm (in.).
surface of the structural member.
D = average maximum displacement for tension
FT
3.1.15 shock test—a laboratory test that simulates shock
fatigue tests mm (in.).
loads on an anchorage system by the application of a short
D = average maximum displacement for shear
FS
duration external load.
fatigue tests mm (in.).
3.1.16 static test—a test in which a load is slowly applied to
an anchor according to a specified rate such that the anchor
4. Significance and Use
receives one loading cycle.
4.1 These test methods are intended to provide data from
3.1.17 structural member—the material in which the anchor
which applicable design data and specifications are derivable
is installed and which resists forces from the anchor.
for a given anchorage device used in a structural member of
3.1.18 tensile test—a test in which an anchor is loaded
concrete, masonry and related products and for qualifying
axially in tension.
anchors or anchorage systems.
3.1.19 undercut anchor—a post-installed anchor that de-
4.2 The test methods shall be followed to ensure reproduc-
rives its holding strength from an expansion of an embedded
ibility of the test data.
portion of the anchor into a portion of the hole that is larger in
5. Apparatus
diameter than the portion of the hole between the enlarged
section and the surface of the structural member. The enlarged 5.1 Equipment:
diameter section of the hole is predrilled or enlarged by an
5.1.1 Laboratory—Suitable equipment shall be used to
expansion process during setting of the anchor. perform tests to generate data required to publish load tables or
to obtain listings from approval agencies, building officials,
3.2 Symbols:
etc. Calibrated electronic load and displacement measuring
devices which meet the sampling rate of loading specified
h = effective depth of embedment of an anchor
ef
herein shall be used. The equipment shall be capable of
in mm (in.).
measuring the forces to an accuracy within 6 1 % of the
F = safe working load in kN (lbf).
s
anticipated ultimate load, when calibrated in accordance with
h = thickness of the structural member in mm
Practices E 4. The load and displacement measuring devices
(in.).
shall be capable of providing data points at least once per
h = anchor embedment depth in mm (in.).
v
second in order to produce continuous load versus displace-
s = anchor spacing in mm (in.) measured cen-
ment curves. A minimum of 120 data points per instrument
terline to centerline.
shall be obtained and recorded for each individual test. The
c = edge distance in mm (in.) measured from
readings shall be obtained prior to reaching peak load. The
centerline of anchor to edge.
instruments shall be positioned to measure the vertical move-
d = nominal anchor diameter in mm (in.).
ment of the anchor with respect to points on the structural
D = uncorrected displacement for tension tests
T
member in such a way that the instrument is not influenced
in mm (in.).
during the test by deflection or failure of the anchor or
D = uncorrected displacement for shear tests in
S
structural member. The testing device shall be of sufficient
mm (in.).
capacity to prevent yielding of its various components and
A and B = instrument readings at a given load in mm
N N
shall ensure that the applied tension loads remain parallel to the
(in.).
axes of the anchors and that the applied shear loads remain
A and B = initial instrument readings in mm (in.).
I I
D = average displacement at maximum load for parallel to the surface of the structural member during testing.
T
tension tests in mm (in.). 5.1.2 Field Tests—Suitable equipment shall be used to
D = average displacement at maximum load for
perform tests required to verify correct installation or provide
S
shear tests in mm (in.).
proof loads on anchors installed at a specific job site. Cali-
n = number of test samples.
brated load cells which meet the specified rate of loading given
N = total number of load cycles in tension
herein shall be used. The equipment shall be capable of
T
fatigue test.
measuring the forces to an accuracy within 6 2 % of the
N = total number of load cycles in shear fatigue
S applied load, when calibrated in accordance with Practices E 4.
test.
For field tests which require displacement measurements, use
¯
N = average number of load cycles in tension
T
either manually read dial gages or electronic load and displace-
fatigue test.
ment measuring devices, provided they are capable of gener-
¯
N = average number of load cycles in shear
S
ating a minimum of 50 data points prior to reaching peak load.
fatigue test.
For field tests requiring displacement measurements, the in-
D = displacement of anchor occurring at maxi-
FT
strument(s) shall be positioned to measure the vertical move-
mum load for tension fatigue test mm (in.).
ment of the anchor with respect to points on the structural
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 488
member in such a way that the instrument is not influenced
during the test by deflection or failure of the anchor or
structural member. The testing device shall be of sufficient
capacity to prevent yielding of its various components and
shall ensure that the applied tension loads remain parallel to the
axes of the anchors and that the applied shear loads remain
parallel to the surface of the structural member during testing.
5.2 Tension Test—Examples of suitable systems for apply-
ing tension pull-out forces are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 in which
a single anchor specimen is shown. The test system support
shall be of sufficient size to prevent failure of the surrounding
structural member. The loading rod shall be of such size to
develop the ultimate strength of the anchorage hardware with
minimal elastic elongation and shall be attached to the anchor-
age system by means of a connector that will minimize the
direct transfer of bending stress through the connection.
5.3 Shear Test—Examples of suitable systems for applying
shear forces are shown in Figs. 3 and 4 in which a single
anchor specimen is shown. The components of the test fixture
shall be of sufficient size and strength to prevent their yielding
FIG. 2 Typical Seismic Tension Test Arrangement
during ultimate capacity tests on the anchorage system.
5.4 Loading Plate—The thickness of the loading plate in the
immediate vicinity of the test anchor shall be equal to the chamfered or have a radius to prevent digging in of the loading
nominal bolt diameter to be tested, 6 1.5 mm (6 ⁄16 in.), plate.
representative of a specific application. 5.5 Anchor Displacement Measurement— For anchor tests
5.4.1 The hole in the loading plate shall have a diameter 1.5 that require displacement measurements, the displacement
mm 6 0.75 mm (0.06 mm 6 0.03 in.) greater than the test measurements shall be made using LVDT device(s) or equiva-
anchor. The initial shape of the hole in the loading plate shall lent which provide continuous readings with an accuracy of at
correspond to that of the anchor cross section and shall be least 0.025 mm (0.001 in.). Dial gages having an accuracy of
maintained throughout all tests. Worn or deformed holes shall 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) are permitted in field testing or for
be repaired. Insert sleeves of the required diameter shall be general tests where precise displacement measurements are not
periodically installed in the loading plate to meet these required.
requirements. 5.5.1 Tension Test:
5.4.2 For shear testing, the contact area between the loading 5.5.1.1 Single Anchor—The displacement measuring de-
plate through which the anchor is installed and the structural vice(s) shall be positioned to measure the vertical movement of
member shall be as given in Table 1, unless otherwise the anchors with respect to points on the structural member in
specified. The edges of the shear loading fixture shall be such a way that the device is not influenced during the test by
FIG. 1 Typical Static Tension Test Arrangement
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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E 488
FIG. 3 Typical Method of Applying Shear Loads to Anchors Attached to Structural Members—Direct Loading Method
FIG. 4 Typical Seismic Shear Test Arrangement—Indirect Loading Method
TABLE 1 Shear Loading Plate Bearing Area as a Function of
sources from the total displacement measurements by using
Anchor Diameter
supplementary measuring devices or calibration test data for
Anchor Diameter, Shear Loading Plate Contact Area,
the installed test set-up with rigid specimen replacing the
2 2
mm (in.) cm (in. )
anchor to be tested. The displacement to be used for the
<10 (< ⁄8) 50–80 (8.00–12.40)
evaluation of the findings is the average displacement indicated
3 5
10–<16 ( ⁄8 –< ⁄8) 80.01–120 (12.41–1
...
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