ASTM C1557-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Young's Modulus of Fibers
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Young's Modulus of Fibers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Properties determined by this test method are useful in the evaluation of new fibers at the research and development levels. Fibers with diameters up to 250 × 10–6 m are covered by this test method. Very short fibers (including whiskers) call for specialized test techniques (1)3 and are not covered by this test method. This test method may also be useful in the initial screening of candidate fibers for applications in polymer, metal, or ceramic matrix composites, and for quality control purposes. Because of their nature, ceramic fibers do not have a unique tensile strength, but rather a distribution of tensile strengths. In most cases when the tensile strength of the fibers is controlled by one population of flaws, the distribution of fiber tensile strengths can be described using a two-parameter Weibull distribution, although other distributions have also been suggested (2, 3). This test method constitutes a methodology to obtain the tensile strength of a single fiber. For the purpose of determining the parameters of the distribution of fiber tensile strengths, it is recommended to follow this test method in conjunction with Practice C1239.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the preparation, mounting, and testing of single fibers (obtained either from a fiber bundle or a spool) for the determination of tensile strength and Young's modulus at ambient temperature. Advanced ceramic, glass, carbon, and other fibers are covered by this test standard.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1557 − 20
Standard Test Method for
1
Tensile Strength and Young’s Modulus of Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the preparation, mounting, and 3.1 Definitions:
testing of single fibers (obtained either from a fiber bundle or 3.1.1 bundle—a collection of parallel fibers. Synonym, tow.
a spool) for the determination of tensile strength and Young’s
3.1.2 mounting tab—a thin paper, cardboard, compliant
modulus at ambient temperature. Advanced ceramic, glass,
metal, or plastic strip with a center hole or longitudinal slot of
carbon, and other fibers are covered by this test standard.
fixed gage length. The mounting tab should be appropriately
designed to be self-aligning if possible, and as thin as practi-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
cable to minimize fiber misalignment.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.1.3 system compliance—the contribution by the load train
system and specimen-gripping system to the indicated cross-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
head displacement, by unit of force exerted in the load train.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
–2
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4 tensile strength [F/L ], n—the maximum tensile
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
stress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
strengthiscalculatedfromthemaximumloadduringatension
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
test carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the specimen.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
refer to Terminologies D3878 and E6.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A fiber is extracted randomly from a bundle or from a
2. Referenced Documents
spool.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 The fiber is mounted in the testing machine, and then
C1239Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
stressed to failure at a constant cross-head displacement rate.
EstimatingWeibull Distribution Parameters forAdvanced
Ceramics
4.3 Avalid test result is considered to be one in which fiber
C1322Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
failure doesn’t occur in the gripping region.
Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
4.4 Tensile strength is calculated from the ratio of the peak
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
force and the cross-sectional area of a plane perpendicular to
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
the fiber axis, at the fracture location or in the vicinity of the
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
fracture location, while Young’s modulus is determined from
E1382Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
thelinearregionofthetensilestressversustensilestraincurve.
Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Properties determined by this test method are useful in
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
the evaluation of new fibers at the research and development
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on
–6
Ceramic Matrix Composites. levels.Fiberswithdiametersupto250×10 marecoveredby
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2020. Published January 2020. Originally
this test method.Very short fibers (including whiskers) call for
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1557–14. DOI:
3
specializedtesttechniques (1) andarenotcoveredbythistest
10.1520/C1557-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageon Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
the ASTM website. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1557 − 14 C1557 − 20
Standard Test Method for
1
Tensile Strength and Young’s Modulus of Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the preparation, mounting, and testing of single fibers (obtained either from a fiber bundle or a
spool) for the determination of tensile strength and Young’s modulus at ambient temperature. Advanced ceramic, glass, carbon,
and other fibers are covered by this test standard.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics
C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E1382 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bundle—a collection of parallel fibers. Synonym, tow.
3.1.2 mounting tab—a thin paper, cardboard, compliant metal, or plastic strip with a center hole or longitudinal slot of fixed gage
length. The mounting tab should be appropriately designed to be self-aligning if possible, and as thin as practicable to minimize
fiber misalignment.
3.1.3 system compliance—the contribution by the load train system and specimen-gripping system to the indicated cross-head
displacement, by unit of force exerted in the load train.
–2
3.1.4 tensile strength [F/L ], n—the maximum tensile stress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile strength is
calculated from the maximum load during a tension test carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, refer to Terminologies D3878 and E6.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A fiber is extracted randomly from a bundle or from a spool.
4.2 The fiber is mounted in the testing machine, and then stressed to failure at a constant cross-head displacement rate.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on Ceramic Matrix
Composites.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2014Jan. 1, 2020. Published October 2014January 2020. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20132014 as
C1557 – 03 (2013).C1557 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/C1557-14.10.1520/C1557-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C1557 − 20
4.3 A valid test result is considered to be one in which fiber failure doesn’t occur in the gripping region.
4.4 Tensile strength is calculated from the ratio of the peak force and the cross-sectional area of a plane perpendicular to the
fiber axis, at the fracture location or in the vicinity of the fracture location, while Young’s modulus is determined from the linear
region of the tensile stress versus tensile strain curve.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Properties d
...
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