ASTM D5293-99ae1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between -5 and -35oC Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between -5 and -35<sup>o</sup>C Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils by cold cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between -5 and -35oC at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 10 5 to 10 4 s-1 and viscosities of approximately 500 to 25 000 mPas. The range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. These results are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided in Annex A1 for highly viscoelastic oils.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the cold-cranking simulator.
1.4 A special manual procedure is provided in Annex A1 for highly viscoelastic oils.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.5 and Section 8.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
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e1
Designation: D 5293 – 99a An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between −5 and −35°C
Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Table 1 was corrected editorially in November 2000.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of 3.1 Definitions:
apparent viscosity of engine oils by cold cranking simulator 3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant
(CCS) at temperatures between −5 and −35°C at shear stresses viscosity at all shear rates.
of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa and shear rates of 3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a
5 4 −1
approximately 10 to 10 s and viscosities of approximately viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
500 to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent 3.1.3 viscosity, h, n—the property of a fluid that determines
on the instrument model and software version installed. These its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
results are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine
h5t/g˙ (1)
oils.
where:
1.2 A special procedure is provided in Annex A1 for highly
t = the stress per unit area, and
viscoelastic oils.
g˙ = the rate of shear.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated
3.1.3.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of
determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the
dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the
cold-cranking simulator.
resistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity
1.4 A special manual procedure is provided in Annex A1 for
is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple
highly viscoelastic oils.
(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarily
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
used. The millipascal second is 1 cP.
standard.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 apparent viscosity, n—the viscosity obtained by use of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
this test method.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Since many engine oils are non-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can vary
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
with shear rate.
statements are given in 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.5 and Section 8.
3.2.2 calibration oils, n—oils with known viscosity and
2. Referenced Documents
viscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define the
calibration relationship between viscosity and cold-cranking
2.1 ASTM Standards:
simulator rotor speed.
D 2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
3.2.3 test oil, n—any oil for which the apparent viscosity is
at Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
to be determined by use of this test method.
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
3.2.4 viscoelastic oil, n—a non-Newtonian oil or fluid that
Petroleum Products
climbs up the rotor shaft during rotation.
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 An electric motor drives a rotor that is closely fitted
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
inside a stator. The space between the rotor and stator is filled
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
with oil. Test temperature is measured near the stator inner wall
D02.07.0C on Low Temperature Rheology of Non-Newtonian Fluids.
and maintained by regulated flow of refrigerated coolant
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1999. Published January 2000. Originally
published as D 5293-91. Last previous edition D 5293-99.
through the stator. The speed of the rotor is calibrated as a
Discontinued; see 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
function of viscosity. Test oil viscosity is determined from this
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
4 calibration and the measured rotor speed.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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D 5293
5. Significance and Use –40°C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W,
15W, 20W, and 25W).
5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oils
correlates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS appar-
6. Apparatus
ent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flow
6.1 Two types of apparatus are available for use in this test
to the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Engine
method: the manual cold-cranking simulator (see 6.2) and the
cranking data were measured by the Coordinating Research
automated CCS (see 6.3 and 6.4).
Council (CRC) L-49 test with reference oils that had viscosi-
6.2 Manual CCS , consisting of a direct current (dc) electric
ties between 600 and 8400 mPa·s (cP) at −17.8°C and between
motor that drives a rotor inside a stator; a rotor speed sensor or
2000 and 20 000 mPa·s (cP) at −28.9°C. The detailed relation
tachometer that measures rotor speed; a dc ammeter and fine
between this engine cranking data and CCS apparent viscosi-
current-control adjust dial; a stator temperature control system
ties is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T edition of Test
6 5
that maintains temperature within 6 0.05°C of set point; and a
Method D 2602 and CRC Report 409. Because the CRC
coolant circulator compatible with the temperature control
L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than the CCS
system. See Fig. 1.
procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accurately predict
6.3 Automated CCS , consisting of the CCS described in
the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specific engine.
6.2, with computer, computer interface, and test sample injec-
However, the correlation of CCS apparent viscosity with
tion pump. The methanol circulator (see 6.6.1) is not used
average L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.
because the test sample injection displaces the previous test
5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosity
sample. See Fig. 2.
and engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures be-
6.4 Automatic Automated CCS —The CCS described in 6.3
tween −1 and −40°C by work on 17 commercial engine oils
with the addition of an automated sample table allowing up to
(SAE grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and
30 test samples to be run sequentially under computer control
mineral oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP
without operator attention. See Fig. 3.
621.
6.5 Calibrated Thermistor—Sensor for insertion in a well
5.3 A correlation was established in a low temperature
near the inside surface of the stator to indicate the test
engine performance study between light duty engine startabil-
temperature.
ity and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten
6.6 Refrigeration System—A refrigerator for the liquid cool-
1990’s engines at temperatures ranging from –5 down to
ant is needed to maintain coolant temperature at least 10°C
below the test temperature. Mechanical refrigeration is pre-
ferred, but dry ice systems have been used satisfactorily. The
CRC Report No. 409 “Evaluation of Laboratory Viscometers for Predicting
length of the tubing connections between the CCS and the
Cranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at − 0°F and − 20°F,” April 1968 available
from the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, refrigerator should be as short as possible and well insulated.
Atlanta, GA 30346.
6.6.1 There must be good thermal contact between the
Appendixes X1 and X2 have been filed at ASTM Headquarters. Request
temperature sensor and the thermal well in the stator; clean this
RR:D02-1402.
thermal well periodically and replace the small drop of
Stewart, R. M., “Engine Pumpability and Crankability Tests on Commercial
“W” Grade Engine Oils Compared to Bench Test Results,” ASTM STP 621 ASTM
1967, 1968. 1969 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 17 (Also published as SAE
Paper 780369 in SAE Publication SP-429.).
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D02-
1442.
Available from Cannon Instrument Co., P.O. Box 16, State College, PA 16804.
FIG. 1 Cold Cranking Simulator
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5293
FIG. 2 Automated Cold-Cranking Simulator
NOTE 1—Blind reference samples are available from the supplier of the
high-silver-containing heat transfer medium or mercury. The
calibration oils for checking on the shear rate of the viscometric cell and
use of mercury is unacceptable in some laboratories for toxicity
the overall procedure.
reasons; the use of high-silver-containing heat transfer medium
7.5 Mercury (Warning—Paragraph 6.6.1 mentions the op-
is then required. Adjust the temperature of the coolant to the
viscometric cell to be at least 10°C below the test temperature. tional use of an OSHA-designated hazardous chemical (mer-
cury). For specific hazard information and guidance relative to
6.6.1.1 To ensure optimum control of temperature using the
dry-ice system, the valve settings on the coolant circulator are use, consult the health and safety documents provided by the
supplier, for example, the material safety data sheet.).
set for control of coolant with a low-viscosity test sample in the
viscometric cell and the simulator motor turned on.
8. Hazards
6.7 Coolant, dry methanol—If contaminated with water
8.1 Observe both toxicity and flammability warnings that
from operating under high humidity conditions, replace it with
apply to the use of mercury, methanol, acetone, and petroleum
dry methanol to ensure consistent temperature control, espe-
naphtha.
cially when cooled by dry-ice.
8.2 If methanol is leaking from the apparatus, repair the leak
6.8 Optional Methanol Circulator —This option (for the
before continuing the test.
Manual CCS only) circulates warm methanol through the stator
to facilitate sample changes and aid the evaporation of cleaning
9. Sampling
solvents.
9.1 To obtain valid results, use an appropriate means of bulk
sampling (see Practice D 4057) to obtain a representative
7. Reagents and Materials
sample of test oil free from suspended solid material and water.
7.1 Acetone (Warning—Danger—Extremely flammable.
When the sample in its container is received below the dew
Vapors can cause fire.).
point temperature of the room, allow the sample to warm to
7.2 Methanol (Warning—Danger—Flammable. Vapor
room temperature before opening its container. When the
harmful.).
sample contains suspended solid material, use a filter or
7.3 Petroleum Naphtha (Warning—Combustible vapor
centrifuge to remove particles greater than 5 μm in size. Do not
harmful.).
shake the sample of test oil. This leads to entrainment of air,
7.4 Calibration Oils—Low-cloud point Newtonian oils of
and a false viscosity reading.
known viscosity and viscosity/temperature functionality. Ap-
10. Calibration
proximate viscosities at certain temperatures are listed in Table
1, whereas exact viscosities are supplied with each standard. 10.1 Calibration of Manual CCS:
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5293
FIG. 3 Automatic Automated Cold-Cranking Simulator
TABLE 1 Calibration Oils
Calibration Oil
A
Approximate Viscosity in rnPa·s at:
−5°C −10°C −15°C −20°C −25°C −30°C –35°C
CL-10 . . . . . . 1 700
CL-12 . . . . 800 1 600 3 200
B C
CL-14 . . . . 1 600 3 250 7 000
CL-16 . . . . 2 500 5 500 11 000
B C
CL-19 . . . 1 800 3 500 7 400 17 000
CL-22 . . 1 300 2 500 5 100 11 000 .
B C
CL-25 . . 1 800 3 500 7 400 17 200 .
CL-28 . 1 200 2 500 5 000 9 300 . .
B C
CL-32 . 1 800 3 500 7 300 15 900 . .
C
CL-38 . 2 900 5 800 13 000 . . .
B
CL-48 2300 4 500 9 500 21 000 . . .
C
CL-60 3700 7 400 15 600 . . . .
B
CL-74 6000 12 000 . . . . .
A
Consult supplier for specific values.
B
Oil to be used for calibration checks with CCS-2B or CCS-4 or 5 with software version 3.x or 5.x.
C
Oil to used for calibration checks with CCS-4 or 5 software versions 4.x or 6.x.
10.1.1 On start-up of a new instrument or when any part of current adjust dial. Keep this current setting constant for all
the viscometric cell or drive component (motor, belt, subsequent calibration and test sample runs at all temperatures.
tachometer-generator, and so forth) is replaced, determine the When the current setting must be changed to maintain a dial
required motor drive current. Initially, recheck the drive current reading of 0.240 6 0.010 units with the 3500 mPa·s reference
(as described in 10.1.2) monthly until the change in drive oil at −20°C, recalibrate the instrument by either procedure
current in consecutive months is less than 0.020 A and every described in 10.1.3.
three months thereafter. 10.1.3 Calibration Procedure—At each test temperature,
10.1.2 Drive Current Determination—Plug the tachometer calibrate with the oils listed for that temperature in Table 1 by
into the CAL jack, where fitted with a CAL jack. Run the 3500 using the procedure described in Section 11.
mPa·s, −20°C viscosity standard at −20°C as described in 10.1.3.1 When only a narrow viscosity range of test liquids
Section 11. When the drive motor is turned on, establish a is to be measured, use a minimum of three calibration oils
speed meter reading of 0.240 6 0.010 by adjustment of the spanning the narrow viscosity range of the oils to be tested.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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D 5293
10.1.4 Preparation of Calibration Curves— Plot the viscos-
hN 5 b
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