ASTM D1321-97
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250. Note 1-This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
Designation: D 1321 – 97 An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
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Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under
a given force falls into the material.
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, a standard pen-
consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement
etrometer needle (6.3) is used to determine the hardness of
of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test
petroleum wax. The penetration force is determined by the
method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not
total mass (100 g) of the needle, plunger, and 50 g weight.
greater than 250.
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for deter- 4. Summary of Test Method
mining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D 5. Cone
4.1 The sample is melted, heated to 17°C (30°F) above its
methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test
congealing point, poured into a container, and then air cooled
Methods D 217 and Test Method D 937, respectively.
under controlled conditions. The sample then is conditioned at
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
test temperature in a water bath. Penetration is measured with
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
a penetrometer, which applies a standard needle to the sample
only.
for 5 s under a load of 100 g.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
effect upon other physical properties.
2. Referenced Documents
6. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6.1 Penetrometer, for applying the standard needle to the
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D 5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
surface of the sample specimen and for measuring the extent of
D 217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
penetration at the conclusion of the test. The penetrometer shall
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Grease
be constructed in such a manner that the accurate placement of
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D 937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
the tip of the needle at the level surface of the specimen may
D 938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum
be made while maintaining a “zero” reading on the indicator.
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Waxes, Including Petrolatum
The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 represents a composite drawing
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E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
illustrating the two available types of instrument, one with an
adjustable table and the other with an adjustable needle
3. Terminology
assembly; the use of either type instrument is permissible. The
3.1 Definitions:
loaded needle must fall, when released, without appreciable
3.1.1 penetration, n, of petroleum wax—the depth in tenths
friction. The instrument shall be provided with leveling screws
of a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into the
and a spirit level to maintain the plunger shaft in a true vertical
wax under defined conditions.
position. The indicator scale shall be calibrated in tenths of a
3.1.2 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the
millimetre divisions and shall have a range of at least 250
consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
tenths of millimetres.
6.2 Timing Device—An automatic timing release mecha-
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
nism attached to the penetrometer may be used. Alternatively,
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
a stop watch graduated in 0.1-s intervals may be used.
D02.10 on Petroleum Wax.
6.3 Needle and Plunger—The needle shall be approxi-
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1997. Published June 1998. Originally
mately 83 mm in length and conform to the dimensions shown
published as D 1321 – 54 T. Last previous edition D 1321 – 95.
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
in Fig. 2. It shall be symmetrically tapered at one end to a cone
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
whose angle shall be within the range from 8° 55 min to 9° 25
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Annual Book of ASTM Standa
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