ASTM C1572/C1572M-23

Standard Guide for Dry Lead Glass and Oil-Filled Lead Glass Radiation Shielding Window Components for Remotely Operated Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Radiation Shielding Window Components:  
4.1.1 Radiation shielding window components operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns can only be addressed, or are most efficiently addressed, during one or the other of these stages. The operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
4.1.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of radiation shielding window components.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide guidance for the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing, packaging, shipping, installation, and maintenance of radiation shielding window components. These window components include wall liner embedments, dry lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, oil-filled lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, view ports, and the installation/extraction table/device required for the installation and removal of the window components.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This standard is intended for those persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation, and operation of the radiation shielding window components that may be used in the operation of hot cells, high level caves, mini-cells, canyon facilities, and very high level radiation areas.  
1.2.2 This standard applies to radiation shielding window assemblies used in normal concrete walls, high-density concrete walls, steel walls and lead walls.  
1.2.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Common nomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically shielding, uses a combination of metric units and inch-pound units.  
1.2.4 This standard identifies the special information required by the Manufacturer for the design of window components. Table A1.1 shows a sample list of the radiation source spectra and geometry information, typically required for shielding analysis. Table A2.1 shows a detailed sample list of specific data typically required to determine the physical size, glass types, and viewing characteristics of the shielding window, or view port. Annex A3 shows general window configuration sketches. Blank copies of Table A1.2 and Table A2.1 are found in the respective Annexes for the Owner–Operator's use.  
1.2.5 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of configurations and types of lead glass radiation shielding window components used in hot cells. It does not address glovebox, water, X-ray glass, or zinc bromide windows.  
1.2.6 Supplementary information on viewing systems in hot cells may be found in Guides C1533 and C1661.  
1.3 Caveats:  
1.3.1 Consideration shall be given when preparing the shielding window designs for the safety related issues discussed in the Hazard Sources and Failure Modes, Section 11; such as dielectric discharge, over-pressurization, radiation exposure, contamination, and overturning of the installation/extraction table/device.  
1.3.2 In many cases, the use of the word “shall” has been purposely used in lieu of “should” to stress the importance of the statements that have been made in this standard.  
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-May-2023
• ICS: 13.280 - Radiation protection
• Technical Committee: C26 - Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• Drafting Committee: C26.14 - Remote Systems

Relations

• Refers: ASTM C859-24 - Standard Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM A240/A240M-23a - Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM C1661-23 - Standard Guide for Viewing Systems for Remotely Operated Facilities
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM A27/A27M-20 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM A27/A27M-19 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2019
• Refers: ASTM C1661-18 - Standard Guide for Viewing Systems for Remotely Operated Facilities
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM D3703-18 - Standard Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of Aviation Turbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel Fuels
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2018
• Refers: ASTM A240/A240M-17 - Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM E170-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2017
• Refers: ASTM A27/A27M-17 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
• Effective Date: 01-May-2017
• Refers: ASTM E299-17 - Standard Test Method for Trace Amounts of Peroxides In Organic Solvents
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Refers: ASTM A240/A240M-16a - Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and for General Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Refers: ASTM E170-16a - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2016
• Refers: ASTM A27/A27M-13(2016) - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2016
• Refers: ASTM A747/A747M-16a - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Hardening
• Effective Date: 15-May-2016

Overview

ASTM C1572/C1572M-23 provides a comprehensive guide for the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, installation, and maintenance of dry lead glass and oil-filled lead glass radiation shielding window components, specifically for remotely operated facilities such as hot cells, high level caves, mini-cells, and canyon facilities. Developed by ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle, this standard ensures that radiation shielding window assemblies consistently meet safety, regulatory, and operational requirements.

Window components addressed by this standard include wall liner embedments, dry and oil-filled lead glass window assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, view ports, and related installation/extraction devices. The scope of the standard is generic, covering a wide range of shielded window applications in nuclear and other high-radiation environments, and it complements federal, state, and other applicable codes.

Key Topics

• Design and Fabrication Requirements

  • Guidance on the selection between dry lead glass and oil-filled assemblies based on desired viewing properties, seismic considerations, neutron shielding, clarity, and maintenance.
  • Emphasis on materials that are resistant to radiation, environmentally compatible, and easy to decontaminate.

• Quality Assurance

  • Necessitates QA programs aligned with federal regulations (e.g., 10 CFR50, ANSI/ASME NQA-1, and ISO 9001) to ensure compliance and component reliability.
  • Requires appropriate documentation, inspection, and testing to verify material integrity and structural robustness.

• Safety and Installation

  • Stresses controlled handling and supervised installation to protect operability and long-term integrity.
  • Incorporates design features for seismic resilience and double containment sealing to prevent contamination.
  • Discussion of hazard sources and failure modes such as dielectric discharge, over-pressurization, exposure, and installation device stability.

• Technical and Operational Considerations

  • Details on the required specifications for radiation attenuation, build-up factors, and prevention of streaming (unintended radiation paths).
  • Units of measurement are specified in both SI and inch-pound units, to be used independently.

Applications

ASTM C1572/C1572M-23 is intended for use by engineers and planners responsible for:

• Planning and Design

  • Developing shielding solutions for high-radiation environments, where direct human access is restricted.

• Procurement and Manufacturing

  • Sourcing or fabricating radiation shielding windows and components that conform to rigorous standards for nuclear facilities.

• Installation and Operation

  • Implementing safe and effective installation protocols and ensuring the operational reliability of shielded viewports and assemblies in remote handling facilities.

• Maintenance and Inspection

  • Establishing protocols for routine and periodic maintenance, including detailed records and inspection for continued compliance and performance over the window design life.

These guidelines are critical for facilities utilizing remotely-operated hot cells or similar enclosures to safely observe, manipulate, or process radioactive materials without direct exposure, such as in nuclear fuel cycle operations, waste management, and radiopharmaceutical manufacturing.

Related Standards

ASTM C1572/C1572M-23 is supported by and references several industry standards, including:

• ASTM C1533 – Guide for General Design Considerations for Hot Cell Equipment
• ASTM C1661 – Guide for Viewing Systems for Remotely Operated Facilities
• ASTM C859 – Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
• ANSI/ASME NQA-1 – Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications
• ANSI/ISO/ASQ 9001 – Quality Management System Standard
• ACI C-31 – Seismic Requirements for embedded components
• International Building Code (IBC) Section 2314 – Earthquake Regulations

This standard ensures interoperability and compliance with a wide range of radiation protection, construction, and operational requirements, facilitating safe and effective remote operations in high-radiation environments.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1572/C1572M − 23
Standard Guide for
Dry Lead Glass and Oil-Filled Lead Glass Radiation
Shielding Window Components for Remotely Operated
Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1572/C1572M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope glass types, and viewing characteristics of the shielding
window, or view port. Annex A3 shows general window
1.1 Intent:
configuration sketches. Blank copies of Table A1.2 and Table
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide guidance for
A2.1 are found in the respective Annexes for the Owner–Op-
the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing,
erator’s use.
packaging, shipping, installation, and maintenance of radiation
1.2.5 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to
shielding window components. These window components
a wide range of configurations and types of lead glass radiation
include wall liner embedments, dry lead glass radiation shield-
shielding window components used in hot cells. It does not
ing window assemblies, oil-filled lead glass radiation shielding
address glovebox, water, X-ray glass, or zinc bromide win-
window assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, view
dows.
ports, and the installation/extraction table/device required for
the installation and removal of the window components.
1.2.6 Supplementary information on viewing systems in hot
cells may be found in Guides C1533 and C1661.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This standard is intended for those persons who are
1.3 Caveats:
tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication,
1.3.1 Consideration shall be given when preparing the
installation, and operation of the radiation shielding window
shielding window designs for the safety related issues dis-
components that may be used in the operation of hot cells, high
cussed in the Hazard Sources and Failure Modes, Section 11;
level caves, mini-cells, canyon facilities, and very high level
such as dielectric discharge, over-pressurization, radiation
radiation areas.
exposure, contamination, and overturning of the installation/
1.2.2 This standard applies to radiation shielding window
extraction table/device.
assemblies used in normal concrete walls, high-density con-
1.3.2 In many cases, the use of the word “shall” has been
crete walls, steel walls and lead walls.
purposely used in lieu of “should” to stress the importance of
1.2.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to
the statements that have been made in this standard.
be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
standard. Common nomenclature for specifying some terms;
mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
specifically shielding, uses a combination of metric units and
inch-pound units.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.2.4 This standard identifies the special information re-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
quired by the Manufacturer for the design of window compo-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
nents. Table A1.1 shows a sample list of the radiation source
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
spectra and geometry information, typically required for
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
shielding analysis. Table A2.1 shows a detailed sample list of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
specific data typically required to determine the physical size,
2. Referenced Documents
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel
2.1 Industry and National Consensus Standards—
Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.14 on Remote Systems.
Nationally recognized industry and consensus standards which
Current edition approved May 15, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally
may be applicable in whole or in part to the design, fabrication,
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C1572/C1572M – 18.
DOI: 10.1520/C1572_C1572M-23. quality assurance, inspection, testing, packaging, shipping,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1572/C1572M − 23
installation and maintenance of radiation shielding window ANSI/AWS B2.1 Specification for Welding Procedure and
components are referenced throughout this standard and in- Performance Qualification
clude the following: ANSI/AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code—Steel
2 ANSI/AWS D1.6/D1.6M Structural Welding Code—
2.2 ASTM Standards:
Stainless Steel
A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for
ANSI/ISO/ASQ 9001 Quality Management Standard Re-
General Application
quirements
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
2.6 American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)
A48/A48M Specification for Gray Iron Castings
Standards:
A240/A240M Specification for Chromium and Chromium-
ASNT-SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Qualifica-
Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure
tion and Certification of Nondestructive Testing
Vessels and for General Applications
2.7 Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC):
A747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless,
SSPC-SP1 Solvent Cleaning
Precipitation Hardening
SSPC-SP5 White Metal Blast Cleaning
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
SSPC-PA1 Shop, Field, and Maintenance Painting of Steel
C1533 Guide for General Design Considerations for Hot
Cell Equipment
2.8 Federal Standards (FS):
C1661 Guide for Viewing Systems for Remotely Operated QQ-C-40 Caulking, Lead Wool, and F7 Lead Pig
Facilities
2.9 Federal Regulations (FR):
D1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids by
10 CFR20.1003 Definitions
Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
10 CFR50, Appendix B Quality Assurance Criteria for
D3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of Aviation
Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel Reprocessing Plants
Turbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel Fuels
10 CFR830.120 Subpart A Nuclear Safety Management,
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
Quality Assurance Requirements
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
2.10 International Building Code (IBC):
lometric Karl Fischer Titration
IBC Section 2314 Earthquake Regulations
E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for Gen-
2.11 Other Standards:
eral Industry
NCRP Report No. 82 SI Units in Radiation Protection and
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and 9
Measurements
Dosimetry 10
ICRU Report 10b Physical Aspects of Irradiation
E299 Test Method for Trace Amounts of Peroxides In
Organic Solvents
3. Terminology
E2024 Practice for Atmospheric Leaks Using a Thermal
3.1 General Considerations:
Conductivity Leak Detector
3.1.1 The terminology employed in this guide conforms
ASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standard for Use of the International
with industry practice insofar as practicable.
System of Units
3.1.2 For definitions of general terms used to describe
2.3 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standards:
nuclear materials, hot cells, and hot cell equipment, refer to
ACI C-31 Seismic Requirements
Terminology C859.
2.4 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Stan-
3.2 Definitions:
dard:
3.2.1 air dryer cartridge, n—a cloth bag containing
Manual of Steel Construction
moisture-absorbent crystals.
2.5 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Stan-
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The bag is inserted into the dryer as-
dards:
sembly. The crystals are used to absorb moisture from the
ANSI Y 14 Engineering Drawing and Related Documenta-
contained environment.
tion Practices
3.2.2 anti-reflection treatment, n—a process applied to the
ANSI/ASME NQA-1 Quality Assurance Requirements for
surface of the glass that reduces reflection and increases the
Nuclear Facility Applications
light transmission through the glass.
ANSI/AWS A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing
and Nondestructive Examination
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
2 7
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 40 24th St., 6th Floor,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656, http://www.sspc.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,
the ASTM website. 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington www.access.gpo.gov.
Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.concrete.org. Available from National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,
Available from American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), One E. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.
Wacker Dr., Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, http://www.aisc.org. Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Measurements, Inc., 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. 3095.
C1572/C1572M − 23
3.2.2.1 Discussion—It is often called a low-reflection treat- or elliptical, of which the diameter of axis is 80 % of the
ment. maximum usable viewing window dimensions.
3.2.3 as-built drawings, n—a set of drawings that reflect all
3.2.13 cerium-stabilized glass, n—a glass type that contains
of the changes that were incorporated into the components
a small percentage of cerium oxide to help stabilize the glass
during the manufacturing process since the original design.
from discoloration due to radiation exposure.
3.2.13.1 Discussion—It is often called non-browning glass.
3.2.4 barrier shield assembly, n—consists of steel frames,
gaskets, and a glass plate; typically cerium-stabilized, as-
3.2.14 CMTR, n—the abbreviation for a Certified Material
sembled together to form a see through barrier.
Test Report, which is a document that certifies the results of
3.2.4.1 Discussion—The assembly is mechanically fastened
tests and analyses performed on the item provided.
to the hot side of the wall liner to provide a gas tight
3.2.15 checks, n—very small fractures, or breakouts, nor-
containment barrier, which protects the window assembly from
mally around the edge of a glass plate or glass slab.
any radioactive contamination within the hot cell (alpha
particles and other contaminates).
3.2.16 chip, n—a fragment broken from an edge or surface.
3.2.5 barrier shield glass, n—a glass plate; typically cerium
3.2.17 clear view, [L ], n—the physical size (length ×
stabilized that is used as a cover glass to see through and isolate
width) of the smallest glass slab of all the glass components in
the window assembly from contamination.
a shielding window assembly.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—It is normally mounted in a barrier
3.2.17.1 Discussion—The actual clear view may be reduced
shield frame with gaskets to make up a barrier shield assembly.
by the method of retention of the glass in the window.
3.2.6 bellows, n—a flexible enclosure generally made of a
3.2.18 cold side, n—the surface on a radiation shielding
pliable gasket material, which expands and contracts with the
window that is farthest from the radioactive source, and usually
temperature change of the inert gas and other components,
is not subject to contamination.
maintaining a controlled atmosphere within the window assem-
3.2.19 cold side load, n—a cold side load window assembly
bly.
is an assembly that is inserted into a wall liner or removed from
3.2.6.1 Discussion—When employed, the bellows is gener-
a wall liner from the operator (cold side) of the hot cell.
ally connected to the top of the expansion tank on an oil-filled
window, and directly above the air dryer on the window
3.2.20 cover glass (hot or cold side), n—a glass plate
housing of a dry window. The material of selection must be
positioned on the hot or cold side of the window.
compatible with the environment, and with the window com-
3.2.20.1 Discussion—The cover glass is often held in place
ponents.
with a trim frame assembly and seal gaskets. This assembly
3.2.7 browning, n—the discoloration and darkening of glass achieves a seal, which isolates the inner glass slabs from the
external atmosphere and may also hold or contain the mineral
to a brownish color due to excessive radiation exposure.
oil within the window assembly.
3.2.8 bubbler system, n—a device used as a pressure relief,
and constructed of an outer open top container or chamber that
3.2.21 density inch, n—a term used to describe the specific
is filled with a liquid.
gravity of a shielding material multiplied by the thickness of
3.2.8.1 Discussion—It has a separate pressurized tube in- that material in inches. The units are g/cc × (in.).
serted into the liquid. When over-pressurization occurs in the
3.2.22 desiccant air dryer, n—a device filled with crystals
tube, the gas bubbles out the bottom of the tube and up to the
and is used to remove moisture from a contained environment.
surface through the liquid.
3.2.23 dielectric discharge, n—an instantaneous flow of
3.2.9 buffer seal, n—a specially configured seal gasket used
electrical current from an irradiated glass component to the
on a barrier shield.
ground, causing severe damage to the glass, usually in the form
3.2.10 build-up factor, n—for radiation passing through a
of a dendritic fracture (Lichtenberg Figure) or heavy cleavage.
medium, buildup factor is the ratio of the total value of a
2 3
3.2.24 dose rate, [L T ], n—a quantity of absorbed dose
specific radiation quantity (direct and scattered) measured as
received in a given unit of time.
absorbed dose at any point within that medium to the contri-
bution to that quantity from the incident uncollided radiation 3.2.25 dry lead glass window, n—a radiation shielding
reaching that point.
window that is filled with slabs of lead glass with polished
glass surfaces.
3.2.10.1 Discussion—The build-up factor increases with
increased shielding thickness and is higher for low atomic
3.2.25.1 Discussion—The assembly may be continuously
number materials.
purged with an inert gas. The glass surfaces within the
shielding window assembly are normally treated to minimize
3.2.11 cave, n—in the nuclear hot cell applications, typi-
surface reflection.
cally a small-scale hot cell facility.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—This term is sometimes used synony-
3.2.26 duty cycle, [T], n—is a factor considered in the
mously with hot cell.
design of window life based on anticipated cell usage.
3.2.12 central viewing area, [L ], n—the central viewing 3.2.26.1 Discussion—It is dose rate versus time at a particu-
area of a glass slab or glass plate is that viewing area, circular lar location.
C1572/C1572M − 23
3.2.27 exposure, [M TI], n—in X-ray and gamma window assembly and the hot cell wall, and to eliminate
radiation, radiation exposure is a measure of the amount of radiation “shine” paths.
ionization produced by X-ray or gamma rays as they travel
3.2.41 light transmission, n—the measurement of light
through air.
transmitted through a media and is specified as a ratio of light
3.2.27.1 Discussion—The special unit of radiation exposure
transmitted through the media as compared to the light
-4
is the roentgen (R). It is equivalent to 2.58 × 10 coulombs per
transmitted through air.
kilogram of air.
3.2.42 mini-cell, n—a very small, hot cell.
3.2.28 extreme view angle, n—the maximum angle that an
3.2.43 NCR, n—the abbreviation for a Manufacturer’s Non-
operator can see into the hot cell when looking through the
Conformance Report.
shielding window from the extreme perimeter edge of the cold
3.2.43.1 Discussion—This quality assurance report is gen-
side trim frame.
erated when an item does not meet specification and must state
3.2.29 gas purge line, n—a stainless steel tube supplying a
the manufacturer’s proposed course of action and how the
pressurized gas to the window assembly.
solution deviates from the contract.
3.2.30 gas-tight seal, n—a seal that meets the requirements 3.2.44 non-browning glass, n—a glass type that resists
of a leak rate test. discoloration due to high radiation exposure.
3.2.45 normal concrete, n—a concrete mixture that has a
3.2.31 gas vent line, n—a stainless steel tube connected to
3 3
weight of between 2250 and 2400 kg per m [140 to 150 lb/ft ].
the window assembly for the purpose of venting gas.
3.2.46 normal view angle, n—the angle of view the operator
3.2.32 glass plate, n—typically used as cover glasses or
can see into the hot cell when looking through the shielding
barrier shields.
window at the operator’s eye level at a given distance from the
3.2.32.1 Discussion—The maximum thickness is typically
cold side cover glass.
40 mm [1.5 in.] thick.
3.2.47 oil expansion tank, n—a stainless steel or glass tank
3.2.33 glass slabs, n—typically used for internal shielding
attached to the cold side hot cell wall which allows for
in windows and view ports.
volumetric changes of the oil within the window due to
3.2.33.1 Discussion—The typical thickness ranges from a
temperature changes.
minimum of 40 mm [1.5 in.] up to a maximum of 400 mm [16
3.2.47.1 Discussion—Stainless steel is the preferred type.
in.] thick.
The oil supply in the window is connected to the expansion
3.2.34 glass surface defects, n—refer to those defects that
tank.
are on the glass surface and can be removed by reprocessing or
3.2.48 oil-filled lead glass window, n—a lead glass radiation
repolishing the glass surface.
shielding window filled with an optical grade shielding oil.
3.2.34.1 Discussion—These defects are scratches, short
3.2.49 polished glass surface, n—a glass surface that has
finish, and stripping.
been polished and has minimal visual defects such as scratches
3.2.35 high level caves, n—a small-scale hot cell facility.
and short finish.
3.2.36 hot side, n—the surface on a radiation shielding
3.2.50 secondary gamma, n—is radiation generated by re-
window that, when installed, will be the closest to the
actions between primary gamma rays and the material through
radioactive sources.
which it is traveling.
3.2.37 inclusions, n—“small bubbles,” “small black stones,”
3.2.51 shielding oil, n—an optical grade mineral oil used to
and “seeds” that are visible in optical quality glass.
fill the voids between the glass slabs and couple the glass
3.2.38 inert gas, n—a type of commercial-grade, moisture- surfaces in an oil-filled lead glass shielding window assembly.
free gas. 3.2.51.1 Discussion—The oil also provides minor gamma
and neutron shielding.
3.2.38.1 Discussion—The gas is usually argon or nitrogen
that is purged into the internal window assembly to displace
3.2.52 shielding wall plug, n—a device constructed similar
ambient air.
to that of a radiation shielding window, except that it has no
visual capabilities for viewing into the hot cell.
3.2.39 installation/extraction table/device, n—a heavy duty
3.2.52.1 Discussion—It is used only to plug the hole where
table or device capable of supporting one and one-half times
a radiation shield window normally is installed. A shielding
the shielding window’s weight that is used for extracting a
plug allows the Owner-Operator to move and interchange
shielding window, shielding plug, or view port from an
shielding windows to other locations. It is an effective tool in
embedment wall liner, or installing the shielding window,
reducing operating and maintenance costs of a hot cell.
shielding plug, or view port into the wall liner.
3.2.53 shine, n—in the nuclear industry, shine is direct,
3.2.40 lead packing, n—lead material in the form of a wool
scattered, or reflected radiation.
mesh or sheet material positioned inside a window assembly
housing to fill the voids between the edges of the glass slabs
3.2.54 short finish, n—the small microscopic pits normally
and the window housing.
found in the outer edges or corners on the surface of a polished
3.2.40.1 Discussion—The packing is required to provide plate or slab of glass. The pits do not affect the optical visibility
shielding equivalence to the glass components within the through the glass.
C1572/C1572M − 23
3.2.55 stepped window, n—a stepped shielding window is 3.2.69 window interchangeability, n—the ability to remove
one that has one or more steps at its perimeter and provides an a shielding window of the same size from one embedment wall
interruption in the potential radiation shine path from the hot liner and move and install it into another embedment wall liner
side to the cold side of the window. of the same size.
3.2.56 streaming, n—see radiation streaming.
4. Significance and Use
3.2.57 striae, n—transparent lines appearing as though
4.1 Radiation Shielding Window Components:
threads of glass have been incorporated into the glass sheet.
4.1.1 Radiation shielding window components operability
3.2.58 stripping, n—a streaking appearance on a polished
and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the
glass surface with no measurable depth indicating a loss of
design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns can only be
polish without glass removal.
addressed, or are most efficiently addressed, during one or the
2 -2
3.2.59 total integrated dose (tid), [L T ], n—is the total
other of these stages. The operability and integrity can be
amount of radiation received by a component or location for
compromised during handling and installation sequences. For
the design life of the component.
this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and
3.2.59.1 Discussion—Total dose is computed by multiply- installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.
ing the dose rate(s) by the corresponding time(s) and summing
4.1.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other
the results over the time span. Another way to express this is as
standards and to federal and state regulations, codes, and
the area under the curve of a dose rate versus time diagram.
criteria applicable to the design of radiation shielding window
components.
3.2.60 trim frame, n—a steel frame with a drilled hole
pattern that functions to mechanically fasten a cover glass to a
5. Quality Assurance and Quality Requirements
window housing.
5.1 Quality Assurance (QA):
3.2.61 trim frame assembly, n—consists of steel frames,
5.1.1 The Manufacturer should administer a quality assur-
gaskets and a glass plate (cover glass), assembled together to
ance program acceptable to the Owner-Operator. QA programs
form a see-through cover glass.
may be required to comply with 10 CFR50, Appendix B, 10
3.2.61.1 Discussion—The assembly is mechanically fas-
CFR830.120 Subpart A, ANSI/ASME NQA-1, or ANSI/ISO/
tened to the cold side or hot side of a window housing to
ASQ 9001.
provide a gas tight containment for the shielding window
5.1.2 The Owner-Operator should require appropriate qual-
assembly.
ity assurance of purchased radiation shielding window compo-
3.2.62 very high radiation area, n—an area, accessible to
nents to assure proper fit up, operation, and reliability of the
individuals, in which radiation levels external to the body
components when they are installed in the hot cell.
could result in an individual receiving an absorbed dose in
excess of 500 rads [5 grays] in 1 h at 1 m from a radiation
6. Design Requirements
source or 1 m from any surface that the radiation penetrates.
6.1 General Requirements:
(10 CFR20.1003)
6.1.1 Application:
3.2.63 viewing angle, n—the term used to describe the
6.1.1.1 The Owner-Operator shall specify whether the ra-
widening view from the eyeball when looking through a
diation shielding window shall be dry lead glass or oil filled
shielding window into a hot cell.
lead glass, based on the application needs and preference.
3.2.64 view port, n—a small shielding window that is
Considerations in making the determination should be based on
usually positioned in a cask, wall, or other shielded structure
viewing, seismic, neutron shielding, clarity, and maintenance
and is utilized for the express purpose of viewing a small area
requirements.
where a gauge, meter, valve, etc. might be located.
6.1.1.2 Materials of construction on the hot side shall be
-1 -2
3.2.65 WG, [ML T ], n—the abbreviation for water
radiation resistant to the hot cell environment, easily
gauge.
decontaminated, and compatible with other materials with
3.2.65.1 Discussion—It is the pressure differential, equal to which they are in contact.
the pressure exerted by a column of water of the specified
6.1.1.3 The radiation shielding components shall be de-
height.
signed to provide the required radiation shielding, hot side
contamination containment, and viewing capability within the
3.2.66 wall liner embedment, n—a metal structure which is
shielded hot cells.
embedded in the hot cell wall.
6.1.2 Configuration:
3.2.66.1 Discussion—The radiation shielding window fits
6.1.2.1 The shielding window components shall be designed
into the wall liner.
as cold side or hot side load with single or multiple steps. A
3.2.67 window cavity, n—the space inside the window
cold side load window with a single step is the preferred
housing that contains the glass slabs and lead packing.
method.
3.2.68 window housing, n—the outer metal structure of the
6.1.2.2 If the manufacturer elects to provide multiple
shielding window.
stepped window components, he shall demonstrate to the
3.2.68.1 Discussion—It fits into the wall liner embedment. Owner-Operator prior to fabrication release that the windows
C1572/C1572M − 23
can be installed, extracted, and re-installed from the cold side 6.1.6 Wall Thickness, Density and Material:
with the barrier shield secured in place on the wall liner 6.1.6.1 The Owner-Operator shall specify the wall
embedment.
thickness, density, and material. Refer to Annex A2.
6.1.7 Viewing Angles:
6.1.3 Radiation Environment and Shielding:
6.1.7.1 The Owner-Operator shall specify the minimum
6.1.3.1 Attenuation:
(1) Each radiation shielding window shall provide ad- viewing angles as described in Annex A3, Figs. A3.3-A3.5, and
on the Annex A2 Data Sheet.
equate radiation shielding for the radiation source in the
respective cell. 6.1.7.2 Annex A3, Figs. A3.3-A3.5 shows typical calculated
centerline and offset viewing angle geometry in horizontal and
(2) The Owner-Operator shall specify the source in terms
of the specific isotopes, activity, its dose rate, its geometry, and vertical sections, respectively.
its distance from the hot side of the window. Refer to Annex 6.1.8 Physical Conditions:
A1. 6.1.8.1 The Owner-Operator shall provide the necessary
(3) The Owner-Operator shall specify the radiation level at information regarding the design and operating requirements
the cold side of the window; for example, 2.5 μSv/h [0.25 for the cold side and hot side of the window. Refer to Annex
mrem/h] at a distance of 150 mm [6 in.] from the surface of the A1 – Annex A3.
cold side cover glass. It is recommended that the attenuation of
6.1.9 Seismic Requirements:
the window match the attenuation of the hot cell wall. 6.1.9.1 The Owner-Operator shall provide seismic require-
6.1.3.2 Build-Up Factor: ments for designing the shielding window components as
determined by the ACI C-31 Seismic Requirements, the IBC
(1) Unless otherwise specified by the Owner-Operator, the
window shall be designed to accommodate the radiation Section 2314—Earthquake Regulations, or other seismic codes
specific to the Owner-Operator’s facility.
build-up factor. Build-up Factor in shielding calculations takes
account of scattered radiation. Most shielding calculations are 6.1.9.2 The shielding window components shall withstand
seismic and other concurrent loads while maintaining contain-
based on highly collimated photon sources but normally, the
source is only broadly collimated or uncollimated. ment and shielding during the event. Viewing functionality of
the shielding windows during and after the event is not
(2) Radiation scattered from elsewhere in the shield will
reach a particular dose point under consideration. In general, required, but shielding and containment must be maintained.
build-up factor increases with shield thickness and is higher for
6.1.9.3 Seismic qualification of the shielding window com-
low atomic number materials. ponents shall be by analysis unless otherwise specified by the
6.1.3.3 Radiation Streaming: Owner-Operator.
6.1.9.4 Friction, where not purposely designed (AISC fric-
(1) Shielding shall be provided along any possible radia-
tion path through the window penetration and the wall liner. tion type connection), shall not be relied upon as a resisting
force during seismic events. Shielding window assemblies
(2) Installation of shielding materials into the gaps between
the window housing and the wall liner (with the exception of must be mechanically restrained to the wall.
metal spacers) should not be permitted for new design and 6.1.10 Design Life:
build windows to meet the dose rate requirement at the cold 6.1.10.1 The design life and radiological duty cycle of the
side of the window. This requirement is to eliminate the windows shall be specified by the Owner-Operator.
potential for mixed hazardous waste such as contaminated lead
6.2 Wall Liner Embedments:
packing that may be removed from the opening between the
6.2.1 Design:
window and wall liner.
6.2.1.1 The wall liners shall be of a single or multi-step
6.1.4 Light Transmission:
construction to prevent radiation streaming. The wall liners
6.1.4.1 The minimum initial light transmission specified by
shall be designed to provide the necessary shielding to com-
the Owner-Operator for each type window shall be measured at
pensate for the gap between the window housing and the wall
a wavelength of 589 nanometres. Refer to Table A2.1 Sample
liner. Refer to Annex A3, Figs. A3.1 and A3.2, for sketches of
Data Sheet.
the shielding window configurations.
6.1.5 Dimensions:
6.2.2 Structure:
6.1.5.1 The minimum dimensions of the clear view and the
6.2.2.1 The wall liners shall be constructed of carbon steel
maximum dimensions of the barrier shield assemblies shall be
or stainless steel weldments or iron or stainless steel castings.
as specified by the Owner-Operator on the data sheet for each
It is recommended that the hot side of the wall liners,
type of window.
especially where there are corrosive environments, be con-
6.1.5.2 The centerline viewing height of clear view (eye
structed of stainless steel weldments or stainless steel castings.
position above cold side floor), the offset viewing height (eye Porous castings that may trap contamination shall not be
position above cold side floor), the offset viewing distance
permitted.
from clear view centerline, and the viewing distance (distance
6.2.2.2 Castings shall be inspected for surface defects and
from eyeball to glass) shall be specified by the Owner-Operator
porosity after machining. Castings shall also be inspected for
on the data sheet for each type of window.
internal voids by ultrasonic or X-ray testing. These inspections
6.1.5.3 The hot side of the barrier shield cover glass should verify surface and internal casting quality, which assures
be designed to eliminate master-slave manipulator interfer- structural soundness, radiological containment, and adequate
ence. Refer to Annex A3, Fig. A3.8. shielding.
C1572/C1572M − 23
6.2.2.3 Materials used in the construction of wall liners shall 6.2.8.3 Any bracing shall be placed such that the vent holes
be suitable for the specific application as recommended by the shall be accessible during the concrete pour.
designer or manufacturer, and as approved by the Owner-
6.2.8.4 The temporary bracing shall be removed at the time
Operator. Refer to 7.2 Steel/Castings.
when the concrete forms are removed.
6.2.2.4 When the wall liners are to be flared out to the hot
6.2.9 Vent Holes:
side to accommodate extreme viewing angles, the designer
6.2.9.1 Vent holes shall be cut into the bottom surface of the
must ensure that attenuation provided by the wall is not
wall liners as required to accommodate the removal of trapped
compromised.
air pockets during the concrete pour.
6.2.3 Sealing System:
6.2.9.2 The vent holes in the wall liners shall be seal welded
6.2.3.1 The wall liners shall be designed to have a primary
closed and liquid dye penetrant examined before window
and secondary containment seal.
installation.
(1) The primary containment seal shall be at the hot side of
6.3 Shielding Window Assemblies:
the wall liner and shall be accomplished by sealing the barrier
shield assembly to a machined surface of the hot side face of
6.3.1 Design:
the wall liner.
6.3.1.1 The window housings shall be of a single or multi-
(2) The secondary containment seal shall be at the cold
step construction to prevent radiation streaming.
side, or at the most cold side step of the wall liner, and shall be
6.3.1.2 The window housings shall be designed to provide
accomplished by sealing the window assembly to a machined
the necessary shielding to compensate for the gap between the
surface at the cold side, or most cold side step, of the wall liner.
window housing and the wall liner.
(3) The design shall be such that a gas-tight seal is formed
6.3.1.3 Shielding window assemblies of the same size shall
in the cavity between the barrier shield and the window
be interchangeable with wall liners of the same size. Window
assembly when the shielding window assembly is inserted into
designs (components and sub-assemblies) should be toleranced
the wall liner. Refer to Annex A3, Fig. A3.6 and Fig. A3.8, for
accordingly for interchangeability. Refer to Annex A3, Figs.
sketches of trim frame configurations and stepped wall liner
A3.1 and A3.2, for sketches of the shielding window configu-
configuration.
rations.
6.2.4 Gas Purge:
6.3.2 Structure:
6.2.4.1 An inert gas purge line and a gas vent line should be
6.3.2.1 The shielding windows shall be dry lead glass or
provided at the cold side wall liner face to supply and exhaust
oil-filled lead glass.
inert gas to and from the cavity between the barrier shield and
6.3.2.2 The shielding window housings shall be constructed
window assembly.
of carbon steel or stainless steel weldments, or iron or stainless
6.2.4.2 Consideration shall be given not to exhaust contami-
steel castings. It is recommended that the hot side of the
nation to the cold side, should the primary barrier shield seal
windows, where exposed to corrosive environments, be con-
malfunction. All seal welds shall be continuous so that the liner
structed of stainless steel weldments or stainless steel castings.
and flanges will provide an inert gas tight seal.
6.3.2.3 Materials used in the construction of shielding
6.2.5 Gaps—Liner to Housing:
windows shall be suitable for the specific application as
6.2.5.1 The interface between the wall liner and the shield-
recommended by the designer or manufacturer, and as ap-
ing window assembly shall be designed to provide a gap at the
proved by the Owner-Operator. Refer to Section 7.2 Steel/
top and sides to allow centering the shielding window in the
Castings.
wall liner cavity. The gap is to provide for window inter-
changeability. 6.3.2.4 Shielding Windows designed with encased concrete
or magnetite shall be provided with external vent holes near the
6.2.5.2 A gap shall be provided between the window and the
cold side to relieve possible pressure buildup that may occur
wall liner at the bottom. The inside bottom surface of the wall
from the creation of hydrogen and oxygen gases caused by
liner shall be designed to mate with the skids or rollers on the
decomposition of the concrete or magnetite under long-term
shielding window assembly.
radiation exposure.
6.2.6 Concrete Anchors:
6.2.6.1 Where required, the embedded wall liners shall have 6.3.2.5 Porous castings that may trap contamination shall
concrete anchors secured to the assembly exterior where the not be permitted. Castings shall be inspected for surface
wall liner surfaces are in contact with the concrete wall. defects and porosity after machining. Castings shall also be
inspected for internal voids by ultrasonic or X-ray testing.
6.2.7 Liner Handling:
These inspections verify surface and internal casting quality,
6.2.7.1 Each wall liner shall have suitable lifting points for
which assures structural soundness, radiological containment
handling purposes.
and adequate shielding.
6.2.8 Temporary Bracing:
6.3.3 Sealing Systems:
6.2.8.1 The embedded wall liner will also be utilized as a
form for placing concrete when the shielding wall is poured. 6.3.3.1 The window housing shall incorporate a gasket to
6.2.8.2 The Manufacturer shall provide and install internal provide a secondary containment seal at the cold side of the
horizontal and vertical temporary bracing as necessary for the wall liner or at the most cold side step of the wall liner. This
embedded wall liners such that the required tolerances are may be accomplished by machining a surface at the wall liner.
maintained during shipment and installation. The window manufacturer shall recommend a method to
C1572/C1572M − 23
compress the seal at the wall liner. The purpose of the seal is is to assure the cold side cover glass ruptures first in the event
to eliminate moisture between the hot side face of the window of over-pressurization of the shielding window assembly.
and barrier shield.
6.3.7.2 During purging and oil changing, a polycarbonate
6.3.3.2 Carbon steel or stainless steel trim frame assemblies
panel should be installed over the external surface of the cold
with cover glasses and sealing gaskets may be mounted at both
side cover glass and mounted to the trim frame. This panel
the hot side and cold side faces of the shielding window
shall serve as a safety shield in case the cold side cover glass
assemblies, forming a gas tight chamber within the window
ruptures.
cavities.
6.3.8 Purge Systems:
6.3.3.3 The Owner-Operator shall specify the requirement
6.3.8.1 Design:
for a hot side trim frame assembly for a dry lead glass window.
(1) Where excessive temperature cycling may be present, it
6.3.3.4 The hot side and cold side surfaces of the window
is important to keep ambient air and moisture from entering the
housings shall be designed to provide a sealing surface for the
internal window cavity to prevent filming on the internal glass
seal gaskets and a mounting surface for the trim frame
surfaces.
assemblies as required.
(2) Provisions shall be made in the shielding window
6.3.3.5 The hot side seal gasket for the hot side cover glass
assemblies for the free flow of inert gas, or shielding oil
where used shall be placed between the cold side face of the
beneath each internal glass slab, and for the venting of inert
glass and the machined steel face at the hot side of the
gas, or flow of shielding oil over the top of each internal glass
shielding window assembly.
slab during the purging or oil filling and oil draining processes.
6.3.3.6 The cold side seal gasket for the cold side cover
(3) Passages for inert gas and oil flow shall be designed
glass shall be placed similarly.
with offsets to prevent radiation streaming through the shield-
6.3.3.7 The joints of the seal gaskets shall be vulcanized
ing window.
(not glued), or the gasket shall be cookie cut from a solid sheet
(4) The shielding window assemblies shall be designed
of gasket material. Refer to Annex A3, Fig. A3.6 and Fig. A3.8,
such that they may be filled, drained, gas purged, and vented
for sketches of trim frame configurations.
from the cold side, without removal of the shielding window
6.3.3.8 The compression gaskets shall be located between assemblies from the wall liners.
the trim frame clamping flange and the cover glass. (5) There shall be no residual oil trapped at the bottom of
the shielding window assemblies when the oil is drained and
6.3.4 Roller/Skids:
there shall be no air pockets trapped at the top of the shielding
6.3.4.1 A pair of skids shall be located on the underside of
window assemblies when the shielding windows are filled with
the shielding window assemblies. The purpose for the skids is
oil.
to assist in the installation and removal of the windows and
(6) The oil fill and drain system should be designed such
also to help properly align the window assemblies within the
that the entire shielding window assembly can be filled or
wall liners.
drained without interruption of flow in approximately one hour.
6.3.4.2 The skids shall be designed to match the internal
This recommendation is to eliminate potential stain lines on the
bottom surfaces of the wall liners and to insure a perpendicular
glass surfaces due to interruption of oil flow.
fit-up. Machining of matching surfaces is recommended.
6.3.9 Components:
6.3.4.3 An alternative method to using skids is to use rollers
mounted in the external underside of the shielding window 6.3.9.1 All fittings and valves shall be stainless steel. No
assemblies. fluoropolymer resin packing shall be allowed in the valves or
used as a thread sealant on the threaded fittings.
6.3.5 Window Handling:
6.3.5.1 The windows shall be provided with suitable lifting 6.3.9.2 A desiccant air dryer assembly shall be mounted
points. above each shielding window and connected to the window
ventilation system (both inside the window and between the
6.3.5.2 A suitable attachment method for extracting and
window and wall liner cavity) and also to the inert gas purge
installing the windows shall be provided.
system. On an oil window, the desiccant air dryer shall be
6.3.6 Shielding Glass:
located above the oil expansion tank.
6.3.6.1 Polished glass slabs shall be installed into the
6.3.9.3 The inert gas purge system shall have a pressure
window housings and secured to the interior sides of the
reduction valve and a pressure relief valve or bubbler system to
window housings with lead packing or other suitable shielding
reduce the inert gas pressure on the windows to a maximum of
material.
1.7 kPa [0.25 psi].
6.3.6.2 The window assemblies shall provide the desired
shielding while maintaining optical clarity. 6.3.9.4 There shall be a valve in line above the desiccant air
dryer assembly to shut off the supply of the inert gas when
6.3.6.3 The glass slabs shall be secured within the window
changing out the air dryer crystal cartridge.
housings in a manner as to prevent loss of shielding during a
seismic event. Refer to paragraph 6.3.11.2. 6.3.9.5 The air dryer shall be easily accessible for change
out of the air dryer cartridge.
6.3.7 Cover Glasses:
6.3.7.1 The hot side cover glass, where installed, shall 6.3.9.6 There shall also be a valve mounted on the lower
provide as a minimum 25 % greater allowable surface pressure cold side face of the shielding window assembly for draining
than the cold side cover glass. The purpose for this requirement oil from the window or for purging and venting the window.
C1572/C1572M − 23
6.3.9.7 Where an inert gas system is unavailable or interchangeability. Refer to Annex A3, Figs. A3.1 and A3.2, for
impractical, the top of the air dryer shall be sealed with an sketches of the shielding window configurations.
expandable bellows of neoprene or other suitable material to
6.4.2 Structure:
seal the window cavity from the ambient air and still allow for
6.4.2.1 The shielding plugs shall be constructed of carbon
expansion of the inert gas or shielding oil. Bellows manufac-
steel or stai
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1572/C1572M − 18 C1572/C1572M − 23
Standard Guide for
Dry Lead Glass and Oil-Filled Lead Glass Radiation
Shielding Window Components for Remotely Operated
Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1572/C1572M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Intent:
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide guidance for the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing,
packaging, shipping, installation, and maintenance of radiation shielding window components. These window components include
wall liner embedments, dry lead glass radiation shielding window assemblies, oil-filled lead glass radiation shielding window
assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, view ports, and the installation/extraction table/device required for the installation
and removal of the window components.
1.2 Applicability:
1.2.1 This standard is intended for those persons who are tasked with the planning, design, procurement, fabrication, installation,
and operation of the radiation shielding window components that may be used in the operation of hot cells, high level caves,
mini-cells, canyon facilities, and very high level radiation areas.
1.2.2 This standard applies to radiation shielding window assemblies used in normal concrete walls, high-density concrete walls,
steel walls and lead walls.
1.2.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system
may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two
systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Common nomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically shielding,
uses a combination of metric units and inch-pound units.
1.2.4 This standard identifies the special information required by the Manufacturer for the design of window components. Table
A1.1 shows a sample list of the radiation source spectra and geometry information, typically required for shielding analysis. Table
A2.1 shows a detailed sample list of specific data typically required to determine the physical size, glass types, and viewing
characteristics of the shielding window, or view port. Annex A3 shows general window configuration sketches. Blank copies of
Table A1.2 and Table A2.1 are found in the respective Annexes for the Owner–Operator’s use.
1.2.5 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of configurations and types of lead glass radiation
shielding window components used in hot cells. It does not address glovebox, water, X-ray glass, or zinc bromide windows.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.14 on Remote Systems.
Current edition approved June 1, 2018May 15, 2023. Published July 2018July 2023. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20172018 as
C1572/C1572M – 17.C1572/C1572M – 18. DOI: 10.1520/C1572_C1572M-18.10.1520/C1572_C1572M-23.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1572/C1572M − 23
1.2.6 Supplementary information on viewing systems in hot cells may be found in Guides C1533 and C1661.
1.3 Caveats:
1.3.1 Consideration shall be given when preparing the shielding window designs for the safety related issues discussed in the
Hazard Sources and Failure Modes, Section 11; such as dielectric discharge, over-pressurization, radiation exposure,
contamination, and overturning of the installation/extraction table/device.
1.3.2 In many cases, the use of the word “shall” has been purposely used in lieu of “should” to stress the importance of the
statements that have been made in this standard.
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory requirements prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 Industry and National Consensus Standards—Nationally recognized industry and consensus standards which may be
applicable in whole or in part to the design, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing, packaging, shipping, installation and
maintenance of radiation shielding window components are referenced throughout this standard and include the following:
2.2 ASTM Standards:
A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
A36/A36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
A48/A48M Specification for Gray Iron Castings
A240/A240M Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels and
for General Applications
A747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Hardening
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
C1533 Guide for General Design Considerations for Hot Cell Equipment
C1661 Guide for Viewing Systems for Remotely Operated Facilities
D1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
D3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of Aviation Turbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel Fuels
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E299 Test Method for Trace Amounts of Peroxides In Organic Solvents
E2024 Practice for Atmospheric Leaks Using a Thermal Conductivity Leak Detector
ASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units
2.3 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standards:
ACI C-31 Seismic Requirements
2.4 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Standard:
Manual of Steel Construction
2.5 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards:
ANSI Y 14 Engineering Drawing and Related Documentation Practices
ANSI/ASME NQA-1 Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications
ANSI/AWS A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Examination
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.concrete.org.
Available from American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), One E. Wacker Dr., Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, http://www.aisc.org.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
C1572/C1572M − 23
ANSI/AWS B2.1 Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification
ANSI/AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding Code—Steel
ANSI/AWS D1.6/D1.6M Structural Welding Code—Stainless Steel
ANSI/ISO/ASQ 9001 Quality Management Standard Requirements
2.6 American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Standards:
ASNT-SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing
2.7 Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC):
SSPC-SP1 Solvent Cleaning
SSPC-SP5 White Metal Blast Cleaning
SSPC-PA1 Shop, Field, and Maintenance Painting of Steel
2.8 Federal Standards (FS):
QQ-C-40 Caulking, Lead Wool, and F7 Lead Pig
2.9 Federal Regulations (FR):
10 CFR20.1003 Definitions
10 CFR50, Appendix B Quality Assurance Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel Reprocessing Plants
10 CFR830.120 Subpart A Nuclear Safety Management, Quality Assurance Requirements
2.10 International Building Code (IBC):
IBC Section 2314 Earthquake Regulations
2.11 Other Standards:
NCRP Report No. 82 SI Units in Radiation Protection and Measurements
ICRU Report 10b Physical Aspects of Irradiation
3. Terminology
3.1 General Considerations:
3.1.1 The terminology employed in this guide conforms with industry practice insofar as practicable.
3.1.2 For definitions of general terms used to describe nuclear materials, hot cells, and hot cell equipment, refer to Terminology
C859.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 air dryer cartridge, n—a cloth bag containing moisture-absorbent crystals.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
The bag is inserted into the dryer assembly. The crystals are used to absorb moisture from the contained environment.
3.2.2 anti-reflection treatment, n—a process applied to the surface of the glass that reduces reflection and increases the light
transmission through the glass.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
It is often called a low-reflection treatment.
3.2.3 as-built drawings, n—a set of drawings that reflect all of the changes that were incorporated into the components during the
manufacturing process since the original design.
3.2.4 barrier shield assembly, n—consists of steel frames, gaskets, and a glass plate; typically cerium-stabilized, assembled
together to form a see through barrier.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
The assembly is mechanically fastened to the hot side of the wall liner to provide a gas tight containment barrier, which protects
the window assembly from any radioactive contamination within the hot cell (alpha particles and other contaminates).
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Available from Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 40 24th St., 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656, http://www.sspc.org.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.
Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Inc., 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.
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3.2.5 barrier shield glass, n—a glass plate; typically cerium stabilized that is used as a cover glass to see through and isolate the
window assembly from contamination.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
It is normally mounted in a barrier shield frame with gaskets to make up a barrier shield assembly.
3.2.6 bellows, n—a flexible enclosure generally made of a pliable gasket material, which expands and contracts with the
temperature change of the inert gas and other components, maintaining a controlled atmosphere within the window assembly.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—
When employed, the bellows is generally connected to the top of the expansion tank on an oil-filled window, and directly above
the air dryer on the window housing of a dry window. The material of selection must be compatible with the environment, and
with the window components.
3.2.7 browning, n—the discoloration and darkening of glass to a brownish color due to excessive radiation exposure.
3.2.8 bubbler system, n—a device used as a pressure relief, and constructed of an outer open top container or chamber that is filled
with a liquid.
3.2.8.1 Discussion—
It has a separate pressurized tube inserted into the liquid. When over-pressurization occurs in the tube, the gas bubbles out the
bottom of the tube and up to the surface through the liquid.
3.2.9 buffer seal, n—a specially configured seal gasket used on a barrier shield.
3.2.10 build-up factor, n—for radiation passing through a medium, buildup factor is the ratio of the total value of a specific
radiation quantity (direct and scattered) measured as absorbed dose at any point within that medium to the contribution to that
quantity from the incident uncollided radiation reaching that point.
3.2.10.1 Discussion—
The build-up factor increases with increased shielding thickness and is higher for low atomic number materials.
3.2.11 cave, n—in the nuclear hot cell applications, typically a small-scale hot cell facility.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—
This term is sometimes used synonymously with hot cell.
3.2.12 central viewing area, [L ], n—the central viewing area of a glass slab or glass plate is that viewing area, circular or
elliptical, of which the diameter of axis is 80 % of the maximum usable viewing window dimensions.
3.2.13 cerium-stabilized glass, n—a glass type that contains a small percentage of cerium oxide to help stabilize the glass from
discoloration due to radiation exposure.
3.2.13.1 Discussion—
It is often called non-browning glass.
3.2.14 CMTR, n—the abbreviation for a Certified Material Test Report, which is a document that certifies the results of tests and
analyses performed on the item provided.
3.2.15 checks, n—very small fractures, or breakouts, normally around the edge of a glass plate or glass slab.
3.2.16 chip, n—a fragment broken from an edge or surface.
3.2.17 clear view, [L ], n—the physical size (length × width) of the smallest glass slab of all the glass components in a shielding
window assembly.
3.2.17.1 Discussion—
The actual clear view may be reduced by the method of retention of the glass in the window.
3.2.18 cold side, n—the surface on a radiation shielding window that is farthest from the radioactive source, and usually is not
subject to contamination.
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3.2.19 cold side load, n—a cold side load window assembly is an assembly that is inserted into a wall liner or removed from a
wall liner from the operator (cold side) of the hot cell.
3.2.20 cover glass (hot or cold side), n—a glass plate positioned on the hot or cold side of the window.
3.2.20.1 Discussion—
The cover glass is often held in place with a trim frame assembly and seal gaskets. This assembly achieves a seal, which isolates
the inner glass slabs from the external atmosphere and may also hold or contain the mineral oil within the window assembly.
3.2.21 density inch, n—a term used to describe the specific gravity of a shielding material multiplied by the thickness of that
material in inches. The units are g/cc × (in.).
3.2.22 desiccant air dryer, n—a device filled with crystals and is used to remove moisture from a contained environment.
3.2.23 dielectric discharge, n—an instantaneous flow of electrical current from an irradiated glass component to the ground,
causing severe damage to the glass, usually in the form of a dendritic fracture (Lichtenberg Figure) or heavy cleavage.
2 3
3.2.24 dose rate, [L T ], n—a quantity of absorbed dose received in a given unit of time.
3.2.25 dry lead glass window, n—a radiation shielding window that is filled with slabs of lead glass with polished glass surfaces.
3.2.25.1 Discussion—
The assembly may be continuously purged with an inert gas. The glass surfaces within the shielding window assembly are
normally treated to minimize surface reflection.
3.2.26 duty cycle, [T], n—is a factor considered in the design of window life based on anticipated cell usage.
3.2.26.1 Discussion—
It is dose rate versus time at a particular location.
3.2.27 exposure, [M TI], n—in X-ray and gamma radiation, radiation exposure is a measure of the amount of ionization produced
by X-ray or gamma rays as they travel through air.
3.2.27.1 Discussion—
-4
The special unit of radiation exposure is the roentgen (R). It is equivalent to 2.58 × 10 coulombs per kilogram of air.
3.2.28 extreme view angle, n—the maximum angle that an operator can see into the hot cell when looking through the shielding
window from the extreme perimeter edge of the cold side trim frame.
3.2.29 gas purge line, n—a stainless steel tube supplying a pressurized gas to the window assembly.
3.2.30 gas-tight seal, n—a seal that meets the requirements of a leak rate test.
3.2.31 gas vent line, n—a stainless steel tube connected to the window assembly for the purpose of venting gas.
3.2.32 glass plate, n—typically used as cover glasses or barrier shields.
3.2.32.1 Discussion—
The maximum thickness is typically 40 mm [1.5 in.] thick.
3.2.33 glass slabs, n—typically used for internal shielding in windows and view ports.
3.2.33.1 Discussion—
The typical thickness ranges from a minimum of 40 mm [1.5 in.] up to a maximum of 400 mm [16 in.] thick.
3.2.34 glass surface defects, n—refer to those defects that are on the glass surface and can be removed by reprocessing or
repolishing the glass surface.
3.2.34.1 Discussion—
These defects are scratches, short finish, and stripping.
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3.2.35 high level caves, n—a small-scale hot cell facility.
3.2.36 hot side, n—the surface on a radiation shielding window that, when installed, will be the closest to the radioactive sources.
3.2.37 inclusions, n—“small bubbles,” “small black stones,” and “seeds” that are visible in optical quality glass.
3.2.38 inert gas, n—a type of commercial-grade, moisture-free gas.
3.2.38.1 Discussion—
The gas is usually argon or nitrogen that is purged into the internal window assembly to displace ambient air.
3.2.39 installation/extraction table/device, n—a heavy duty table or device capable of supporting one and one-half times the
shielding window’s weight that is used for extracting a shielding window, shielding plug, or view port from an embedment wall
liner, or installing the shielding window, shielding plug, or view port into the wall liner.
3.2.40 lead packing, n—lead material in the form of a wool mesh or sheet material positioned inside a window assembly housing
to fill the voids between the edges of the glass slabs and the window housing.
3.2.40.1 Discussion—
The packing is required to provide shielding equivalence to the glass components within the window assembly and the hot cell
wall, and to eliminate radiation “shine” paths.
3.2.41 light transmission, n—the measurement of light transmitted through a media and is specified as a ratio of light transmitted
through the media as compared to the light transmitted through air.
3.2.42 mini-cell, n—a very small, hot cell.
3.2.43 NCR, n—the abbreviation for a Manufacturer’s Non-Conformance Report.
3.2.43.1 Discussion—
This quality assurance report is generated when an item does not meet specification and must state the manufacturer’s proposed
course of action and how the solution deviates from the contract.
3.2.44 non-browning glass, n—a glass type that resists discoloration due to high radiation exposure.
3 3
3.2.45 normal concrete, n—a concrete mixture that has a weight of between 2250 and 2400 kg per m [140 to 150 lb/ft ].
3.2.46 normal view angle, n—the angle of view the operator can see into the hot cell when looking through the shielding window
at the operator’s eye level at a given distance from the cold side cover glass.
3.2.47 oil expansion tank, n—a stainless steel or glass tank attached to the cold side hot cell wall which allows for volumetric
changes of the oil within the window due to temperature changes.
3.2.47.1 Discussion—
Stainless steel is the preferred type. The oil supply in the window is connected to the expansion tank.
3.2.48 oil-filled lead glass window, n—a lead glass radiation shielding window filled with an optical grade shielding oil.
3.2.49 polished glass surface, n—a glass surface that has been polished and has minimal visual defects such as scratches and short
finish.
3.2.50 secondary gamma, n—is radiation generated by reactions between primary gamma rays and the material through which it
is traveling.
3.2.51 shielding oil, n—an optical grade mineral oil used to fill the voids between the glass slabs and couple the glass surfaces
in an oil-filled lead glass shielding window assembly.
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3.2.51.1 Discussion—
The oil also provides minor gamma and neutron shielding.
3.2.52 shielding wall plug, n—a device constructed similar to that of a radiation shielding window, except that it has no visual
capabilities for viewing into the hot cell.
3.2.52.1 Discussion—
It is used only to plug the hole where a radiation shield window normally is installed. A shielding plug allows the Owner-Operator
to move and interchange shielding windows to other locations. It is an effective tool in reducing operating and maintenance costs
of a hot cell.
3.2.53 shine, n—in the nuclear industry, shine is direct, scattered, or reflected radiation.
3.2.54 short finish, n—the small microscopic pits normally found in the outer edges or corners on the surface of a polished plate
or slab of glass. The pits do not affect the optical visibility through the glass.
3.2.55 stepped window, n—a stepped shielding window is one that has one or more steps at its perimeter and provides an
interruption in the potential radiation shine path from the hot side to the cold side of the window.
3.2.56 streaming, n—see radiation streaming.
3.2.57 striae, n—transparent lines appearing as though threads of glass have been incorporated into the glass sheet.
3.2.58 stripping, n—a streaking appearance on a polished glass surface with no measurable depth indicating a loss of polish
without glass removal.
2 -2
3.2.59 total integrated dose (tid), [L T ], n—is the total amount of radiation received by a component or location for the design
life of the component.
3.2.59.1 Discussion—
Total dose is computed by multiplying the dose rate(s) by the corresponding time(s) and summing the results over the time span.
Another way to express this is as the area under the curve of a dose rate versus time diagram.
3.2.60 trim frame, n—a steel frame with a drilled hole pattern that functions to mechanically fasten a cover glass to a window
housing.
3.2.61 trim frame assembly, n—consists of steel frames, gaskets and a glass plate (cover glass), assembled together to form a
see-through cover glass.
3.2.61.1 Discussion—
The assembly is mechanically fastened to the cold side or hot side of a window housing to provide a gas tight containment for
the shielding window assembly.
3.2.62 very high radiation area, n—an area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels external to the body could result
in an individual receiving an absorbed dose in excess of 500 rads [5 grays] in 1 h at 1 m from a radiation source or 1 m from any
surface that the radiation penetrates. (10 CFR20.1003)
3.2.63 viewing angle, n—the term used to describe the widening view from the eyeball when looking through a shielding window
into a hot cell.
3.2.64 view port, n—a small shielding window that is usually positioned in a cask, wall, or other shielded structure and is utilized
for the express purpose of viewing a small area where a gauge, meter, valve, etc. might be located.
-1 -2
3.2.65 WG, [ML T ], n—the abbreviation for water gauge.
3.2.65.1 Discussion—
It is the pressure differential, equal to the pressure exerted by a column of water of the specified height.
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3.2.66 wall liner embedment, n—a metal structure which is embedded in the hot cell wall.
3.2.66.1 Discussion—
The radiation shielding window fits into the wall liner.
3.2.67 window cavity, n—the space inside the window housing that contains the glass slabs and lead packing.
3.2.68 window housing, n—the outer metal structure of the shielding window.
3.2.68.1 Discussion—
It fits into the wall liner embedment.
3.2.69 window interchangeability, n—the ability to remove a shielding window of the same size from one embedment wall liner
and move and install it into another embedment wall liner of the same size.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Radiation Shielding Window Components:
4.1.1 Radiation shielding window components operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design
and fabrication sequences. Such concerns can only be addressed, or are most efficiently addressed, during one or the other of these
stages. The operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject
equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.
4.1.2 This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria
applicable to the design of radiation shielding window components.
5. Quality Assurance and Quality Requirements
5.1 Quality Assurance (QA):
5.1.1 The Manufacturer should administer a quality assurance program acceptable to the Owner-Operator. QA programs may be
required to comply with 10 CFR50, Appendix B, 10 CFR830.120 Subpart A, ANSI/ASME NQA-1, or ANSI/ISO/ASQ 9001.
5.1.2 The Owner-Operator should require appropriate quality assurance of purchased radiation shielding window components to
assure proper fit up, operation, and reliability of the components when they are installed in the hot cell.
6. Design Requirements
6.1 General Requirements:
6.1.1 Application:
6.1.1.1 The Owner-Operator shall specify whether the radiation shielding window shall be dry lead glass or oil filled lead glass,
based on the application needs and preference. Considerations in making the determination should be based on viewing, seismic,
neutron shielding, clarity, and maintenance requirements.
6.1.1.2 Materials of construction on the hot side shall be radiation resistant to the hot cell environment, easily decontaminated,
and compatible with other materials with which they are in contact.
6.1.1.3 The radiation shielding components shall be designed to provide the required radiation shielding, hot side contamination
containment, and viewing capability within the shielded hot cells.
6.1.2 Configuration:
6.1.2.1 The shielding window components shall be designed as cold side or hot side load with single or multiple steps. A cold side
load window with a single step is the preferred method.
6.1.2.2 If the manufacturer elects to provide multiple stepped window components, he shall demonstrate to the Owner-Operator
C1572/C1572M − 23
prior to fabrication release that the windows can be installed, extracted, and re-installed from the cold side with the barrier shield
secured in place on the wall liner embedment.
6.1.3 Radiation Environment and Shielding:
6.1.3.1 Attenuation:
(1) Each radiation shielding window shall provide adequate radiation shielding for the radiation source in the respective cell.
(2) The Owner-Operator shall specify the source in terms of the specific isotopes, activity, its dose rate, its geometry, and its
distance from the hot side of the window. Refer to Annex A1.
(3) The Owner-Operator shall specify the radiation level at the cold side of the window; for example, 2.5 μSv/h [0.25 mrem/h]
at a distance of 150 mm [6 in.] from the surface of the cold side cover glass. It is recommended that the attenuation of the window
match the attenuation of the hot cell wall.
6.1.3.2 Build-Up Factor:
(1) Unless otherwise specified by the Owner-Operator, the window shall be designed to accommodate the radiation build-up
factor. Build-up Factor in shielding calculations takes account of scattered radiation. Most shielding calculations are based on
highly collimated photon sources but normally, the source is only broadly collimated or uncollimated.
(2) Radiation scattered from elsewhere in the shield will reach a particular dose point under consideration. In general, build-up
factor increases with shield thickness and is higher for low atomic number materials.
6.1.3.3 Radiation Streaming:
(1) Shielding shall be provided along any possible radiation path through the window penetration and the wall liner.
(2) Installation of shielding materials into the gaps between the window housing and the wall liner (with the exception of metal
spacers) should not be permitted for new design and build windows to meet the dose rate requirement at the cold side of the
window. This requirement is to eliminate the potential for mixed hazardous waste such as contaminated lead packing that may be
removed from the opening between the window and wall liner.
6.1.4 Light Transmission:
6.1.4.1 The minimum initial light transmission specified by the Owner-Operator for each type window shall be measured at a
wavelength of 589 nanometres. Refer to Table A2.1 Sample Data Sheet.
6.1.5 Dimensions:
6.1.5.1 The minimum dimensions of the clear view and the maximum dimensions of the barrier shield assemblies shall be as
specified by the Owner-Operator on the data sheet for each type of window.
6.1.5.2 The centerline viewing height of clear view (eye position above cold side floor), the offset viewing height (eye position
above cold side floor), the offset viewing distance from clear view centerline, and the viewing distance (distance from eyeball to
glass) shall be specified by the Owner-Operator on the data sheet for each type of window.
6.1.5.3 The hot side of the barrier shield cover glass should be designed to eliminate master-slave manipulator interference. Refer
to Annex A3, Fig. A3.8.
6.1.6 Wall Thickness, Density and Material:
6.1.6.1 The Owner-Operator shall specify the wall thickness, density, and material. Refer to Annex A2.
6.1.7 Viewing Angles:
6.1.7.1 The Owner-Operator shall specify the minimum viewing angles as described in Annex A3, Figs. A3.3-A3.5, and on the
Annex A2 Data Sheet.
6.1.7.2 Annex A3, Figs. A3.3-A3.5 shows typical calculated centerline and offset viewing angle geometry in horizontal and
vertical sections, respectively.
6.1.8 Physical Conditions:
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6.1.8.1 The Owner-Operator shall provide the necessary information regarding the design and operating requirements for the cold
side and hot side of the window. Refer to Annex A1 – Annex A3.
6.1.9 Seismic Requirements:
6.1.9.1 The Owner-Operator shall provide seismic requirements for designing the shielding window components as determined
by the ACI C-31 Seismic Requirements, the IBC Section 2314—Earthquake Regulations, or other seismic codes specific to the
Owner-Operator’s facility.
6.1.9.2 The shielding window components shall withstand seismic and other concurrent loads while maintaining containment and
shielding during the event. Viewing functionality of the shielding windows during and after the event is not required, but shielding
and containment must be maintained.
6.1.9.3 Seismic qualification of the shielding window components shall be by analysis unless otherwise specified by the
Owner-Operator.
6.1.9.4 Friction, where not purposely designed (AISC friction type connection), shall not be relied upon as a resisting force during
seismic events. Shielding window assemblies must be mechanically restrained to the wall.
6.1.10 Design Life:
6.1.10.1 The design life and radiological duty cycle of the windows shall be specified by the Owner-Operator.
6.2 Wall Liner Embedments:
6.2.1 Design:
6.2.1.1 The wall liners shall be of a single or multi-step construction to prevent radiation streaming. The wall liners shall be
designed to provide the necessary shielding to compensate for the gap between the window housing and the wall liner. Refer to
Annex A3, Figs. A3.1 and A3.2, for sketches of the shielding window configurations.
6.2.2 Structure:
6.2.2.1 The wall liners shall be constructed of carbon steel or stainless steel weldments or iron or stainless steel castings. It is
recommended that the hot side of the wall liners, especially where there are corrosive environments, be constructed of stainless
steel weldments or stainless steel castings. Porous castings that may trap contamination shall not be permitted.
6.2.2.2 Castings shall be inspected for surface defects and porosity after machining. Castings shall also be inspected for internal
voids by ultrasonic or X-ray testing. These inspections verify surface and internal casting quality, which assures structural
soundness, radiological containment, and adequate shielding.
6.2.2.3 Materials used in the construction of wall liners shall be suitable for the specific application as recommended by the
designer or manufacturer, and as approved by the Owner-Operator. Refer to 7.2 Steel/Castings.
6.2.2.4 When the wall liners are to be flared out to the hot side to accommodate extreme viewing angles, the designer must ensure
that attenuation provided by the wall is not compromised.
6.2.3 Sealing System:
6.2.3.1 The wall liners shall be designed to have a primary and secondary containment seal.
(1) The primary containment seal shall be at the hot side of the wall liner and shall be accomplished by sealing the barrier shield
assembly to a machined surface of the hot side face of the wall liner.
(2) The secondary containment seal shall be at the cold side, or at the most cold side step of the wall liner, and shall be
accomplished by sealing the window assembly to a machined surface at the cold side, or most cold side step, of the wall liner.
(3) The design shall be such that a gas-tight seal is formed in the cavity between the barrier shield and the window assembly
when the shielding window assembly is inserted into the wall liner. Refer to Annex A3, Fig. A3.6 and Fig. A3.8, for sketches of
trim frame configurations and stepped wall liner configuration.
C1572/C1572M − 23
6.2.4 Gas Purge:
6.2.4.1 An inert gas purge line and a gas vent line should be provided at the cold side wall liner face to supply and exhaust inert
gas to and from the cavity between the barrier shield and window assembly.
6.2.4.2 Consideration shall be given not to exhaust contamination to the cold side, should the primary barrier shield seal
malfunction. All seal welds shall be continuous so that the liner and flanges will provide an inert gas tight seal.
6.2.5 Gaps—Liner to Housing:
6.2.5.1 The interface between the wall liner and the shielding window assembly shall be designed to provide a gap at the top and
sides to allow centering the shielding window in the wall liner cavity. The gap is to provide for window interchangeability.
6.2.5.2 A gap shall be provided between the window and the wall liner at the bottom. The inside bottom surface of the wall liner
shall be designed to mate with the skids or rollers on the shielding window assembly.
6.2.6 Concrete Anchors:
6.2.6.1 Where required, the embedded wall liners shall have concrete anchors secured to the assembly exterior where the wall liner
surfaces are in contact with the concrete wall.
6.2.7 Liner Handling:
6.2.7.1 Each wall liner shall have suitable lifting points for handling purposes.
6.2.8 Temporary Bracing:
6.2.8.1 The embedded wall liner will also be utilized as a form for placing concrete when the shielding wall is poured.
6.2.8.2 The Manufacturer shall provide and install internal horizontal and vertical temporary bracing as necessary for the
embedded wall liners such that the required tolerances are maintained during shipment and installation.
6.2.8.3 Any bracing shall be placed such that the vent holes shall be accessible during the concrete pour.
6.2.8.4 The temporary bracing shall be removed at the time when the concrete forms are removed.
6.2.9 Vent Holes:
6.2.9.1 Vent holes shall be cut into the bottom surface of the wall liners as required to accommodate the removal of trapped air
pockets during the concrete pour.
6.2.9.2 The vent holes in the wall liners shall be seal welded closed and liquid dye penetrant examined before window installation.
6.3 Shielding Window Assemblies:
6.3.1 Design:
6.3.1.1 The window housings shall be of a single or multi-step construction to prevent radiation streaming.
6.3.1.2 The window housings shall be designed to provide the necessary shielding to compensate for the gap between the window
housing and the wall liner.
6.3.1.3 Shielding window assemblies of the same size shall be interchangeable with wall liners of the same size. Window designs
(components and sub-assemblies) should be toleranced accordingly for interchangeability. Refer to Annex A3, Figs. A3.1 and
A3.2, for sketches of the shielding window configurations.
6.3.2 Structure:
C1572/C1572M − 23
6.3.2.1 The shielding windows shall be dry lead glass or oil-filled lead glass.
6.3.2.2 The shielding window housings shall be constructed of carbon steel or stainless steel weldments, or iron or stainless steel
castings. It is recommended that the hot side of the windows, where exposed to corrosive environments, be constructed of stainless
steel weldments or stainless steel castings.
6.3.2.3 Materials used in the construction of shielding windows shall be suitable for the specific application as recommended by
the designer or manufacturer, and as approved by the Owner-Operator. Refer to Section 7.2 Steel/Castings.
6.3.2.4 Shielding Windows designed with encased concrete or magnetite shall be provided with external vent holes near the cold
side to relieve possible pressure buildup that may occur from the creation of hydrogen and oxygen gases caused by decomposition
of the concrete or magnetite under long-term radiation exposure.
6.3.2.5 Porous castings that may trap contamination shall not be permitted. Castings shall be inspected for surface defects and
porosity after machining. Castings shall also be inspected for internal voids by ultrasonic or X-ray testing. These inspections verify
surface and internal casting quality, which assures structural soundness, radiological containment and adequate shielding.
6.3.3 Sealing Systems:
6.3.3.1 The window housing shall incorporate a gasket to provide a secondary containment seal at the cold side of the wall liner
or at the most cold side step of the wall liner. This may be accomplished by machining a surface at the wall liner. The window
manufacturer shall recommend a method to compress the seal at the wall liner. The purpose of the seal is to eliminate moisture
between the hot side face of the window and barrier shield.
6.3.3.2 Carbon steel or stainless steel trim frame assemblies with cover glasses and sealing gaskets may be mounted at both the
hot side and cold side faces of the shielding window assemblies, forming a gas tight chamber within the window cavities.
6.3.3.3 The Owner-Operator shall specify the requirement for a hot side trim frame assembly for a dry lead glass window.
6.3.3.4 The hot side and cold side surfaces of the window housings shall be designed to provide a sealing surface for the seal
gaskets and a mounting surface for the trim frame assemblies as required.
6.3.3.5 The hot side seal gasket for the hot side cover glass where used shall be placed between the cold side face of the glass
and the machined steel face at the hot side of the shielding window assembly.
6.3.3.6 The cold side seal gasket for the cold side cover glass shall be placed similarly.
6.3.3.7 The joints of the seal gaskets shall be vulcanized (not glued), or the gasket shall be cookie cut from a solid sheet of gasket
material. Refer to Annex A3, Fig. A3.6 and Fig. A3.8, for sketches of trim frame configurations.
6.3.3.8 The compression gaskets shall be located between the trim frame clamping flange and the cover glass.
6.3.4 Roller/Skids:
6.3.4.1 A pair of skids shall be located on the underside of the shielding window assemblies. The purpose for the skids is to assist
in the installation and removal of the windows and also to help properly align the window assemblies within the wall liners.
6.3.4.2 The skids shall be designed to match the internal bottom surfaces of the wall liners and to insure a perpendicular fit-up.
Machining of matching surfaces is recommended.
6.3.4.3 An alternative method to using skids is to use rollers mounted in the external underside of the shielding window
assemblies.
6.3.5 Window Handling:
6.3.5.1 The windows shall be provided with suitable lifting points.
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6.3.5.2 A suitable attachment method for extracting and installing the windows shall be provided.
6.3.6 Shielding Glass:
6.3.6.1 Polished glass slabs shall be installed into the window housings and secured to the interior sides of the window housings
with lead packing or other suitable shielding material.
6.3.6.2 The window assemblies shall provide the desired shielding while maintaining optical clarity.
6.3.6.3 The glass slabs shall be secured within the window housings in a manner as to prevent loss of shielding during a seismic
event. Refer to paragraph 6.3.11.2.
6.3.7 Cover Glasses:
6.3.7.1 The hot side cover glass, where installed, shall provide as a minimum 25 % greater allowable surface pressure than the
cold side cover glass. The purpose for this requirement is to assure the cold side cover glass ruptures first in the event of
over-pressurization of the shielding window assembly.
6.3.7.2 During purging and oil changing, a polycarbonate panel should be installed over the external surface of the cold side cover
glass and mounted to the trim frame. This panel shall serve as a safety shield in case the cold side cover glass ruptures.
6.3.8 Purge Systems:
6.3.8.1 Design:
(1) Where excessive temperature cycling may be present, it is important to keep ambient air and moisture from entering the
internal window cavity to prevent filming on the internal glass surfaces.
(2) Provisions shall be made in the shielding window assemblies for the free flow of inert gas, or shielding oil beneath each
internal glass slab, and for the venting of inert gas, or flow of shielding oil over the top of each internal glass slab during the purging
or oil filling and oil draining processes.
(3) Passages for inert gas and oil flow shall be designed with offsets to prevent radiation streaming through the shielding
window.
(4) The shielding window assemblies shall be designed such that they may be filled, drained, gas purged, and vented from the
cold side, without removal of the shielding window assemblies from the wall liners.
(5) There shall be no residual oil trapped at the bottom of the shielding window assemblies when the oil is drained and there
shall be no air pockets trapped at the top of the shielding window assemblies when the shielding windows are filled with oil.
(6) The oil fill and drain system should be designed such that the entire shielding window assembly can be filled or drained
without interruption of flow in approximately one hour. This recommendation is to eliminate potential stain lines on the glass
surfaces due to interruption of oil flow.
6.3.9 Components:
6.3.9.1 All fittings and valves shall be stainless steel. No fluoropolymer resin packing shall be allowed in the valves or used as
a thread sealant on the threaded fittings.
6.3.9.2 A desiccant air dryer assembly shall be mounted above each shielding window and connected to the window ventilation
system (both inside the window and between the window and wall liner cavity) and also to the inert gas purge system. On an oil
window, the desiccant air dryer shall be located above the oil expansion tank.
6.3.9.3 The inert gas purge system shall have a pressure reduction valve and a pressure relief valve or bubbler system to reduce
the inert gas pressure on the windows to a maximum of 1.7 kPa [0.25 psi].
6.3.9.4 There shall be a valve in line above the desiccant air dryer assembly to shut off the supply of the inert gas when changing
out the air dryer crystal cartridge.
6.3.9.5 The air dryer shall be easily accessible for change out of the air dryer cartridge.
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6.3.9.6 There shall also be a valve mounted on the lower cold side face of the shielding window assembly for draining oil from
the window or for purging and venting the wind
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