ASTM C1223-09(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast Refractories
Standard Test Method for Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast Refractories
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method was developed for use both by manufacturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.
3.2 The results may be considered as representative of the potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested region) to contribute to glass defect formation during the furnace production operation.
3.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail brick) in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast specimens by subjecting them to temperatures corresponding to glass furnace operating temperatures.
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the exudate as the percent of volume increase of the specimen after cooling.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method uses only SI units (Section 6).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: C1223 − 09 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast
Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast
specimens by subjecting them to temperatures corresponding
3. Significance and Use
to glass furnace operating temperatures.
3.1 This test method was developed for use both by manu-
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the
facturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS
exudateasthepercentofvolumeincreaseofthespecimenafter
fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the
cooling.
selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
3.2 The results may be considered as representative of the
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
region) to contribute to glass defect formation during the
information only and are not considered standard.
furnace production operation.
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method
3.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other
uses only SI units (Section 6).
refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
brick) in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Apparatus and Materials
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.1 Scale—Alaboratory scale or balance rigged for suspen-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sion of specimens for dry/wet weight determinations to an
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
accuracy of 0.01 g.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.2 Kiln—An electric kiln to accommodate several 4-in.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
(102-mm) specimen cores placed vertically on end, and for
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
serviceat2750 °F(1510 °C),withavariationof<10 °F(6 °C).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 1
4.3 Foil—Cups formed from 2 ⁄4-in. (56-mm) squares of
platinum foil (Pt, 5 % Au alloy, 0.003 in. (0.076 mm) thick).
2. Referenced Documents
One cup required per specimen.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.4 AZS Casting—A virgin casting having no prior thermal
history except that of its own formation, and of a size and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on casting process equivalent to the intended application (such as
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.10 on Refracto-
an arch block) in which exudation potential is of interest.
ries for Glass.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally
5. Test Specimens and Sampling
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1223 – 09 (2014).
DOI: 10.1520/C1223-09R18.
5.1 Specimens may be removed from the original casting
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
either as drilled cores or as sawed bars, depending on labora-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
tory capability. Specimen cores or bars should be 4 in.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. (102 mm) long and either 1 in. (25.4 mm) in diameter or 1 by
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1223 − 09 (2018)
1 in. (25.4 by 25.4 mm) in cross section. The length dimension surfaces, with the following restrictions: sampling should be at
of the specimen should be perpendicular to the surface of the least 4 in. (102 mm) from any edge, and the entire bottom
block from which it is removed. region should be avoided up to 8 in. (203 mm) from the bottom
(as cast). This lower region, which often becomes the top
5.2 The dimensions of the prepared specimen core are not
“metal line” when the casting is inverted, has been found to be
critical but should be maintained as specified, with minimal
not representative of the overall casting.
specimen-to-specimen variation. Excessive thickness can pre-
vent isothermal heating within the specimen. Height and width
6. Procedure
can affect the positioned stability of the specimen in the kiln
6.1 Weights must be obtained individually for both the
during heating.
untested specimen cores and the foil squares on which the
5.3 The size of the original casting may influence the
cores will be placed. This is because each core and its foil will
results. Evaluations of the product should be made relative to
usually be fused together at the end of testing and cannot be
only the intended application. For example, a conveniently
separated before weighing without risk of lost exudate. Once
sized bottom paver might not be representative of a larger
paired, each set of core-and-foil must remain together through-
superstructure casting because (for example) casting mold
out testing and subsequent calculation of data (see Fig. 1).
types and solidification rates may have been different during
6.2 To account for the possible presence of surface-
manufacture.
connected porosity in specimen cores, the treatments (drying
5.4 The location and depth of specimens within the original
andboiling)asspecifiedbyTestMethodsC20mustbeapplied,
casting can influence the results. Regions closely underlying
as described as follows:
the surface of the casting (particularly near the corners and
6.3 Dry the specimen cores to constant weight by heating to
edges) are thermally quenched and have aligned microstruc-
220 to 230 °F (105 to 110 °C), and determine the dry weight
turesthatareatypicalofmoreslowlycooledregions.Deeperin
(Wd ) to the nearest 0.01 g.
a casting, glass-phase pockets and crystal sizes are larger, and
6.4 Place the specimen cores in water and boil for 2 h. Keep
certain shifts in chemical stratification exist due to fractional
the specimens entirely covered with water during the boiling
crystallization during solidification. No single point in anAZS
period, and permit no contact with the heated bottom of the
casting represents the whole entirely.
container.
5.5 Regular-castAZSblocks,approximately8to12in.(203
6.5 After the boiling period, cool the test specimens to room
to 305 mm) thick, such as is typical of furnace superstructure
temperature, while still covered completely with water, for a
and sidewall sizes, are sampled by drilling or plunge-cutting
minimum of 12 h before weighing.
perpendicularly to the bottom surface (the surface opposite the
casting scar).
6.6 Determine the specimen core wet weight (Ww ) of each
5.5.1 The location of entry (by drilling or sawing) should be
specimencoreafterboilingandwhilesuspendedinwatertothe
at least 4 in. (102 mm) away from
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1223 − 09 (Reapproved 2014) C1223 − 09 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast
Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast specimens by
subjecting them to temperatures corresponding to glass furnace operating temperatures.
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the exudate as the percent of volume increase of the specimen after
cooling.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method uses only SI units (Section 6).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory
Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method was developed for use both by manufacturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS
fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.
3.2 The results may be considered as representative of the potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested region) to
contribute to glass defect formation during the furnace production operation.
3.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail brick)
in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
4. Apparatus and Materials
4.1 Scale—A laboratory scale or balance rigged for suspension of specimens for dry/wet weight determinations to an accuracy
of 0.01 g.
4.2 Kiln—An electric kiln to accommodate several 4-in. (102-mm) specimen cores placed vertically on end, and for service at
2750°F (1510°C),2750 °F (1510 °C), with a variation of <10°F (6°C).<10 °F (6 °C).
4.3 Foil—Cups formed from 2 ⁄4-in. (56-mm) squares of platinum foil (Pt, 5 % Au alloy, 0.003-in. (0.076-mm) 0.003 in. (0.076
mm) thick). One cup required per specimen.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.10 on Refractories for Glass.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014Oct. 1, 2018. Published November 2014.October 2018. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20092014
as C1223 – 09. 09 (2014). DOI: 10.1520/C1223-09R14.10.1520/C1223-09R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1223 − 09 (2018)
4.4 AZS Casting—A virgin casting having no prior thermal history except that of its own formation, and of a size and casting
process equivalent to the intended application (such as an arch block) in which exudation potential is of interest.
5. Test Specimens and Sampling
5.1 Specimens may be removed from the original casting either as drilled cores or as sawed bars, depending on laboratory
capability. Specimen cores or bars should be 4-in. (102-mm) 4 in. (102 mm) long and either 1 in. (25.4 mm) in diameter or 1 by
1 in. (25.4 by 25.4 mm) in cross-section. cross section. The length dimension of the specimen should be perpendicular to the
surface of the block from which it is removed.
5.2 The dimensions of the prepared specimen core are not critical but should be maintained as specified, with minimal
specimen-to-specimen variation. Excessive thickness can prevent isothermal heating within the specimen. Height and width can
affect the positioned stability of the specimen in the kiln during heating.
5.3 The size of the original casting may influence the results. Evaluations of the product should be made relative to only the
intended application. For example, a conveniently sized bottom paver might not be representative of a larger superstructure casting
because (for example) casting mold types and solidification rates may have been different during manufacture.
5.4 The location and depth of specimens within the original casting can influence the results. Regions closely underlying the
surface of the casting (particularly near the corners and edges) are thermally quenched and have aligned microstructures that are
atypical of more slowly cooled regions. Deeper in a casting, glass phase glass-phase pockets and crystal sizes are larger, and certain
shifts in chemical stratification exist due to fractional crystallization during solidification. No single point in an AZS casting
represents the whole entirely.
5.5 Regular-cast AZS blocks, approximately 8 to 12-in. 12 in. (203 to 305-mm) 305 mm) thick, such as is typical of furnace
superstructure and sidewall sizes, are sampled by drilling or plunge-cutting perpendicularly to the bottom surface (the surface
opposite the casting scar).
5.5.1 The location of entry (by drilling or sawing) should be at least 4-in. (102-mm) 4 in. (102 mm) away from any edge, yet
not immediately under the casting scar.
5.5.2 Drill or cut deeper than specified; then break the specimen out from the casting and saw square to 4-in. (102-mm) length,
retaining the mold skin (original surface of the block) on one end of the specimen by cutting off the end opposite it.
5.5.3 The quantity of specimens per casting is not specified. (Correlation coefficients of 10 to 20 % have been obtained by this
procedure on large specimen populations taken from single castings.)
5.6 For smaller, regular-cast blocks less than 8-in. (203-mm) 8 in. (203 mm) thick, specimen length and location are determined
by the original casting size. That is, the proximity of specimen location to any edge should be no less than half the casting
thickness. The specimen length should be approximately half the casting thickness.
5.7 Solid-cast tile (3 in. (76 mm)) should be sampled perpendicularly to a major face, with the proximity to any edge being no
less than half the thickness of the casting. The specimen length should be either half the thickness or full surface-to-surface
thickness.
5.8 Large, vertically-cast vertically cast blocks, such as those that are used commonly in high-wear glass-contact applications,
may be sampled perpendicularly to any of the four major vertical surfaces, with the following restrictions: sampling should be at
least 4 in. (102 mm) from any edge, and the entire bottom region should be avoided up to 8 in. (203 mm) from the bottom (as-cast).
(as cast). This lower region, which often becomes the top “met
...
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