ASTM C830-00(2023)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products.
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that are suitable for use in quality control, research and development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes.
3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods are:
3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces,
3.3.2 The open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.
3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely affects the test results.
3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias was noted between formed 2 in. by 2 in. by 2 in. (50 mm by 50 mm by 50 mm) and specimens quartered from larger 9 in. by 4.5 in. by 2.5 in. (228 mm by 114 mm by 64 mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination was found on castables whenever the specimens were heated to 1500 °F (816 °C) and then exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water. T...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes:
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
1.1.4 Bulk density.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for water and appropriate corrections for the density differences are applied when making calculations.
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is only available in SI units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C830 − 00 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Methods for
Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific
Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum
Pressure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C830; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
following properties of refractory shapes: C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,
1.1.1 Apparent porosity, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
1.1.2 Liquid absorption, Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
1.1.4 Bulk density. and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
Firebrick
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
shapes except those that chemically react with both water and
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or
other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemi-
3. Significance and Use
cally react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific
water and appropriate corrections for the density differences
gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory
are applied when making calculations.
shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
selection and use of refractory products in a variety of
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
industrial applications. These test methods are used for deter-
information only and are not considered standard.
mining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is only
for testing hydratable products.
available in SI units.
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
are suitable for use in quality control, research and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compli-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ance with specifications, and providing data for design pur-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
poses.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods
NOTE 1—Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of
are:
refractories that are not attacked by water.
3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
size, configuration, and original faces,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.3.2 The open pores of the test specimens are fully impreg-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
nated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is per-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
formed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.
3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely
affects the test results.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2023. Published August 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C830 – 00 (2016). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/C0830-00R23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C830 − 00 (2023)
3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias 5. Procedures
was noted between formed 2 in. by 2 in. by 2 in. (50 mm by
5.1 Determination of Dry Weight, D:
50 mm by 50 mm) and specimens quartered from larger 9 in.
5.1.1 Dry the test specimens to constant weight by heating
by 4.5 in. by 2.5 in. (228 mm by 114 mm by 64 mm) cast
to 220 °F to 230 °F (105 °C to 110 °C) and determine the dry
specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity
weight, D, in grams to the nearest 0.1 g.
determination was found on castables whenever the specimens
5.1.2 The drying procedure may be omitted only when the
were heated to 1500 °F (816 °C) and then exposed to water as
test specimens are known to be dry, as may be the case with
a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of
samples taken directly from kilns.
cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement
phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater 5.1.3 The drying of the specimens to constant weight and
the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity the determination of their dry weight may be done either before
values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to or after the saturation operation (5.2). Usually, the dry weight
form hydrated species with water. Testing under the same is determined before saturation; if, however, the specimens are
friable or evidence indicates that particles have broken loose
conditions in kerosene produced results that were believed to
be more accurate, but the data suggested that the kerosene during the saturating operation, dry and weigh the specimens
might not have saturated the open pores of cast specimen as after the suspended weight, S, and the saturated weight, W,
readily as water. have been determined as described in 5.3 and 5.4. Use this
second dry weight in all appropriate calculations.
3.5 Certain precautions must be exercised in interpreting
and using results from these test methods. All four property
5.2 Saturation—Place the test specimens in a suitable
values are interrelated by at least two of the three base data
vacuum-pressure vessel (Note 2) which shall be closed,
values generated during testing. Thus, an error in any base data
secured, and pumped down to an absolute pressure of not more
value will cause an error in at least three of the property values
than 1.9 in. Hg (6.4 kPa). Hold this pressure for 30 min. Allow
for a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is,
the water or mineral spirits (see 1.2) to enter the vessel while
apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions of
maintaining the vacuum for 5 min. Then close the vacuum line
other factors such as product composition, compositional
and pressurize the vessel by means of compressed air or a
variability within the same product, impervious porosity, and
pressure pump. Maintain this pressure at 30 psi (207 kPa) or
total porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of property
more for 60 min. Then release the pressure; the saturated
values should be judiciously made between like products tested
specimens are now ready for weighing.
by these test methods or with full recognition of potentially
NOTE 2—The vacuum-pressure vessel should be capable of withstand-
inherent differences between the products being compared or
ing an absolute pressure of 1.0 in. Hg (3.4 kPa) or a pressure of 65 psi to
the test method used.
70 psi (448 kPa to 483 kPa) without deforming or rupturing. It should be
provided with gages or manometers for indicating vacuum or pressure and
3.6 When a liquid other than water is used, such as types of
a relief valve, as well as vacuum, pressure, and liquid lines. The liquid
kerosene or mineral spirits, specific gravity must be known by
may be introduced at the bottom, in which case a dual-acting valve will
either determination or monitoring on a controlled basis.
suffice for both filling and draining the vessel.
Specific gravity will change due to different grades of liquids,
5.3 Determination of Suspended Weight, S:
evaporation, or contamination with dirt or foreign material.
The test should not be run if the liquid becomes dirty, foamy, 5.3.1 Determine the weight, S, of each test specimen in
grams to the nearest 0.1 g after saturation and while suspended
or changes color, because foreign particles can block pores and
prevent impregnation of the sample. in liquid.
5.3.2 This weighing is usually accomplished by suspending
4. Test Specimens
the specimen in a loop or halter of AWG Gauge-22 (0.643 mm)
4.1 When testing 9 in. (228 mm) straight brick, use a
copper wire hung from one arm of the balance. The balance
quarter-brick specimen obtained by halving the brick along a
shall be previously counter-balanced with the wire in place and
plane parallel to the 9 in. by 2 ⁄2 in. or 3-in. (228 mm by 64 mm
immersed in liquid to the same depth as is used when the
or 76 mm) face and along a plane parallel to the 4 ⁄2 in. by
refractory specimens are in place.
2 ⁄2 in. or 3-in. (114 mm by 64 mm or 76 mm) face. Four of the
5.4 Determination of Saturated Weight, W—After determin-
surfaces of the resultant quarter-brick specimen include part of
ing the suspended weight, blot each specimen lightly with a
the original molded faces.
moistened smooth linen or cotton cloth to remove all drops of
4.2 When testing other refractory shapes, cut drill, or break
liquid from the surface, and determine the saturated weight, W,
from each shape a specimen having a volume of approximately
in grams to the nearest 0.1 g by weighing in air. Perform the
3 3 3 3
25 in. to 30 in. (410 cm to 490 cm ). The specimen shall
blotting operation by rolling the specimen lightly on the wet
include interior and exterior portions of the shape.
cloth, which has previously been saturated with liquid, and
4.3 Remove all loosely adhering particles from each speci- then press only enough to remove such liquid as will drip from
men.
the cloth. Excessive blotting will induce er
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.