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ASTM D7357-07(2012)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for cellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious products.  
1.2 This specification provides for measurement of properties, definition of types, typical properties, and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these requirements.  
1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by the waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2012
ICS
91.100.40 - Products in fibre-reinforced cement
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.36 - Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7357-07 - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jun-2012
Replaced By
ASTM D7357-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Effective Date
01-Dec-2019

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ASTM D7357-07(2012) - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteASTM D7357-07(2012) - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
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ASTM D7357-07(2012) - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7357 −07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Specification for
Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and
Shotcrete
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for
D6942 Test Method for Stability of Cellulose Fibers in
cellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete,
Alkaline Environments
and other cementitious products.
2.2 TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
1.2 This specification provides for measurement of
Industry):
properties, definition of types, typical properties, and pre-
T 205 Forming handsheets for physical tests of pulps
scribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these
T 222 Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp
requirements.
T 231 Zero-span breaking strength of pulp (dry zero-span
1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent require-
tensile)
ment of a product specification and a requirement of this
T 232 Fiber length of pulp by projection
specification,theproductspecificationshallprevail.Inthecase
T 233 Fiber length of pulp by classification
of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification
T 234 Coarseness of pulp fibers
or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent
T 236 Kappa number of pulp
requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall
T 259 Species identification of non-wood plant fibers
prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take prece-
T 263 Identification of wood and fibers from conifers
dence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the 4
2.3 ACI (American Concrete Institute) Documents:
product specification or this specification; for example, by the
544.1R Committee Report on Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement
2.4 ICC-ES Documents:
less stringent.
AC 217 Acceptance Criteria for Concrete with Virgin Cel-
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
lulose Fibers
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3. Terminology
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.1 Definitions:
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1.1 alkaline stability, n—resistance to strength loss due to
with the standard.
exposuretoalkalineenvironments,asmeasuredinTestMethod
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D6942.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 coarseness, n—linear density given in units of mg/
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
100m. (See TAPPI T 234.) This unit is termed decigrex, and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
can be converted to the standard textile linear density unit,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
denier, which is weight in grams of 9000 meters of synthetic
fiber.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3 durability/compatibility with concrete, n—resistance
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to strength loss based on ZSSR testing (Test Method D6942)
using saturated calcium hydroxide and 1N sodium hydroxide
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
as alkaline environments. (See ICC-ES AC 217, section 4.6.)
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7357 – 07. DOI: Available from TechnicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),
10.1520/D7357-07R12. 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ICC-ES, 5360 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601,
the ASTM website. http://www.icc-es.org, under “Approved Criteria.”
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7357 − 07 (2012)
3.1.4 zero-span stability ratio (ZSSR), n— the ratio of the 7.2 Unbleached, semibleached and fully bleached chemical
zero-span tensile after exposure to an alkaline environment to wood pulps have cellulose as the predominant polymer. Unpu-
the zero-span tensile of the control fibers (that is, fibers not rified vegetable fibers will have hemicelluloses as the predomi-
exposed to an alkaline environment) as defined in Test Method nate polymer.
D6942.
7.3 Mechanical wood pulps will have approximately equal
amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
3.1.5 zero-span tensile, n—measurement of individual fiber
strength, as defined in TAPPI Method T 231 based on testing
7.4 Purified chemical (“fully bleached”) wood pulps do not
standard handsheets made according to TAPPI Method T 205.
contain lignin, but mechanical, unbleached, and semi-bleached
pulps still retain some residual lignin. Fibers that are not
4. Classification
lignin-free should be certified by the level of lignin present
using either the kappa number test (TAPPI T 236) or the
4.1 Cellulose fibers are described in ACI 544.1R-96, chap-
acid-insoluble lignin test (TAPPI T 222).
ter 5 as a class of natural fibers. Specification C1116 also uses
the term natural fiber to describe cellulosic fibers.
8. Physical Properties
4.2 Unknown cellulosic plant fibers must be identified as
8.1 The average fiber length of the cellulosic fibers will be
such or identified by appropriate microscopic examination.
specified based on projected length (TAPPI T 232), classified
(TAPPIT 259providesfortheidentificationofnon-woodplant
length (TAPPI T 233) or instrumental determination by a fiber
fibers, and T 263 provides for the identification of fibers from
analyzer.
conifers.)
8.2 The average fiber coarseness of the cellulosic fibers will
4.3 If known, the common name and scientific classification
be specified based on microscopic examination (TAPPI T 234)
of the fibers will be provided. For example, wood fibers
or instrumental determination by a fiber analyzer.
derived from pulping slash pine trees should be designated;
8.3 The average zero-span tensile strength of the cellulosic
“slash pine (Pinus elliottii ) fibers.” A classificati
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The post-crack behavior of plate-like, fiber-reinforced concrete structural members is well represented by a centrally loaded round panel test specimen that is simply supported on three pivots symmetrically arranged around its circumference. Such a test panel experiences bi-axial bending in response to a central point load and exhibits a mode of failure related to the in situ behavior of structures. The post-crack performance of round panels subject to a central point load can be represented by the energy absorbed by the panel up to a specified central deflection. In this test method, the energy absorbed up to a specified central deflection is taken to represent the ability of a fiber-reinforced concrete to redistribute stress following cracking.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural toughness of fiber-reinforced concrete expressed as energy absorption in the post-crack range using a round panel supported on three symmetrically arranged pivots and subjected to a central point load. The performance of specimens tested by this method is quantified in terms of the energy absorbed between the onset of loading and selected values of central deflection.  
1.2 This test method provides for the scaling of results whenever specimens do not comply with the target thickness and diameter, as long as dimensions do not fall outside of given limits.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.2 Materials covered include those installed in or on buildings and facilities and those used in external infrastructure such as water, wastewater, and electrical distribution systems. Also included is pavement made from asbestos-cement manufacturing waste.  
1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for use only with asbestos-cement products already installed in buildings, facilities, and external infrastructure. They are not intended for use in construction or renovation involving the installation of new asbestos-cement products.  
1.4 The work practices are primarily intended to be used in situations where small amounts of asbestos-cement products must be removed or disturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation, or repair necessary for operation of the building, facility, or infrastructure.  
1.5 The work practices described herein are also applicable for use where the primary objective is the removal of asbestos-cement products from the building or other location, particularly the use of wet methods and other means of dust and fiber control.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this practice should b...

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ASTM
ASTM D7357-07(2019)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for cellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious products.  
1.2 This specification provides for measurement of properties, definition of types, typical properties, and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these requirements.  
1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by the waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7337/D7337M-12(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Creep Rupture of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method for investigating creep rupture of FRP bars is intended for use in laboratory tests in which the principal variable is the size or type of FRP bars, magnitude of applied force, and duration of force application. Unlike steel reinforcing bars or prestressing tendons subjected to significant sustained stress, creep rupture of FRP bars may take place below the static tensile strength. Therefore, the creep rupture strength is an important factor when determining acceptable stress levels in FRP bars used as reinforcement or tendons in concrete members designed to resist sustained loads. Creep rupture strength varies according to the type of FRP bars used.  
5.2 This test method measures the creep rupture time of FRP bars under a given set of controlled environmental conditions and force ratios.  
5.3 This test method is intended to determine the creep rupture data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the million-hour creep rupture capacity of the specimen.  
5.4 Creep properties of reinforced, post-tensioned, or prestressed concrete structures are important to be considered in design. For FRP bars used as reinforcing bars or tendons, the creep rupture shall be measured according to the method given herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines requirements for tensile creep rupture testing of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.  
1.2 Data obtained from this test method are used in design of FRP reinforcements under sustained loading. The procedure for calculating the one-million hour creep-rupture capacity is provided in Annex A1.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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