D01.36 - Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture analysis (along with purity) is used to calculate the amount of active polymer in the material and must be considered when determining the amount of sodium carboxymethylcellulose to use in various formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of sodium carboxymethylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Moisture  
4 – 9  
Degree of Etherification:  
Test Method A—Acid Wash  
10 – 17  
Test Method B—Nonaqueous Titration  
10, 12, 18 – 23  
Viscosity  
24 – 29  
Purity  
30 – 37  
Sodium Glycolate  
38 – 46  
Sodium Chloride  
47 – 54  
Density  
55 – 61  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 15.1 and 20.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for use as a rapid control test for pulp manufacture or for careful determination of the viscometric molecular weight of purified cotton or wood derived pulps.  
5.2 This test method is applicable over a very large range of cellulose molecular weights because seven sample sizes are defined. (Sample weights are reduced as cellulose molecular weight increases.)  
5.3 Cotton and high molecular weight pulps may be difficult to dissolve. (Warning—This test method is only valid if the sample dissolves completely without gels.)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for estimating the molecular weight of cellulose by determining the viscosity of cuprammonium (CuAm) solutions of cellulosic materials, such as wood pulp, cotton, and cotton linters. This test method is suitable for rapid, routine testing of large numbers of samples with high accuracy and precision. This test method updates and extends the procedure reported by the American Chemical Society (ACS).2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method is applicable to the determination of ethoxyl or hydroxyethoxyl substitution in cellulose ether products by a Zeisel gas chromatographic technique. The equipment and materials to be used shall include reagents, gas chromatograph, electronic integrator, column, syringe, reaction vials, caps, heating block, and a cover. The following reagents are as follows: iodoethane, O-xylene, toluene, hydrochloric acid, and colume packing. When a cellulose ether containing ethyl or hydroxyethyl substitutes is allowed to react with hydriodic acid, one mole of iodoethane is liberated for each mole of ethoxyl or hydroxyethoxyl ether substituted on the cellulose chain. The iodoethane is extracted in-situ with o-xylene and quantitated by gas chromatography using an internal standard technique. It is recommended to run duplicate samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of ethoxyl or hydroxyethoxyl substitution in cellulose ether products by a Zeisel gas chromatographic technique.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5 and 9.1.8.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Manganese in pulp acts as a catalyst in oxidizing cellulose.  
4.2 Iron in pulp can cause yellowness in rayon fibers and influence cellulose acetate plastics color. Iron also causes problems in photographic and blueprint papers.  
4.3 Copper in pulp can act as a retardant in oxidizing cellulose and can affect viscose ripening. Copper interferes with the dye level of rayon fibers and influences cellulose acetate plastics color.  
4.4 Calcium in pulps can cause problems in processing into acetate, rayon, cellophane, etc. Calcium can create undesirable deposits in viscose spinning and film casting operation. Calcium can influence viscosity control during cellulose acetate manufacture.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the iron, copper, manganese, and calcium content of cellulose pulp from wood or cotton.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method determines the methoxyl and hydroxypropoxyl content of cellulose ethers by a Zeisel-gas chromatographic technique.  
3.2 Substitution levels affect solution properties, rheology, viscosity, and many other properties of the polymer.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of methoxyl and hydroxypropyl substitution content in cellulose ether products by a Zeisel-gas chromatographic technique.  
1.2 This test method is not suitable for use for the analysis of hydroxypropyl-cellulose due to its very high substitution level.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 2, 11.1.4, and 11.1.7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test are used for calculating the total solids in the sample; and, by common usage, all materials volatile at this test temperature are designated as moisture.  
5.2 Moisture analysis (along with sulfated ash) is a measure of the amount of active polymer in the material and must be considered when determining the amount of hydroxyethyl cellulose to use in various formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of hydroxyethylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Moisture  
4 – 9  
Ash  
10 – 17  
Viscosity  
18 – 23    
Density  
24 – 30  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a simpler means for the determination of the hydroxyl content of cellulose esters than the preparation and measurement of the carbanilate derivative described in Test Methods D817 and D871.  
4.2 The hydroxyl content is an important indicator of solubility and reactivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the percent hydroxyl on cellulose esters by potentiometric titration. The typical range of percent hydroxyl measured is 0.7 to 10.0 %.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test are used for calculating the total solids in the sample; and, by common usage, all materials volatile at this test temperature are designated as moisture.  
5.2 Moisture analysis (along with residue on ignition) is a measure of the amount of active polymer in the material and must be considered when determining the amount of hydroxypropylcellulose to use in various formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of hydroxypropylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Moisture  
4 – 9  
Viscosity  
10 – 16  
pH  
17 – 21  
Residue on Ignition  
22 – 28  
Hydroxypropoxy Content  
29 – 36  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 26.6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test is a sensitive measure of the degradation of cellulose resulting from the action of heat, light, acids, alkalies, oxidizing and reducing agents, and the like, used in its processing or purification. The intrinsic viscosity value may be converted to degree of polymerization (DP) or to intrinsic fluidity, if desired.  
4.2 Solutions of cellulose are not Newtonian liquids; that is, their viscosity depends upon the rate-of-shear or velocity gradient during measurement. This effect is smaller for samples of low molecular mass (DP) and at low concentrations than for high-DP samples and at high concentrations. For the celluloses and concentrations included within the limits set forth in this test method, the effect of rate-of-shear is assumed to be negligible for referee purposes. For other conditions and for research purposes this assumption may be invalid, but to discuss ways of accounting for this effect is beyond the scope of the present test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the intrinsic viscosity of purified celluloses such as bleached wood pulps, cotton linters, and regenerated cellulose. It is applicable to all cellulose samples with an intrinsic viscosity of 15 dL/g or less. Most native (unpurified) celluloses have intrinsic viscosity values too high for measurement by this test method.  
Note 1: The use of cuprammonium hydroxide solution for regular viscosity determination is described in Method T 206 m-55 of the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry on “Cuprammonium Disperse Viscosity of Pulp,” and Joint Army-Navy Specifications JAN-C-206.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for cellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious products.  
1.2 This specification provides for measurement of properties, definition of types, typical properties, and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these requirements.  
1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by the waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test provides an easy method of determining the viscosity of cellulose derivatives in a given solvent. The answers are in units commonly used in industrial practice. Such information is needed for cellulose derivatives that are to be extruded, molded, sprayed, or brushed as is or in solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and general procedure for making ball-drop viscosity measurements on solutions of various cellulose derivatives. Instructions for sample preparation, solution concentration, and other details are discussed in the ASTM methods for the respective cellulose derivatives.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to solutions of various cellulose derivatives having viscosities greater than 10 P, by using balls of various diameters and densities. Viscosity results are expressed preferably in poises.  
1.3 In commercial practice, viscosities are often expressed in seconds using 2.38-mm (3/32-in.) stainless steel balls.2 When the viscosity is outside the practical range for these balls (75 to 300 P), the measurement can be made using a calibrated pipet viscometer or a different ball and calculating the observed viscosity to the corresponding time for a 2.38-mm (3/32-in.) ball, even though it is a small fraction of a second.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods measure the amount of carboxyl groups present in wood or cotton linter pulp. Carboxyl groups are indicative of the surface charge of the pulp which is a very important quantity for use in the papermaking industry.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the carboxyl content, or ion-exchange capacity, of cellulose from any source. Two test methods are described, the sodium chloride-sodium bicarbonate method (1)2 and the methylene blue method (2). The test methods must be used within their limitations, and it must be recognized that there is no way of determining the accuracy of any method for the determination of carboxyl. The precision of the sodium chloride-sodium bicarbonate method is low in the lower range of carboxyl values. The methylene blue method can be used over the whole range of carboxyl values; it is especially useful in the low range. It is not applicable to the determination of carboxyl in soluble carbohydrate material. Although these test methods may be used to determine the ion-exchange capacity of unbleached pulps, the residual lignin will cause an undetermined error, especially the sulfonic acid groups in unbleached sulfite pulps (3).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method is intended to provide a generalized procedure for determining the stability of cellulosic pulp fibers exposed to alkaline environments. Specifically, this method allows various pulp types to be compared with respect to the effect of exposure to alkaline conditions on the strength of individual cellulosic fibers based on a zero-span tensile test. The time intervals listed in the procedure are not critical, and more intervals of shorter or longer duration may be added. In addition, the procedure may be simplified by removing some of the intermediate intervals so long as a range of intervals is determined. An example of a simplified procedure would be to determine 4 intervals (for example, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks; or 1 day, 3 day, 7 day, 14 day).  
5.2 The specified solution (1N NaOH) is strongly alkaline. Although this alkali concentration is higher than some environments that would be simulated by this test, the stronger pH provides better differentiation between different cellulose fiber types. Although alkaline stability based on other alkalis (for example, KOH, Ca(OH)2, etc.) at a different concentration could be determined by this method, 1N NaOH is to be considered the standard solution. Alkaline stability results from other treatments may be reported in addition to the standard solution if the additional solution(s) provide useful information.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the effect of exposure to alkaline environments on the strength of cellulose fibers. An alkaline environment is defined to be any matrix in which the pH is greater than 8 for a period of 2 or more hours.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test are used for calculating the total solids in the sample and, by common usage, all materials volatile at this test temperature are designated as moisture.  
5.2 Moisture analysis (along with sulfated ash) is used to calculate the amount of active polymer in the material and shall be considered when determining the amount of ethylcellulose in various functions.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of ethylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Moisture  
4 to 6  
Sulfated Ash  
7 to 11  
Chlorides (as Sodium Chloride)  
12 to 16  
Ethoxyl Content  
20 to 24  
Viscosity  
25 to 39  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method requires total hydrolysis of carbohydrate material to monosaccharides, and is thus applicable to any cellulosic or related material that undergoes substantial hydrolysis, including cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate.  
5.2 The carbohydrate composition of a cellulosic material can be expressed on the basis of the total initial sample, or on the basis of the carbohydrate portion of the sample. The former requires quantitative handling and may require special knowledge of the other components present in order to establish the absolute carbohydrate level or determine individual wood hemicelluloses such as galactoglucomannan, etc. Since the solid portion of purified pulps is almost all carbohydrate (98 + %), the latter basis is often used to express the carbohydrate distribution as a percent.  
5.3 If heated under alkaline conditions, isomeric sugars may begin to appear in the chromatogram. The major impurity present in purified pulps is saccharinic acids. These acidic components, and other anions such as sulfate, carbonate, and acetate are removed by a strong base anion exchange SPE, and would need to be determined separately to get a more exact carbohydrate distribution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the carbohydrate composition of cellulosic materials such as ground wood meal, chemically refined pulp, mechanical pulps, brownstocks, and plant exudates (gums) by ion chromatography. This test method is suitable for rapid, routine testing of large numbers of samples with high accuracy and precision. For a review of this technique, see Lee (1).2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The measurement of soluble oxidizable components of cellulose in sodium hydroxide is indicative of the purity of the cellulose sample, since pure cellulose is insoluble in sodium hydroxide. The extracted components are typically hemicelluloses, which are naturally present in the wood. Differences in pulp purity can have a dramatic impact on the processing and properties of the cellulose derivatives produced from the pulp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 is intended for application to dissolving-type cellulose pulps prepared from cotton or wood. The procedure is not directly applicable to unrefined pulps for use in chemical conversion processes because solubility equilibrium may not be attained within the specified extraction time.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications; Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.  
1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as follows:    
Section  
Cellulosic Materials and Constituents  
3.1  
Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose  
3.2  
Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that are
applicable to both Sections 3.1 and 3.2  
3.3  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 Ash content gives an estimate of the inorganic content of cellulose ester samples. The presence of high levels of inorganic content (ash) can be detrimental to the melt stability and optical clarity of a cellulose ester in melt processing or act as a potential source of insolubles when the ester is used in solution.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the testing of cellulose acetate propionates and acetate butyrates. These esters may vary widely in composition and properties, so certain of the procedures can be used only in the ranges of composition where they are suitable.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 The test procedures appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
Acetyl Propionyl or Butyryl Contents  
28 – 37  
Acetyl Content, Apparent  
18 – 27  
Acidity, Free  
12 – 17  
Ash  
7 – 10  
Color and Haze  
77 – 81  
Heat Stability  
57 – 65  
Hydroxyl Content  
38 – 44  
Hydroxyl Content, Primary  
46 – 50  
Intrinsic Viscosity  
67 – 71  
Moisture Content  
5-6  
Sulfur or Sulfate Content  
51 – 56  
Viscosity  
74-75  
Limiting Viscosity Number  
67 – 71  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ash content gives an estimation of the inorganic content of cellulose samples. The presence of high levels of ash can be expected to be detrimental to the process of making cellulose derivatives. It also provides a rough estimate of silica content which can have a significant effect on the performance of filters in cellulose derivative manufacturing facilities.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover four ashing methods for cellulose. These are intended for use on unbleached and bleached cellulose in sheeted or bulk fiber form. Each one of the test methods has advantages, so that preference applications exist for all four.  
1.2 The test methods appear as follows:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Ash in Cellulose at 575°C  
6 to 11  
Test Method B—Sulfated Ash in Cellulose at 575°C  
12 to 17  
Test Method C—Ashing Cellulose by Schoniger Oxidation  
18 to 22  
Test Method D—Wet Ashing of Cellulose for Inorganics  
23 to 29  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 20.6.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the testing of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The test methods are as follows: moisture; ash; chlorides; alkalinity; iron; heavy metals; methoxyl content; hydroxyproproxyl content; viscosity; pH; solids; and density.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Moisture  
4 to 6  
Ash (as Sulfate)  
7 to 10  
Chlorides (as NaCl)  
11 to 14  
Alkalinity (as Na2CO3)  
15 to 18  
Iron  
19 to 24  
Heavy Metals  
25 to 29  
Methoxyl Content  
30 to 35  
Hydroxypropoxyl Content  
36 to 41  
Viscosity  
42 to 46  
pH  
47  
Solids  
48 to 51  
Density  
52 to 56  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 33.5.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This procedure provides a method for determining sulfur content in cellulosic materials by nondestructive means. Sulfur may be in the form of sulfate esters that may contribute to thermal instability. Sulfur can also be present as salts that can cause haze in solutions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of sulfur content of cellulosic materials by X-ray fluorescence.  
1.2 Using appropriate standards, the range of the procedure is from approximately 10 ppm to 20 % sulfur.  
1.3 This test method is proposed specifically as an alternative to Test Methods D871, sections on Significance and Use, Apparatus, Reagents, Procedure and Calculation of Hydroxyl Content, and Test Methods D817, sections on Summary of Test Method, Significance and Use, Apparatus, Reagents, and Procedure of Hydroxyl Content. As applied to cellulose esters it measures the combined sulfur and sulfur in the accompanying inorganic salts.  
1.4 To determine combined sulfur, the sample, when soluble, must first be reprecipitated into dilute acid to remove the noncombined sulfur compounds.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.2.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Moisture content of the cellulose ester can be used to estimate the dry weight of the cellulose ester. Since cellulose esters are desiccants, their moisture content can vary greatly depending on storage.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing cellulose acetate.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
Ash  
8 to 11  
Color and Haze  
67 to 72  
Combined Acetyl or Acetic Acid Content  
Test Method A. Solution Method  
17, 19 to 23  
Test Method B. Heterogeneous Saponification Method  
17, 24 to 26  
Free Acidity  
12 to 16  
Heat Stability  
47 to 56  
Hydroxyl Content  
27 to 33  
Intrinsic Viscosity  
57 to 62  
Moisture Content  
4 to 7  
Primary Hydroxyl Content  
34 to 39  
Sulfur or Sulfate Content  
40 to 45  
Viscosity  
63 to 66  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dichloromethane-soluble materials are typically referred to as extractives. These extractives are comprised of organic materials that originated in the wood or cotton. The measure is an indication of the efficiency of removal of these substances during pulping and bleaching. The extractive level is of concern to dissolving pulp users since the presence of large amounts of extractives could inhibit the processing of cellulose into the desired derivative.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of dichloromethane-soluble matter in cellulose and is applicable to dissolving-type cellulose pulps prepared from cotton or wood.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture analysis (along with purity) is used to calculate the amount of active polymer in the material and must be considered when determining the amount of sodium carboxymethylcellulose to use in various formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of sodium carboxymethylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Moisture  
4 – 9  
Degree of Etherification:  
Test Method A—Acid Wash  
10 – 17  
Test Method B—Nonaqueous Titration  
10, 12, 18 – 23  
Viscosity  
24 – 29  
Purity  
30 – 37  
Sodium Glycolate  
38 – 46  
Sodium Chloride  
47 – 54  
Density  
55 – 61  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 15.1 and 20.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method is applicable to the determination of ethoxyl or hydroxyethoxyl substitution in cellulose ether products by a Zeisel gas chromatographic technique. The equipment and materials to be used shall include reagents, gas chromatograph, electronic integrator, column, syringe, reaction vials, caps, heating block, and a cover. The following reagents are as follows: iodoethane, O-xylene, toluene, hydrochloric acid, and colume packing. When a cellulose ether containing ethyl or hydroxyethyl substitutes is allowed to react with hydriodic acid, one mole of iodoethane is liberated for each mole of ethoxyl or hydroxyethoxyl ether substituted on the cellulose chain. The iodoethane is extracted in-situ with o-xylene and quantitated by gas chromatography using an internal standard technique. It is recommended to run duplicate samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of ethoxyl or hydroxyethoxyl substitution in cellulose ether products by a Zeisel gas chromatographic technique.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5 and Note 3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for use as a rapid control test for pulp manufacture or for careful determination of the viscometric molecular weight of purified cotton or wood derived pulps.  
5.2 This test method is applicable over a very large range of cellulose molecular weights because seven sample sizes are defined. (Sample weights are reduced as cellulose molecular weight increases.)  
5.3 Cotton and high molecular weight pulps may be difficult to dissolve. (Warning—This test method is only valid if the sample dissolves completely without gels.)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for estimating the molecular weight of cellulose by determining the viscosity of cuprammonium (CuAm) solutions of cellulosic materials, such as wood pulp, cotton, and cotton linters. This test method is suitable for rapid, routine testing of large numbers of samples with high accuracy and precision. This test method updates and extends the procedure reported by the American Chemical Society (ACS).2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is suitable for use as a rapid control test for pulp manufacture or for careful determination of the viscometric molecular weight of purified cotton or wood derived pulps.
This test method is applicable over a very large range of cellulose molecular weights because seven sample sizes are defined. (Sample weights are reduced as cellulose molecular weight increases.)
Cotton and high molecular weight pulps may be difficult to dissolve. (Warning—This test method is only valid if the sample dissolves completely without gels.)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for estimating the molecular weight of cellulose by determining the viscosity of cuprammonium (CuAm) solutions of cellulosic materials, such as wood pulp, cotton, and cotton linters. This test method is suitable for rapid, routine testing of large numbers of samples with high accuracy and precision. This test method updates and extends the procedure reported by the American Chemical Society (ACS) .
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications, this test method was withdrawn in January 2017 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture analysis (along with purity) is used to calculate the amount of active polymer in the material and must be considered when determining the amount of sodium carboxymethylcellulose to use in various formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of sodium carboxymethylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Moisture  
4 – 9  
Degree of Etherification:  
Test Method A—Acid Wash  
10 – 17  
Test Method B—Nonaqueous Titration  
10, 12, 18 – 23  
Viscosity  
24 – 29  
Purity  
30 – 37  
Sodium Glycolate  
38 – 46  
Sodium Chloride  
47 – 54  
Density  
55 – 61  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 15.1 and 20.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test are used for calculating the total solids in the sample; and, by common usage, all materials volatile at this test temperature are designated as moisture.  
5.2 Moisture analysis (along with residue on ignition) is a measure of the amount of active polymer in the material and must be considered when determining the amount of hydroxypropylcellulose to use in various formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of hydroxypropylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Moisture  
4 – 9  
Viscosity  
10 – 16  
pH  
17 – 21  
Residue on Ignition  
22 – 28  
Hydroxypropoxy Content  
29 – 36  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 26.6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test are used for calculating the total solids in the sample; and, by common usage, all materials volatile at this test temperature are designated as moisture.  
5.2 Moisture analysis (along with sulfated ash) is a measure of the amount of active polymer in the material and must be considered when determining the amount of hydroxyethyl cellulose to use in various formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of hydroxyethylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Moisture  
4 – 9  
Ash  
10 – 17  
Viscosity  
18 – 23    
Density  
24 – 30  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Manganese in pulp acts as a catalyst in oxidizing cellulose.  
4.2 Iron in pulp can cause yellowness in rayon fibers and influence cellulose acetate plastics color. Iron also causes problems in photographic and blueprint papers.  
4.3 Copper in pulp can act as a retardant in oxidizing cellulose and can affect viscose ripening. Copper interferes with the dye level of rayon fibers and influences cellulose acetate plastics color.  
4.4 Calcium in pulps can cause problems in processing into acetate, rayon, cellophane, etc. Calcium can create undesirable deposits in viscose spinning and film casting operation. Calcium can influence viscosity control during cellulose acetate manufacture.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the iron, copper, manganese, and calcium content of cellulose pulp from wood or cotton.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test are used for calculating the total solids in the sample; and, by common usage, all materials volatile at this test temperature are designated as moisture.  
5.2 Moisture analysis (along with residue on ignition) is a measure of the amount of active polymer in the material and must be considered when determining the amount of hydroxypropylcellulose to use in various formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of hydroxypropylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:
Sections  
Moisture  
4-9  
Viscosity  
10-16  
pH  
17-21  
Residue on Ignition  
22-28  
Hydroxypropoxy Content  
29-36
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 26.6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a simpler means for the determination of the hydroxyl content of cellulose esters than the preparation and measurement of the carbanilate derivative described in Test Methods D817 and D871.  
4.2 The hydroxyl content is an important indicator of solubility and reactivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the percent hydroxyl on cellulose esters by potentiometric titration. The typical range of percent hydroxyl measured is 0.7 to 10.0 %.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test is a sensitive measure of the degradation of cellulose resulting from the action of heat, light, acids, alkalies, oxidizing and reducing agents, and the like, used in its processing or purification. The intrinsic viscosity value may be converted to degree of polymerization (DP) or to intrinsic fluidity, if desired.  
4.2 Solutions of cellulose are not Newtonian liquids; that is, their viscosity depends upon the rate-of-shear or velocity gradient during measurement. This effect is smaller for samples of low molecular mass (DP) and at low concentrations than for high-DP samples and at high concentrations. For the celluloses and concentrations included within the limits set forth in this test method, the effect of rate-of-shear is assumed to be negligible for referee purposes. For other conditions and for research purposes this assumption may be invalid, but to discuss ways of accounting for this effect is beyond the scope of the present test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the intrinsic viscosity of purified celluloses such as bleached wood pulps, cotton linters, and regenerated cellulose. It is applicable to all cellulose samples with an intrinsic viscosity of 15 dl/g or less. Most native (unpurified) celluloses have intrinsic viscosity values too high for measurement by this test method. Note 1—The use of cuprammonium hydroxide solution for regular viscosity determination is described in Method T 206 m-55 of the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry on “Cuprammonium Disperse Viscosity of Pulp,” and Joint Army-Navy Specifications JAN-C-206.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method determines the methoxyl and hydroxypropoxyl content of cellulose ethers by a Zeisel-gas chromatographic technique.  
3.2 Substitution levels affect solution properties, rheology, viscosity, and many other properties of the polymer.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of methoxyl and hydroxypropyl substitution content in cellulose ether products by a Zeisel-gas chromatographic technique.  
1.2 This test method is not suitable for use for the analysis of hydroxypropyl-cellulose due to its very high substitution level.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 2, 11.1.4, and 11.1.7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 Ash content gives an estimate of the inorganic content of cellulose ester samples. The presence of high levels of inorganic content (ash) can be detrimental to the melt stability and optical clarity of a cellulose ester in melt processing or act as a potential source of insolubles when the ester is used in solution.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the testing of cellulose acetate propionates and acetate butyrates. These esters may vary widely in composition and properties, so certain of the procedures can be used only in the ranges of composition where they are suitable.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 The test procedures appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
Acetyl Propionyl or Butyryl Contents  
28-37  
Acetyl Content, Apparent  
18-27  
Acidity, Free  
12-17  
Ash  
7-10  
Color and Haze  
77-81  
Heat Stability  
57-65  
Hydroxyl Content  
38-44  
Hydroxyl Content, Primary  
46-50  
Intrinsic Viscosity  
67-71  
Moisture Content  
5-6  
Sulfur or Sulfate Content  
51-56  
Viscosity  
74-75  
Limiting Viscosity Number  
67-71
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test are used for calculating the total solids in the sample and, by common usage, all materials volatile at this test temperature are designated as moisture.  
5.2 Moisture analysis (along with sulfated ash) is used to calculate the amount of active polymer in the material and shall be considered when determining the amount of ethylcellulose in various functions.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of ethylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:
Sections  
Moisture  
4 to 6  
Sulfated Ash  
7 to 11  
Chlorides (as Sodium Chloride)  
12 to 16  
Ethoxyl Content  
20 to 24  
Viscosity  
25 to 39
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method is intended to provide a generalized procedure for determining the stability of cellulosic pulp fibers exposed to alkaline environments. Specifically, this method allows various pulp types to be compared with respect to the effect of exposure to alkaline conditions on the strength of individual cellulosic fibers based on a zero-span tensile test. The time intervals listed in the procedure are not critical, and more intervals of shorter or longer duration may be added. In addition, the procedure may be simplified by removing some of the intermediate intervals so long as a range of intervals is determined. An example of a simplified procedure would be to determine 4 intervals (for example, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks; or 1 day, 3 day, 7 day, 14 day).  
5.2 The specified solution (1N NaOH) is strongly alkaline. Although this alkali concentration is higher than some environments that would be simulated by this test, the stronger pH provides better differentiation between different cellulose fiber types. Although alkaline stability based on other alkalis (for example, KOH, Ca(OH)2, etc.) at a different concentration could be determined by this method, 1N NaOH is to be considered the standard solution. Alkaline stability results from other treatments may be reported in addition to the standard solution if the additional solution(s) provide useful information.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the effect of exposure to alkaline environments on the strength of cellulose fibers. An alkaline environment is defined to be any matrix in which the pH is greater than 8 for a period of 2 or more hours.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method requires total hydrolysis of carbohydrate material to monosaccharides, and is thus applicable to any cellulosic or related material that undergoes substantial hydrolysis, including cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate.  
5.2 The carbohydrate composition of a cellulosic material can be expressed on the basis of the total initial sample, or on the basis of the carbohydrate portion of the sample. The former requires quantitative handling and may require special knowledge of the other components present in order to establish the absolute carbohydrate level or determine individual wood hemicelluloses such as galactoglucomannan, etc. Since the solid portion of purified pulps is almost all carbohydrate (98 + %), the latter basis is often used to express the carbohydrate distribution as a percent.  
5.3 If heated under alkaline conditions, isomeric sugars may begin to appear in the chromatogram. The major impurity present in purified pulps is saccharinic acids. These acidic components, and other anions such as sulfate, carbonate, and acetate are removed by a strong base anion exchange SPE, and would need to be determined separately to get a more exact carbohydrate distribution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the carbohydrate composition of cellulosic materials such as ground wood meal, chemically refined pulp, mechanical pulps, brownstocks, and plant exudates (gums) by ion chromatography. This test method is suitable for rapid, routine testing of large numbers of samples with high accuracy and precision. For a review of this technique, see Lee (1) .2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 8.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications; Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.  
1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as follows:    
Section  
Cellulosic Materials and Constituents  
3.1  
Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose  
3.2  
Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that are
applicable to both Sections 3.1 and 3.2  
3.3

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for cellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious products.  
1.2 This specification provides for measurement of properties, definition of types, typical properties, and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these requirements.  
1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by the waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This procedure provides a method for determining sulfur content in cellulosic materials by nondestructive means. Sulfur may be in the form of sulfate esters that may contribute to thermal instability. Sulfur can also be present as salts that can cause haze in solutions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of sulfur content of cellulosic materials by X-ray fluorescence.
1.2 Using appropriate standards, the range of the procedure is from approximately 10 ppm to 20 % sulfur.
1.3 This test method is proposed specifically as an alternative to Test Methods D871, sections on Significance and Use, Apparatus, Reagents, Procedure and Calculation of Hydroxyl Content, and Test Methods D817, sections on Summary of Test Method, Significance and Use, Apparatus, Reagents, and Procedure of Hydroxyl Content. As applied to cellulose esters it measures the combined sulfur and sulfur in the accompanying inorganic salts.
1.4 To determine combined sulfur, the sample, when soluble, must first be reprecipitated into dilute acid to remove the noncombined sulfur compounds.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.2.1.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the testing of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The test methods are as follows: moisture; ash; chlorides; alkalinity; iron; heavy metals; methoxyl content; hydroxyproproxyl content; viscosity; pH; solids; and density.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.  
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The measurement of soluble oxidizable components of cellulose in sodium hydroxide is indicative of the purity of the cellulose sample, since pure cellulose is insoluble in sodium hydroxide. The extracted components are typically hemicelluloses, which are naturally present in the wood. Differences in pulp purity can have a dramatic impact on the processing and properties of the cellulose derivatives produced from the pulp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for application to dissolving-type cellulose pulps prepared from cotton or wood. The procedure is not directly applicable to unrefined pulps for use in chemical conversion processes because solubility equilibrium may not be attained within the specified extraction time.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods measure the amount of carboxyl groups present in wood or cotton linter pulp. Carboxyl groups are indicative of the surface charge of the pulp which is a very important quantity for use in the papermaking industry.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the carboxyl content, or ion-exchange capacity, of cellulose from any source. Two test methods are described, the sodium chloride-sodium bicarbonate method (1) and the methylene blue method (2). The test methods must be used within their limitations, and it must be recognized that there is no way of determining the accuracy of any method for the determination of carboxyl. The precision of the sodium chloride-sodium bicarbonate method is low in the lower range of carboxyl values. The methylene blue method can be used over the whole range of carboxyl values; it is especially useful in the low range. It is not applicable to the determination of carboxyl in soluble carbohydrate material. Although these test methods may be used to determine the ion-exchange capacity of unbleached pulps, the residual lignin will cause an undetermined error, especially the sulfonic acid groups in unbleached sulfite pulps (3).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test provides an easy method of determining the viscosity of cellulose derivatives in a given solvent. The answers are in units commonly used in industrial practice. Such information is needed for cellulose derivatives that are to be extruded, molded, sprayed, or brushed as is or in solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and general procedure for making ball-drop viscosity measurements on solutions of various cellulose derivatives. Instructions for sample preparation, solution concentration, and other details are discussed in the ASTM methods for the respective cellulose derivatives.
1.2 This test method is applicable to solutions of various cellulose derivatives having viscosities greater than 10 P, by using balls of various diameters and densities. Viscosity results are expressed preferably in poises.
1.3 In commercial practice, viscosities are often expressed in seconds using 2.38-mm (3/32-in.) stainless steel balls. When the viscosity is outside the practical range for these balls (75 to 300 P), the measurement can be made using a calibrated pipet viscometer or a different ball and calculating the observed viscosity to the corresponding time for a 2.38-mm (3/32-in.) ball, even though it is a small fraction of a second.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Ash content gives an estimation of the inorganic content of cellulose samples. The presence of high levels of ash can be expected to be detrimental to the process of making cellulose derivatives. It also provides a rough estimate of silica content which can have a significant effect on the performance of filters in cellulose derivative manufacturing facilities.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover four ashing methods for cellulose. These are intended for use on unbleached and bleached cellulose in sheeted or bulk fiber form. Each one of the test methods has advantages, so that preference applications exist for all four.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Dichloromethane-soluble materials are typically referred to as extractives. These extractives are comprised of organic materials that originated in the wood or cotton. The measure is an indication of the efficiency of removal of these substances during pulping and bleaching. The extractive level is of concern to dissolving pulp users since the presence of large amounts of extractives could inhibit the processing of cellulose into the desired derivative.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of dichloromethane-soluble matter in cellulose and is applicable to dissolving-type cellulose pulps prepared from cotton or wood.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Ash content gives an estimate of the inorganic content of cellulose ester samples. The presence of high levels of inorganic content (ash) can be detrimental to the melt stability and optical clarity of a cellulose ester in melt processing or act as a potential source of insolubles when the ester is used in solution.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the testing of cellulose acetate propionates and acetate butyrates. These esters may vary widely in composition and properties, so certain of the procedures can be used only in the ranges of composition where they are suitable.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Moisture content of the cellulose ester can be used to estimate the dry weight of the cellulose ester. Since cellulose esters are desiccants, their moisture content can vary greatly depending on storage.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing cellulose acetate.
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following sections: