ASTM D1576-90(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D 2462 for the determination of the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is the preferred method for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the supplier agree, Test Method D 1576 for the determination of the moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D 1576 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
This test method is a simple and convenient method for routine process control, in-plant evaluation, estimation of moisture content of a lot of wool, or any other purpose for which a high degree of reproducibility is not necessary (see Section 13).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique.
1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are given. It is always important to use the correct term which corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1).
Note 1—The determination of moisture content for textile materials in general is covered in Test Methods D 2654, and an optimal method for determining the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is covered in Test Method D 2462. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D 2525. The oven-drying method has been adapted for cotton in Test Method D 2495.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1576 − 90 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method for
Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1576; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2654 Test Method for Moisture in Textiles (Withdrawn
1998)
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheamount
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the
oven-drying technique.
3. Terminology
1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-
3.1 Definitions:
received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are
3.1.1 grease wool, n—wool taken from the living sheep and
given. It is always important to use the correct term which
which has not been commercially scoured.
corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1).
3.1.2 moisture content, n—the amount of moisture in a
NOTE 1—The determination of moisture content for textile materials in
materialdeterminedunderprescribedconditionsandexpressed
general is covered in Test Methods D2654, and an optimal method for
as a percentage of the mass of the moist material, that is, the
determining the moisture in wool by distillation with toluene is covered in
original mass comprising the oven-dried substance plus any
Test Method D2462.Amethod for sampling wool for the determination of
moisture present.
moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525. The oven-drying method
has been adapted for cotton in Test Method D2495.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The term “mass” is the correct desig-
nation for the property commonly designated as “weight.”
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Aslight amount of residual moisture may not be removed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
from a specimen subjected to oven drying because of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
relative humidity of the ambient air.The amount of moisture
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
retained by a specimen may be estimated from published
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
data.
There may also be a slight additional loss in mass caused
2. Referenced Documents
by the evaporation of volatile material other than water, the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
amount depending on the characteristics of any added oils or
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
emulsions.
D1060 PracticeforCoreSamplingofRawWoolinPackages
3.1.3 moisture-free, adj—theconditionofamaterialthathas
for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber
been exposed in an atmosphere of desiccated air until there is
Present
no further significant change in its mass (see 3.1.2).
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Heating the material and the desiccated
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
air to temperatures as high as 110°C increases the rate of
D2462 Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation
moisture loss but does not change the final equilibrium mass of
With Toluene
the moisture-free material.
D2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-Drying
D2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture
3.1.4 moisture regain, n—the amount of moisture in a
materialdeterminedunderprescribedconditionsandexpressed
as a percentage of the mass of the moisture-free material (see
moisture content).
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D1576 – 90 (2001).
DOI: 10.1520/D1576-90R08. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or www.astm.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Toner, R. K., Bowen, C. F., and Whitwell, J. C., “Equilibrium Moisture
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Relations for Textile Fibers,” Textile Research Journal, Vol 17, January 1947, pp. 7
the ASTM website. to 18.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1576 − 90 (2008)
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In this test method, the material is 4. Summary of Test Method
considered to be oven-dried after drying as described in
4.1 A specimen of wool material is weighed and then dried
Section 10.
to constant mass at 105 6 2°C in an oven supplied with
3.1.5 oven-dried, adj—the condition of a material that has
ambient air. The loss in mass is considered moisture and
been heated under prescribed conditions of temperature and reported as either moisture content or moisture regain. Direc-
humidity until there is no further significant change in its mass
tions are given for the adjustment of the observed results for
(see 3.1.2).
any change in the moisture content after sampling and before
3.1.5.1 Discussion—An oven-dried material will retain a
drying.
small amount of moisture which is dependent on the tempera-
5. Significance and Use
tureandrelativehumidityoftheatmosphereincontactwiththe
materialduringthedryingprocess.Anoven-driedmaterialwill
5.1 Test Method D2462 for the determination of the mois-
only be moisture-free when the air supplied to the drying oven
tureinwoolbydistillationwithtolueneisthepreferredmethod
has been previously desiccated.
for testing wool for moisture for the acceptance testing of
commercial shipments. If, however, the purchaser and the
3.1.6 pulled wool, n—wool taken from the pelt of a slaugh-
supplieragree,TestMethodD1576forthedeterminationofthe
tered sheep and which has not been commercially scoured.
moisture in wool by oven drying may be used instead.
(syn. slipe wool, skin wool).
Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1, may be advisable.
3.1.7 raw wool, n—wool or hair of the sheep in the grease,
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
pulled, or scoured state. (See also scoured wool.)
reported test results when using Test Method D1576 for
3.1.8 recycled wool, n—as defined in the Wool Products
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
Labeling Act as amended in 1980, “the resulting fiber when
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
wool has been woven or felted into a wool product which,
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
without ever having been utilized in any way by the ultimate
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
consumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state, or
bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
the resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wool has been
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
spun, woven, knitted, or felted into a wool product which, after
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
having been used in any way by the ultimate consumer,
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
subsequently has been made into a fibrous state.”
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
3.1.8.1 Discussion—In the amended Act of 1980, the term“
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
recycled wool” replaced the terms “reprocessed wool” and“
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
reused wool.”
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
3.1.9 scoured wool, n—wool from which the bulk of impu-
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of
rities has been removed by an aqueous or solvent washing
the known bias.
process.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—Although it is no longer in its original
5.2 This test method is a simple and convenient method for
raw state, scoured wool is generally accepted as raw wool.
routine process control, in-plant evaluation, estimation of
moisture content of a lot of wool, or any other purpose for
3.1.10 virgin wool, n— as defined in the Wool Products
which a high degree of reproducibility is not necessary (see
Labeling Act, “the terms `virgin’ or `new’ as descriptive of a
Section 13).
wool product, or any fiber or part thereof, shall not be used
when the product or part so described is not composed wholly
6. Apparatus
ofneworvirginfiberwhichhasneverbeenreclaimedfromany
spun, woven, knitted, felted, braided, bonded, or otherwise 6.1 Oven, ventilated and thermostatically controlled in the
temperature range of 105 6 2°C throughout the enclosure.The
manufactured or used product”.
oven may be of either the forced draft or the convection type.
3.1.11 wool, n—the fibrous covering of the sheep, Ovis
species. 6.2 Weighing Containers, of perforated metal if weighing is
3.1.11.1 Discussion—For the purposes of this method, the to be performed in the drying enclosure; or containers that can
be hermetically sealed (such as glass weighing bottles) if the
word wool is used in the generic sense, and includes both wool
as defined in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 as well specimen is to be cooled in a desiccator before weighing in the
as recycled wool as defined in the amended Act of 1980. ambient atmosphere.
3.1.12 wool, n—as defined in the Wool Products Labeling
6.3 Sampling Containers, capable of being sealed. Mason
Act of 1939, “the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb, or jars have been found to be satisfactory where the sample size
hair of theAngora goat or Cashmere goat (and may include the
is not too great. For larger samples, bags of various plastic
so called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, materials may be suitable if the wall thickness is sufficient to
llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any
provide a good moisture vapor barrier (at least 4 mil (approxi-
woven or felted wool product”. mately 0.1 mm) for polyethylene, for example).
3.1.13 For the definition of other textile terms used in this 6.4 Balance,havingacapacityadequateforweighingspeci-
method, refer to Terminology D123. mens and containers, and a sensitivity of 0.005 g.
D1576 − 90 (2008)
7. Sampling 8.1.2 No Reliable Estimate of s—When there is no reliable
estimate of s for the user’s laboratory, do not use Eq 1 directly.
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
Instea
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.