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ASTM D5277-92(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is for use in evaluating the capability of a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts. This test method may also be used to compare the performance of different container designs or shipping systems. The test may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See Practice D 4169 for additional guidance.
This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D 4003 (revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these circumstances, or when more precise control of shock inputs is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be used for pallet marshalling tests.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Aug-1992
ICS
19.060 - Mechanical testing
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5277-92(1997) - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
Effective Date
15-Aug-1992
Replaced By
ASTM D5277-92(2008) - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4279-95(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Shipping Containers—Constant and Cycle Methods
Effective Date
15-Aug-1992
Referred By
ASTM D6537-00(2021) - Standard Practice for Instrumented Package Shock Testing For Determination of Package Performance
Effective Date
15-Aug-1992
Referred By
ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
15-Aug-1992
Referred By
ASTM D880-92(2021) - Standard Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
15-Aug-1992
Referred By
ASTM D6179-20 - Standard Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
Effective Date
15-Aug-1992
Referred By
ASTM D4169-22 - Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
15-Aug-1992

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ASTM D5277-92(2002) - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact TesterASTM D5277-92(2002) - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
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ASTM D5277-92(2002) - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5277–92(Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an
1
Inclined Impact Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5277; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing
Characteristic of a Lot or Process
and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result
from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an
3. Terminology
incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of
3.1 Definitions—General terms and definitions used in this
shockpulsesexperiencedbyladinginrailswitchingofrailcars
test method may be found in Terminology D 996.
with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be
3.2.1 programming material—a resilient elastomer with
used for pallet marshalling tests.
characteristics suitable to control the shock pulse generated, or
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
any other suitable means of control.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
3.2.2 velocity change—the sum of the velocity at impact
information only.
and the rebound velocity.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Thistestmethodisforuseinevaluatingthecapabilityof
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Forspecifichazards
crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching
statements, see Section 6.
impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a
container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect
2. Referenced Documents
2 its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces
2.1 ASTM Standards:
resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts.
D 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products
This test method may also be used to compare the performance
by Potentiometric Titration
of different container designs or shipping systems. The test
D 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-
may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a
tainers and Systems
container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
Practice D 4169 for additional guidance.
ments
4.2 This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact
D 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact
resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft
Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D 4003
D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
(revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these
tainers and Systems
circumstances, or when more precise control of shock inputs is
D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
required.
Packaging Components for Testing
5. Apparatus
5.1 Inclined Impact Test Equipment, conforming to the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
following requirements:
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Handling and
5.1.1 The incline track, backstop, and carriage shall con-
Transportation.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1992. Published October 1992.
form to the requirements of Method D 880, except that the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
backstop need not have a solid steel plate surface or a solid
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
integral mass at least 50 times the mass of the test specimen.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 5.1.1.1 No removable hazard shall be fitted.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5277–92 (2002)
5.1.1.2 In lieu of steel wheels, wheels of polyoxymethylene fiberboard or paperboard containers shall be conditioned in
(Delrin) plastic may be used in order to reduce noise and accordance with the preconditioning and standa
...

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Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is for use in evaluating the capability of a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts. This test method may also be used to compare the performance of different container designs or shipping systems. The test may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See Practice D4169 for additional guidance.  
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1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be used for pallet marshalling tests.  
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4.1 Products are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the transportation environment. The determination of the resonant frequencies of the product, either horizontal, vertical or both, aids the package designer in determining the proper packaging system to provide adequate protection of the product, as well as providing an understanding of the complex interactions between the components of the product as they relate to expected transportation vibration inputs.
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5.1 This test method may be used to estimate the relative resistances of materials to cavitation erosion, as may be encountered for instance in pumps, hydraulic turbines, valves, hydraulic dynamometers and couplings, bearings, diesel engine cylinder liners, ship propellers, hydrofoils, internal flow passages, and various components of fluid power systems or fuel systems of diesel engines. It can also be used to compare erosion produced by different liquids under the conditions simulated by the test. Its general applications are similar to those of Test Method G32.  
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Standard Guide for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data

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4.1 Materials scientists and engineers are making increased use of statistical analyses in interpreting S-N  and ε-N  fatigue data. Statistical analysis applies when the given data can be reasonably assumed to be a random sample of (or representation of) some specific defined population or universe of material of interest (under specific test conditions), and it is desired either to characterize the material or to predict the performance of future random samples of the material (under similar test conditions), or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers only  S-N  and ε-N  relationships that may be reasonably approximated by a straight line (on appropriate coordinates) for a specific interval of stress or strain. It presents elementary procedures that presently reflect good practice in modeling and analysis. However, because the actual S-N  or ε-N  relationship is approximated by a straight line only within a specific interval of stress or strain, and because the actual fatigue life distribution is unknown, it is  not recommended  that (a) the S-N  or ε-N curve be extrapolated outside the interval of testing, or (b) the fatigue life at a specific stress or strain amplitude be estimated below approximately the fifth percentile (P ≃ 0.05). As alternative fatigue models and statistical analyses are continually being developed, later revisions of this guide may subsequently present analyses that permit more complete interpretation of  S-N  and ε-N  data.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    7 pages
    English language
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  • Guide
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off