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ASTM E1311-89(1999)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems

Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of a compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of the angle subtended by the target.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-1999
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.10 - Specialized NDT Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1311-89(2004) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM E3045-22 - Standard Practice for Crack Detection Using Vibroacoustic Thermography
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
10-Jun-1999

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ASTM E1311-89(1999) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging SystemsASTM E1311-89(1999) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
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ASTM E1311-89(1999) - Standard Test Method for Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1311 – 89 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Test Method for
Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference for Thermal
Imaging Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1311; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope temperature difference between the target and the background,
initially zero, is increased incrementally until the observer, in a
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mini-
limited duration, can just distinguish the target. This critical
mum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) capability of
temperature difference is the MDTD.
a compound observer-thermal imaging system as a function of
the angle subtended by the target.
NOTE 1—Observers must have good eyesight and be familiar with
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
viewing thermal imagery.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 The temperature distributions of each target and its
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
background are measured remotely at the critical temperature
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
difference that defines the MDTD.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.3 The background temperature and the angular subtense
for each target are specified together with the measured value
2. Referenced Documents
of MDTD. The (fixed) field of view included by the back-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ground is also specified.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
4.4 The probability of detection is specified together with
the reported value of MDTD.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
5. Significance and Use
3.1.1 differential blackbody—an apparatus for establishing
5.1 This test method gives a measure of a thermal imaging
two parallel isothermal planar zones of different temperatures,
system’s effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large
and with effective emissivities of 1.0.
background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material
3.1.2 field of view (FOV)—the shape and angular dimen-
defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.
sions of the cone or the pyramid that define the object space
5.2 MDTD values provide estimates of detection capability
imaged by the system; for example, rectangular, 4-deg wide by
that may be used to compare one system with another. (Lower
3-deg high.
MDTD values indicate better detection capability.)
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The size of the field of view is custom-
NOTE 2—Test values obtained under idealized laboratory conditions
arily expressed in units of degrees.
may or may not correlate directly with service performance.
3.1.3 See also Terminology E 1316.
6. Apparatus
4. Summary of Test Method
6.1 The apparatus consists of the following:
4.1 A standard circular target is used in conjunction with a
6.1.1 Target Plates, containing single or multiple circular
differential blackbody that can establish one blackbody isother-
targets of area(s) not greater than 5 % of the combined areas of
mal temperature for the target and another blackbody isother-
target and background (that is, FOV area), and with the
mal temperature for the background by which the target is
distance from the center of the target to the center of the FOV
framed. The target, at an undisclosed orientation, is imaged
equal to one third of the height or the diameter of the FOV. See
onto the monochrome video monitor of a thermal imaging
Fig. 1.
system whence the image may be viewed by an observer. The
NOTE 3—A target plate may be fabricated by cutting one or more
circular apertures in a metal plate of high thermal conductivity, such as
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on
aluminum, and coating with black paint of emissivity greater than 0.95. In
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on
this case an aperture would constitute a target, and the coated metal
Emerging NDT Methods.
surrounding the target and within the field of view of the thermal imaging
Current edition approved Oct. 27, 1989. Published January 1990.
system would constitute the target’s background.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1311 – 89 (1999)
NOTE 5—To increase DT it is customary to fix the background
temperature and raise the target temperature.
7.9 If the observer correctly identifies the orientation of the
spot, record the diameter of the target, the diameter or the
height and width of the FOV, and the observation distance
normal to the target plate.
7.10 Measure the temperature distribution of the target and
the target background with an infrared spot radiometer replac-
ing the thermal imaging system. The target shall be measured
in at least three locations, uniformly spaced. The background
shall be measured at two zones: (1) adjacent to the target (that
is, zone 1); (2) beyond zone 1 (that is, zone 2). The measure-
ments in each zone shall be uniformly distributed, with the
number of zone 2 measurements equal to twice that of zone 1
(except for the special case of 7.12).
7.11 Calculate the mean temperature, T, of the target.
Calculate the weighted average, T , of the target background,
B
in accordance with 8.3. Provisionally, DT=T−T is the
B
MDTD. Record DT and T .
B
7.12 If the target size and the field of view of the spot
radiometer are comparable, make double the number of zone 2
measurements, in pairs consisting of two adjacent locations.
Compare adjacent temperature readings; the difference be-
FIG. 1 Schematic Showing 1. Target Plate; 2. FOV; and 3. Target
tween any two adjacent readings must be less than the MDTD.
Otherwise the MDTD test results are unacceptable for this
particular target size.
6.1.2 Facility, for mounting target plates and varying the
NOTE 6—This criterion is intended to guard against spurious sp
...

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5.1 This practice gives a measure of a thermal imaging system's effectiveness for detecting a small spot within a large background. Thus, it relates to the detection of small material defects such as voids, pits, cracks, inclusions, and occlusions.  
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This specification contains reference tables that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for types B, E, J, K, N, R, S, T, and C thermocouples. These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. Thermocouples and matched thermocouple wire pairs are normally supplied to the tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature. Color codes for insulation on thermocouple grade materials, along with corresponding thermocouple and thermoelement letter designations are given. Four types of tables are presented: general tables, EMF versus temperature tables for thermocouples, EMF versus temperature tables for thermoelements, and supplementary tables.
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1.2 In addition, the specification includes standard and special tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature for thermocouples (Table 1), thermocouple extension wires (Table 2), and compensating extension wires for thermocouples (Table 3). Users should note that the stated tolerances apply only to the temperature ranges specified for the thermocouple types as given in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and do not apply to the temperature ranges covered in Tables 8 to 25.  
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5.1 This test method is designed to measure and compare thermal properties of materials under controlled conditions and their ability to maintain required thermal conductance levels.
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5.1 This standard provides a description of test methods used in other ASTM specifications to establish certain acceptable methods for characterizing thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable. These test methods define how those characteristics shall be determined.  
5.2 The usefulness and purpose of the included tests are given for the category of tests.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This document lists methods for testing Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable, but does not require that any of these tests be performed nor does it state criteria for acceptance. The acceptance criteria are given in other ASTM standard specifications that impose this testing for those thermocouples and cable. Examples from ASTM thermocouple specifications for acceptance criteria are given for many of the tests. These tabulated values are not necessarily those that would be required to meet these tests, but are included as examples only.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
5.2 Calibration establishes the temperature-emf relationship for a particular thermocouple under a specific temperature and chemical environment. However, during high temperature calibration or application at elevated temperatures in vacuum, oxidizing, reducing or contaminating environments, and depending on temperature distribution, local irreversible changes may occur in the Seebeck Coefficient of one or both thermoelements. If the introduced inhomogeneities are significant, the emf from the thermocouple will depend on the distribution of temperature between the measuring and reference junctions.  
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SCOPE
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1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.  
1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.  
1.2.5 Type 4—Thermocouple assemblies in which one thermoelement is in the shape of a closed-end protection tube and the other thermoelement is a solid wire or rod that is coaxially supported inside the closed-end tube. The space between the two thermoelements can be filled with an inert or reducing gas, or with ceramic insulating materials, or kept under vacuum.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Performance Validation of Thermomechanical Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to determine and validate the performance of a particular thermomechanical analyzer apparatus.  
5.2 This test method may be used to determine and validate the performance of a particular method based upon thermomechanical analyzer temperature or length change measurements.  
5.3 This test method may be used to determine the repeatability of a particular apparatus, operator, or laboratory.  
5.4 This test method may be used for specification and regulatory compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for validating temperature and length change measurements of thermomechanical analyzers (TMA) and analytical methods based upon the measurement of temperature and length change. Performance parameters include temperature repeatability, linearity, and bias; and dimension change repeatability, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, and bias.  
1.2 Validation of apparatus performance and analytical methods is a necessary requirement for quality initiatives. Results may also be used for legal purposes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
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  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off