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ASTM E2491-23

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems

Standard Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to evaluate performance assessment of combinations of phased-array probes and instruments. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 Recommended procedures described in this guide are intended to provide performance-related measurements that can be reproduced under the specified test conditions using simple targets and the phased-array test system itself. It is intended for phased-array flaw detection instruments operating in the nominal frequency range of 1 MHz to 20 MHz, but the procedures are applicable to measurements on instruments utilizing significantly higher frequency components.  
5.3 This guide is not intended for service calibration, or maintenance of circuitry for which the manufacturer’s instructions are available.  
5.4 Implementation of specific assessments may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.5 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this guide to specify, describe, or provide performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of phased-array systems.  
5.6 Not all assessments described in this guide are applicable to all systems. All or portions of the guide may be used as determined by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for evaluating some performance characteristics of phased-array ultrasonic examination instruments and systems.  
1.2 Evaluation of these characteristics is intended to be used for either comparing instruments and systems or, by periodic repetition, for detecting long-term changes in the characteristics of a given instrument or system. Significant changes may be indicative of impending failure, and, if beyond certain limits, will require corrective maintenance. Some electronic instrument characteristics in phased-array units are similar to non-phased-array units and may be measured as described in Practice E1065 or Guide E1324.  
1.3 Ultrasonic examination systems using pulsed-wave trains and A-scan presentation (rf or video) may be evaluated.  
1.4 This guide establishes no performance limits for examination systems; if such acceptance criteria are required, these shall be specified by the using parties. Where acceptance criteria are implied herein, they are for example only and are subject to more or less restrictive limits imposed by customer’s and end user’s controlling documents.  
1.5 The specific parameters to be evaluated, conditions, frequency of test, and report data required shall be determined by the user.  
1.6 This guide may be used for the evaluation of a complete examination system, including search unit, instrument, interconnections, scanner fixtures, connected alarm, and auxiliary devices. This guide is not intended to be used as a substitute for calibration or standardization of an instrument or system to inspect any given material.  
1.7 Required test apparatus includes selected test blocks and position encoders in addition to the instrument or system to be evaluated.  
1.8 Alternate procedures, such as examples described in this document, or others, may only be used with customer approval.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendatio...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2023
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2491-23 - Standard Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and SystemsASTM E2491-23 - Standard Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2491 − 23
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array
1
Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2491; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.8 Alternate procedures, such as examples described in this
document, or others, may only be used with customer approval.
1.1 This guide covers procedures for evaluating some per-
formance characteristics of phased-array ultrasonic examina- 1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
tion instruments and systems.
standard.
1.2 Evaluation of these characteristics is intended to be used
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
for either comparing instruments and systems or, by periodic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
repetition, for detecting long-term changes in the characteris-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tics of a given instrument or system. Significant changes may
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
be indicative of impending failure, and, if beyond certain
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
limits, will require corrective maintenance. Some electronic
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
instrument characteristics in phased-array units are similar to
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
non-phased-array units and may be measured as described in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Practice E1065 or Guide E1324.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.3 Ultrasonic examination systems using pulsed-wave
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
trains and A-scan presentation (rf or video) may be evaluated.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.4 This guide establishes no performance limits for exami-
2. Referenced Documents
nation systems; if such acceptance criteria are required, these
2
shall be specified by the using parties. Where acceptance
2.1 ASTM Standards:
criteria are implied herein, they are for example only and are
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of
subject to more or less restrictive limits imposed by customer’s
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
and end user’s controlling documents.
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materi-
1.5 The specific parameters to be evaluated, conditions,
als by Comparative Pulse-Echo Method
frequency of test, and report data required shall be determined
E1065 Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
by the user.
Search Units
1.6 This guide may be used for the evaluation of a complete
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
examination system, including search unit, instrument,
E1324 Guide for Measuring Some Electronic Characteristics
interconnections, scanner fixtures, connected alarm, and aux-
of Ultrasonic Testing Instruments
iliary devices. This guide is not intended to be used as a
substitute for calibration or standardization of an instrument or
3. Terminology
system to inspect any given material.
3.1 Refer to Terminology E1316 for definitions of terms in
1.7 Required test apparatus includes selected test blocks and
this guide.
position encoders in addition to the instrument or system to be
evaluated. 4. Summary of Guide
4.1 Phased-array instruments and systems have similar in-
dividual components as traditional ultrasonic systems. These
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic
2
Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published August 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E2491 – 13 (2018). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E2491-23. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

-----------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2491 − 13 (Reapproved 2018) E2491 − 23
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array
1
Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2491; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide describescovers procedures for evaluating some performance characteristics of phased-array ultrasonic examination
instruments and systems.
1.2 Evaluation of these characteristics is intended to be used for either comparing instruments and systems or, by periodic
repetition, for detecting long-term changes in the characteristics of a given instrument or system that system. Significant changes
may be indicative of impending failure, and which, and, if beyond certain limits, will require corrective maintenance. Instrument
characteristics measured in accordance with this guide are expressed in terms that relate to their potential usefulness for ultrasonic
examinations. Other Some electronic instrument characteristics in phased-array units are similar to non-phased-array units and may
be measured as described in Practice E1065 or Guide E1324.
1.3 Ultrasonic examination systems using pulsed-wave trains and A-scan presentation (rf or video) may be evaluated.
1.4 This guide establishes no performance limits for examination systems; if such acceptance criteria are required, these mustshall
be specified by the using parties. Where acceptance criteria are implied herein, they are for example only and are subject to more
or less restrictive limits imposed by customer’s and end user’s controlling documents.
1.5 The specific parameters to be evaluated, conditions and conditions, frequency of test, and report data required, must also
required shall be determined by the user.
1.6 This guide may be used for the evaluation of a complete examination system, including search unit, instrument,
interconnections, scanner fixtures and connected alarm and auxiliary devices, primarily in cases where such a system is used
repetitively without change or substitution. fixtures, connected alarm, and auxiliary devices. This guide is not intended to be used
as a substitute for calibration or standardization of an instrument or system to inspect any given material.
1.7 Required test apparatus includes selected test blocks and position encoders in addition to the instrument or system to be
evaluated.
1.8 Precautions relating to the applicability of the procedures and interpretation of the results are included.
1.8 Alternate procedures, such as examples described in this document, or others, may only be used with customer approval.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018June 1, 2023. Published December 2018August 2023. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20132018
as E2491 – 13.E2491 – 13 (2018). DOI: 10.1520/E2491-13R18.10.1520/E2491-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2491 − 23
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems without the
Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic
...

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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
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1.1 This standard covers the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing. These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technical methods.  
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1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
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Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1254-13(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed Industrial Radiographic Films

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The provisions of this guide are intended to control the quality of industrial radiographs and unexposed films only and are not intended for controlling the acceptability of the materials or products radiographed. It is further intended that this guide be used as an adjunct to Guide E94.  
3.2 The necessity for applying specific control procedures such as those described in this guide is dependent to a certain extent, on the degree to which a user adheres to good processing and storage practices as a matter of routine procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide may be used for the control and maintenance of industrial radiographs and unexposed films used for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: For information purposes, refer to Terminology E1316. The terms stated therein, however, are not specifically referenced in the text of this document.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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