ASTM D2935-96(2000)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Withdrawn 2005)
Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Withdrawn 2005)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of apparent density in pounds in air per U.S. gallon at convenient temperatures using a hydrometer, and reporting at any specified atmospheric temperature.
1.2 The following applies to all specified limits in this test method: for purposes of determining conformance with this test method, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off "to the nearest unit" in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E 29.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7 and Note 3.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the measurement of apparent density in pounds in air per U.S. gallon at convenient temperatures using a hydrometer, and reporting at any specified atmospheric temperature.
Formerly under the jurisdiction Committee D16 on Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals, this test method was withdrawn in July 2005 and replaced by Test Method D 1298 on Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard's Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D2935–96 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Density of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2935; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of apparent 3.1 Definitions:
density in pounds in air per U.S. gallon at convenient tempera- 3.1.1 apparent density at 60°F—the weight in air of a unit
tures using a hydrometer, and reporting at any specified volume of sample at 60°F; in this test method, the weight is in
atmospheric temperature. pounds, and the volume in U.S. liquid gallons. Average air in
1.2 The following applies to all specified limits in this test this test method is assumed to have a density of 0.0012 g/cm .
method: for purposes of determining conformance with this
NOTE 1—This definition is not in conflict with that given in the current
test method, an observed value or a calculated value shall be
version of Terminology E 12.
rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit
used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with 4. Summary of Test Method
the rounding-off method of Practice E 29.
4.1 A hydrometer reading is made at any convenient tem-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
perature. The difference between hydrometer reading and a
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
tabulated value at test temperature is applied to tabular values
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate
atanyothertemperaturetogettheapparentdensityatthisother
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
temperature.
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements
4.2 The precision of this test method is such that the
are given in Section 7 and Note 3.
determination should be made in duplicate (11.1) in case of
dispute or for referee purposes. In other cases single determi-
2. Referenced Documents
nations may suffice.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 3437 Practice for Sampling and Handling Liquid Cyclic 5. Significance and Use
Products
5.1 This test method is intended for measurements on
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
high-purity benzene, toluene, styrene, o-, m-, p-xylene, mixed
E 12 Terminology Relating to Density and Specific Gravity
xylenes, and cyclohexane. It can be extended for use on any
of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
material for which a precise density-temperature relationship is
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
known. It has been tested for precision between 55 and 100°F.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
5.2 This test method is not intended for use in setting
E 100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
specifications on industrial aromatic hydrocarbons. It may also
2.2 Other Document:
be used as an internal quality control tool and in development
or research work.
OSHA Regulations, 29 CFR, paragraphs 1910.1000 and
6. Apparatus
1910.1200
6.1 Hydrometer, ASTM pounds per gallon, having a range
consistent with the density of the material being tested. The
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on
hydrometer shall conform to the requirements prescribed in
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D16.01 on Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Cyclohexane, and Their
Derivatives.
Current edition approved July 10, 1996. Published September 1996. Originally
published as D 2935 – 72. Last previous edition D 2935 – 91.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2935
Specification E 100. Table 1 shows the ranges of several hydrometer to the nearest ⁄5 scale division (Note 2). The
hydrometers suitable for testing the industrial aromatic hydro- correct reading is that point on the hydrometer scale at which
carbons within the scope of this method. the surface of the liquid cuts the scale. Determine this point by
6.2 Thermometer,graduatedin0.1°Fintherangefrom54to placingtheeyeslightlybelowtheleveloftheliquidandslowly
101°F and conforming to the requirements for Gas Calorimeter raising it until the surface, first seen as a distorted elipse,
Inlet Thermometer 50F described in Specification E 1. appears to become a straight line cutting the hydrometer scale.
6.3 Cylinder, made of clear glass or plastic. For conve-
NOTE 2—One fifth of a scale division is equal to 0.001 lb/gal.
nience in pouring, the cylinder may have a lip on the rim. Use
NOTE 3—Precaution: Avoiding breathing fumes of the sample, as
a cylinder having an inside diameter 25 mm greater than the
some aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly benzene, are toxic and danger-
diameter of the hydrometer and a height to provide a clearance ous when inhaled in large quantities.
of 25 mm between the lower end of the hydrometer and the
9.5 Observe the temperature immediately before and after
inside bottom of the cylinder.
observation of the indicated density, the liquid in the cylinder
6.4 Bath, for maintaining the contents of the hydrometer
being thoroughly stirred with the thermometer, the whole
cylinder constant to 0.05°F at any convenient temperature
mercury thread being immersed. Keep the thermometer in the
during the test.
sample at all times. Should the two temperature readings differ
by more than 0.1°F repeat the temperature and density obser-
7. Hazards
vations when the temperature of the sample has become more
7.1 ConsultthelatestOSHAregulations,supplier’sMaterial
stable.
Safety Data Sheets, and local regulations regarding all mate-
9.6 Record the mean of the thermometer reading before and
rials used in this test method.
after the final hydrometer reading, to the nearest 0.1°F as the
temperature of the test. Record the hydrometer reading to
8. Sampling
nearest 0.001 lb/gal. This will require interpolation of the
8.1 Sample in accordance with Practice D 3437 for proper
hydrometer subdivisions.
sampling and handling of aromatic hydrocarbons analyzed by
10. Calculation
this test method.
10.1 Enter Table 2 with the temperature of the test. If the
9. Procedure
observedhydrometerreadingatthistemperatureisgreaterthan
the table value, add the difference to the table value at 60°F to
9.1 Bring the sample, cylinder, thermometer, and bath to the
get the apparent density at 60°F. If the observed reading is less
sametemperature,preferablyambient.Pourthesampleintothe
thanthetablevalue,subtractthedifferencefromthetablevalue
clean cylinder avoiding formation of air bubbles. Remove any
at 60°F to get apparent density at 60°F.
air bubbles formed, after they have collected on the surface of
10.2 If the temperature of the bulk of the material storage
the sample by touching them with a piece of clean filter paper.
tank or drum is at some temperature other than 60°F, the same
9.2 Place the cylinder containing the sample in a vertical
difference observed at the test temperature may be applied to
position in a location free of air currents, preferably in the
the table value at the mean bulk liquid temperature to obtain
water bath. Take precautions to prevent the temperature of the
the apparent density value for calculating the weight in air of
samplefromchangingappreciablyduringthetimenecessaryto
the bulk material from its measured volume.
complete the test. Measure the temperature and leave the
thermometer in the liquid.
11. Report
9.3 Lower the hydrometer gently into the sample and, when
11.1 Report the density to the nearest 0.001 lb/gal. Dupli-
ithassettled,depressitabouttwoscaledivisionsintotheliquid
cate measurements that agree within 0.011 lb/gal are accept-
and then release; keep the rest of the stem dry, as unnecessary
able for averaging (95 % confidence level).
liquid on the stem changes the effective weight of the instru-
ment, and so affects the reading obtained. A slight spin
12. Precision
imparted to the instrument on releasing will assist in bringing
12.1 The following criteria should be used for judging the
it to rest, floating freely away from the walls of the hydrometer
acceptability of results:
cylinder. Allow sufficient time for the hydrometer to become
12.1.1 Intermediate Precision (Formerly Repeatability (
completely stationary and for all air bubbles to come to the
Single Analyst))—The standard deviation of single results
surface. Again measure the temperature of the liquid.
obtained by the same analyst on different days has been
9.4 When the hydrometer has come to rest, floating freely,
estimated to be 0.0042 lb/gal at 38 df. Two such values should
and the temperature of the sample is constant to 0.1°F, read the
be considered suspect (95 % confidence level) if they differ by
more than 0.012. When duplicate determinations are made by
TABLE 1 Suitable Hydrometers for Testing Industrial Aromatic
the same analyst on each of different days, the standard
Hydr
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