ASTM F414-09

Standard Test Method for Energy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-Moving Plunger

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method establishes a standard procedure of test and provides data that can be related to tire strength, but does not measure tire performance or establish specification or tolerances.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tire plunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread area of an inflated tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflation pressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The test requires utilization of a laboratory testing machine capable of slowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plunger having a hemispherical end.
1.2 This test method is applicable to pneumatic tires for vehicles normally used on the road.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Jun-2009
• ICS: 83.160.10 - Road vehicle tyres
• Technical Committee: F09 - Tires
• Drafting Committee: F09.30 - Laboratory (Non-Vehicular) Testing

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F414-06 - Standard Test Method for Energy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-Moving Plunger
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F2869-10(2016) - Standard Practice for Radial Light Truck Tires to Establish Equivalent Test Severity Between a 1.707-m (67.23-in.) Diameter Rotating Roadwheel and a Flat Surface
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F414 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Energy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-Moving
1
Plunger
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF414;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern
Metric System
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tire
plunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread area
3. Terminology
of an inflated tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflation
pressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The test 3.1 Definitions:
requires utilization of a laboratory testing machine capable of
3.1.1 bottom out, v—to deform a tire by radial load on the
slowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plunger tread until radial movement of the inside surface is stopped by
having a hemispherical end.
the rim or other tire inside surface. F538
3.1.2 groove, n—a void that is relatively narrow compared
1.2 This test method is applicable to pneumatic tires for
vehicles normally used on the road. to its length. F538
3.1.3 load range, n—aletterdesignation(A,B,C,D)or,for
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
P-metrictires,standardload(SL),lightload(LL),orextraload
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
(XL), used to identify a given size tire with its load and
information only.
inflation limits when used in a specific type of service. F538
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 load rating [M], n—the maximum load a tire is rated
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to carry for a given usage at a specific cold inflation pressure.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
F538
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.5 maximum load rating [M], n—of a passenger tire, the
load rating at the maximum permissible cold inflation pressure
2. Referenced Documents
for that tire. F538
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6 maximum plunger travel [L], n—in tire testing, the
D4483Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method
relative displacement of tread surface by a plunger, measured
StandardsintheRubberandCarbonBlackManufacturing
from the point of initial contact of the plunger with the tread
Industries
surface to the point of maximum force at rupture or at the
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
bottom-out point. F538
F538Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-
3.1.7 nominal plunger energy,W=(F× P)/2, n—in tire
formance of Tires
testing, one half of the product of a peak force (required to
F1082Practice for Tires—Determining Precision for Test
rupture the tire structure in tread area) and maximum plunger
3
Method Standards (Withdrawn 2005)
travel into a tire at the time of rupture. F538
IEEE/ASTM SI10-02American National Standard for Use
3.1.8 plunger, n—in tire testing, a cylindrical rod with a
hemispherical end. F538
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires
3.1.9 void, n—a volume (in the annular tread band) defined
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-
by the lack of rubber; the depth dimension of this volume may
Vehicular) Testing.
vary from point to point in (on) the tread band. F538
Current edition approved June 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F414–06. DOI:
10.1520/F0414-09.
4. Summary of Test Method
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 This test method measures tire plunger energy required
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
toforceacylindricalplungerwithahemisphericalendintothe
the ASTM website.
3
tread of the tire to produce a rupture of the carcass or a
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. bottom-out condition.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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F414 − 09
TABLE 1 Plunger Diameter
5. Significance and Use
A
Tire Load Identification Tire Characteristics Plunger Diameter, mm (in.)
5.1 Thistestmethodestablishesastandardprocedureoftest
A, B, C Motorcycle 7.9 ± 0.1 (0.313 ± 0.005)
and provides data that can be related to tire strength, but does
A, B, C, D, SL, XL, All 12-in. or smaller 19.0 ± 0.1 (0.750 ± 0.005)
not measure tire performance or
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:F414–06 Designation: F 414 – 09
Standard Test Method for
Energy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-Moving
1
Plunger
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 414; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tire plunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread area of an
inflated tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflation pressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The test requires
utilization of a laboratory testing machine capable of slowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plunger having a
hemispherical end.
1.2 This test method is applicable to pneumatic tires for vehicles normally used on the road.
1.3 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareprovidedforinformation
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing Industries
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
F 538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of Tires
3
F 1082 Practice for Tires-Determining Precision for Test Method Standards
SI10-02 IEEE/ASTM SI 10American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bottom out, v—to deform a tire by radial load on the tread until radial movement of the inside surface is stopped by the
rim or other tire inside surface. F 538
3.1.2 groove, n—a void that is relatively narrow compared to its length. F 538
3.1.3 load range, n—a letter designation (A, B, C, D) or, for P-metric tires, standard load (SL), light load (LL), or extra load
(XL), used to identify a given size tire with its load and inflation limits when used in a specific type of service. F 538
3.1.4 load rating [M], n—the maximum load a tire is rated to carry for a given usage at a specific cold inflation pressure.
F 538
3.1.5 maximum load rating [M], n— of a passenger tire, the load rating at the maximum permissible cold inflation pressure for
that tire. F 538
3.1.6 maximum plunger travel [L], n—in tire testing, the relative displacement of tread surface by a plunger, measured from
the point of initial contact of the plunger with the tread surface to the point of maximum force at rupture or at the bottom-out point.
F 538
3.1.7 nominal plunger energy,W=(F 3 P)/2, n—in tire testing, one half of the product of a peak force (required to rupture
the tire structure in tread area) and maximum plunger travel into a tire at the time of rupture. F 538
3.1.8 plunger, n—in tire testing, a cylindrical rod with a hemispherical end. F 538
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-Vehicular)
Testing.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F414–00.
Current edition approved June 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F 414 – 06.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F414–09
3.1.9 void, n—a volume (in the annular tread band) defined by the lack of rubber; the depth dimension of this volume may vary
from point to point in (on) the tread band. F 538
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method measures tire plunger energy required to force a cylindrical plunger with a hemispherical end into the tread
of the tire to produce a rupture of the carcass or a bottom
...