ASTM E1486-14(2022)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria
Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides statistical and graphical information concerning floor surface profiles.
5.2 Results of this test method are for the purpose of:
5.2.1 Establishing compliance of random or fixed-path trafficked floor surfaces with specified tolerances,
5.2.2 Evaluating the effect of different construction methods on the waviness of the resulting floor surface,
5.2.3 Investigating the curling and deflection of concrete floor surfaces,
5.2.4 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the profile characteristics of other surfaces, and
5.2.5 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the levelness characteristics of surfaces.
5.3 Application:
5.3.1 Random Traffic—When the traffic patterns across a floor are not fixed, two sets of survey lines, approximately equally spaced and at right angles to each other, shall be used. The survey lines shall be spaced across the test section to produce lines of approximately equal total length, both parallel to and perpendicular to the longest test section boundary. Limits are specified in 7.2.2 and 7.3.2.
5.3.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffic—For surfaces primarily intended for defined wheel path traffic, only two wheel paths and the initial transverse elevation difference (“side-to-side”) between wheels shall be surveyed.
5.3.3 Time of Measurement—For new concrete floor construction, the elevation measurements shall be made within 72 h of final concrete finishing. For existing structures, measurements shall be taken as appropriate.
5.3.4 Elevation Conformance—Use is restricted to shored, suspended surfaces.
5.3.5 RMS Levelness—Use is unrestricted, except that it is excluded from use with cambered surfaces and unshored, elevated surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces, elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness indices using the inch-pound system of units.
Note 1: This test method is the companion to SI Test Method E1486M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in this test method.
Note 2: This test method was not developed for, and does not apply to, clay or concrete paver units.
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user with floor tolerance estimates as follows:
1.1.1.1 Local survey line waviness and overall surface waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut through any points in the concrete surface higher than the chords.
1.1.1.2 Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation difference, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.
1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by either of the following methods: the conformance of elevation data to the test section elevation data mean or the conformance of the RMS slope of each survey line to a specified slope for each survey line.
1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are RMS (that is, the quadratic means). This test method gives equal importance to humps and dips, measured up (+) and down (−), respectively, from the imaginary chords.
1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method. Appendix X2 provides a computer program for waviness index calculations based on this test method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicab...
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1486 − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path
and Levelness Criteria
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1486; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
asstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthis
1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis
standard.
procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
indices using the inch-pound system of units.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
NOTE 1—This test method is the companion to SI Test Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1486M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in this test method.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
NOTE2—Thistestmethodwasnotdevelopedfor,anddoesnotapplyto,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
clay or concrete paver units.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
with floor tolerance estimates as follows:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1.1.1 Local survey line waviness and overall surface
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the
2. Referenced Document
midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor
elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are
2.1 ASTM Standard:
always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut
E1486MTest Method for Determining Floor Tolerances
through any points in the concrete surface higher than the
UsingWaviness,WheelPathandLevelnessCriteria(Met-
chords.
ric)
1.1.1.2 Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and
3. Terminology
longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation
difference, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by ei-
3.1.1 defined wheel path traffıc—traffic on surfaces, or
ther of the following methods: the conformance of elevation
specifically identifiable portions thereof, intended for defined
datatothetestsectionelevationdatameanortheconformance
linear traffic by vehicles with two primary axles and four
of the RMS slope of each survey line to a specified slope for
primary load wheel contact points on the floor and with
each survey line.
corresponding front and rear primary wheels in approximately
1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are the same wheel paths.
RMS (that is, the quadratic means). This test method gives
3.1.2 levelness—describedintwoways:theconformanceof
equal importance to humps and dips, measured up (+) and
surface elevation data to the mean elevation of a test section
down (−), respectively, from the imaginary chords.
(elevation conformance), and as the conformance of survey
1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method.
line slope to a specified slope (RMS levelness).
AppendixX2providesacomputerprogramforwavinessindex
3.1.2.1 elevation conformance—the percentage of surface
calculations based on this test method.
elevation data, h, that lie within the tolerance specified from
i
the mean elevation of a test section. The absolute value of the
distance of all points, h, from the test section data mean is
i
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21
on Serviceability. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1486–14. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1486-14R22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1486 − 14 (2022)
EC = the percentage of elevation data within a test
section complying to a specified maximum
deviation,dmax,fromthemeanofallelevation
data points within a test section.
EC = the percentage compliance of each survey line
L
to a specified maximum deviation, dmax, from
the mean of all elevation data points within a
test section.
h = elevationofthepointsalongthesurveyline,in.
i
ha = elevation of the points along the survey line of
FIG. 1 Explanation of Symbols
i
the left wheel path of defined wheel path
traffic, in.
hb = elevation of the points along the survey line of
i
tested against the specification, dmax. Passing values are
the right wheel path of defined wheel path
counted, and that total is divided by the aggregate quantity of traffic, in.
elevation data points for the test section and percent passing is i = designation of the location of survey points
along a survey line (i =1, 2, 3 . imax ).
reported.
L
imax = total number of survey points along a survey
L
3.1.2.2 RMS levelness—directionally dependent calculation
line.
of the RMS of the slopes of the least squares fit line through
imax = total number of survey points along one of the
Lx
successive15ftlongsectionsofasurveyline,L.TheRMSLV
L
pair of survey lines, Lx, representing the wheel
is compared with the specified surface slope and specified
paths of defined wheel path traffic.
maximum deviation to determine compliance.
j = designation of the location of the survey point
3.1.3 Waviness Index Terms:
which is the initial point for a deviation calcu-
3.1.3.1 chord length—the length of an imaginary straight-
lation (j =1, 2, 3 . jmax ).
k
edge (chord) joining the two end points at j and j + 2k. This
jmax = total number of deviation calculations with a
k
length is equal to 2ks (see Fig. 1) where the survey spacing s
chord length 2ks along a survey line.
isequalto1ftand kisequalto1,2,3,4,and5todefinechord
k = number of spaces of length s between the
lengths of 2ft, 4ft, 6ft, 8ft, and 10 ft, respectively, unless
survey points used for deviation calculations.
values for s and k are otherwise stated. kmax = maximum number (rounded down to an inte-
L
ger) of spaces of length s that can be used for
3.1.3.2 deviation (D )—the vertical distance between the
kj
deviation calculations for imax survey points
surface and the mid-point, j + ks, of a chord of length 2ks L
(kmax =5 unless otherwise specified).
whose end points are in contact with the surface. L
L = designation of survey lines (L =1, 2, 3 .
3.1.3.3 length adjusted RMS deviation (LAD )—calculated
k
Lmax).
for a reference length L of 10 ft, unless otherwise stated, in
r
LAD = length-adjustedRMSdeviationbasedonpoints
k
order to obtain deviations that are independent of the various
spaced at ks and a reference length of L .
r
chord lengths, 2ks.
Lg = totalnumberofsurveyspacesbetweenprimary
3.1.3.4 waviness—therelativedegreetowhichasurveyline
axles of a vehicle used as the basis for longi-
deviates from a straight line. tudinal analysis of each pair of survey lines
representing the wheel paths of defined wheel
3.1.4 Symbols:
path traffic. Lg equals the integer result of the
primary axle spacing, ft, divided by s.
A = area of test section, ft . Lmax = the number of survey lines on the test surface.
L = a reference length of 120 in., the length to
d = point i,ofthe(15/s+1)pointsubsetof i=1to
r
imax, where d is a point within the (15/s+1) which the RMS deviations, RMS D , from
k
chord lengths other than 120 in. are adjusted.
point subset, used to evaluate RMS levelness.
LD = longitudinal elevation difference between cor-
dh = number of elevation data points of survey line,
i
L
responding pairs of points separated by Lg of
L, which lie within the maximum allowable
defined wheel paths, mm (i =1, 2, 3 .
deviation from the test section elevation data
(imax − Lg)).
mean, dmax.
L
LDC = incremental change in longitudinal elevation
D = deviation from chord midpoint,j+k, to the
i
kj
survey line, in. difference, LD , along defined wheel path
i
dmax = specified maximum allowable deviation from traffic wheel paths, in./ft (i = 1, 2, 3 .
the test section elevation data mean. (imax −Lg− 1)).
L
E1486 − 14 (2022)
4.1.2.3 RMS TD =RMS transverse elevation difference
Lx = designation of the pair of survey lines used for
Lx
between wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 11).
defined wheel path traffic analysis.
4.1.2.4 LD=longitudinalelevationdifferencebetweenfront
mh = mean elevation of each 15ft section of survey
i
d
and rear axles on wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see
line, L, mm (d =1, 2, 3 . (imax −15⁄s)).
L
ms = mean slope of the least squares fit line of each Eq 12).
d
15ft section of survey line, L, in./ft (d = 1, 2,
4.1.2.5 LDC=Longitudinal change in elevation difference
i
3 . . . (imax −15/s)). between front and rear axles on wheel paths of defined wheel
L
n = total number of calculated deviations for sur-
path traffic (see Eq 13).
L
vey line L (equal to the sum of the values of
4.1.2.6 RMS LD =RMS longitudinal elevation difference
Lx
jmax for all values of k that are used). The
betweenaxlesonwheelpathsofdefinedwheelpathtraffic(see
k
symbol n is a weighting factor used in calcu-
L Eq 14).
lating both the waviness and surface waviness
4.1.3 Levelness Equations:
indices.
4.1.3.1 mh =mean elevation of survey line, L, calculated
L
RMS D = root mean square of chord midpoint offset
k
for use only in calculating mh (see Eq 15).
TS
deviations, D , based on points spaced at ks.
kj
4.1.3.2 mh =mean elevation of a test section, calculated
TS
RMS LD = root mean square of longitudinal elevation
Lx
for use only in calculating dh (see Eq 16).
L
differences, LD, on paired wheel path survey
i
4.1.3.3 dh =numberofelevationdatapointsofsurveyline,
L
lines for defined wheel path traffic, with pri-
L, passing the specification, dmax, used for calculating both
mary axles separated by L , in.
g
EC and EC (see Eq 17 and 18).
L
RMS TD = root mean square of transverse elevation
Lx
4.1.3.4 EC =percentage of elevation data points on survey
L
differences, TD, on paired wheel path survey
i
line, L, that comply with dmax (see Eq 19).
lines for defined wheel path traffic, in.
4.1.3.5 EC =percentage of elevation data points within a
RMS LV = RMS levelness, calculated as the root mean
L
test section complying with dmax (see Eq 20).
square slope of each survey line, L, in./ft.
4.1.3.6 mh =meanelevationofeach15ftsectionofsurvey
s = spacingbetweenadjacentsurveypointsalonga d
line, L,calculatedforuseonlyincalculatingRMS LV (seeEq
survey line (1 ft unless a smaller value is L
21).
stated), ft.
SWI = surfacewavinessindexdeterminedbycombin- 4.1.3.7 ms =meanslopeoftheleastsquaresfitlineofeach
d
15ft section of survey line, L, calculated for use only in
ing the waviness indices of all the survey lines
on the test surface, in. calculating RMS LV (see Eq 22).
L
TD = transverse elevation difference between corre-
4.1.3.8 RMSLV =RMSofleastsquaresfit15ftslopes(see
i
L
sponding points of defined wheel path traffic Eq 23).
wheel paths, in.(i = 1, 2, 3 . . . imax ).
Lx
4.2 Waviness Index—Chord Length Range:
TDC = incremental change in transverse elevation
i
4.2.1 Unless a different range is specified, the waviness
difference, TD alongdefinedwheelpathtraffic
i
index,WI ,shallbecalculatedfora2ft,4ft,6ft,8ft,and10ft
L
wheel paths, in./ft (i = 1, 2, 3 . . . (im-
chord length range.
ax −1)).
Lx
4.2.2 Thechordlength,2ks,islimitedbythetotalnumberof
WI = waviness index for survey line L with chord
L
survey points along a survey line. To ensure that the elevation
length range from 2.0ft to 10 ft unless a
of every survey point is included in the deviation calculation
different range is stated, in.
thatusesthelargestvalueof k,themaximumvalueof k,called
3.2 Sign Convention—Up is the positive direction;
kmax , is determined by:
L
consequently, the higher the survey point, the larger its h
i
value.
kmax 5 imax /3 roundeddowntoaninteger (1)
~ !
L L
4. Summary of Test Method
4.2.3 Reduce the maximum chord length so that 2(kmax )s
L
4.1 Equations—Equations are provided to determine the
is approximately equal to the maximum length that is of
following characteristics:
concern to the user.
4.1.1 Waviness Index Equations:
NOTE 3—For longer survey lines, kmax , which is determined using Eq
L
4.1.1.1 RMS D =RMS deviation (see Eq 4).
k
1, permits the use of chord lengths, 2ks, longer than those of interest or
4.1.1.2 LAD =length-adjusted deviation (see Eq 5).
k
concern to the floor user.
4.1.1.3 WI =waviness index (see Eq 6 and 7).
L
4.2.4 The maximum chord length for suspended floor slabs
4.1.1.4 SWI =surface waviness index (see Eq 8).
shall be 4 ft, unless the slab has been placed without camber
4.1.1.5 |D | =absolute value of the length adjusted devia-
kj
and the shoring remains in place.
tion (see Eq 24).
4.1.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffıc Equations: 4.3 Waviness Index—Maximum Number of Deviation Mea-
surements per Chord Length:
4.1.2.1 TD =transverse elevation difference between the
i
wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 9). 4.3.1 As the values of k are increased from 1 to kmax , the
L
4.1.2.2 TDC =transverse change in elevation difference number of deviation calculations decreases.
i
between wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 10).
E1486 − 14 (2022)
jmax 5 imax 22k (2) TDC 5 TD 2 TD /sin./ft (10)
~ !
k L i i11 i
where TDC is positive when the vehicle tilted left from its
i
4.4 Waviness Index—Deviation:
previous position and negative when it is tilted right from its
4.4.1 As shown in Fig. 1, the deviation, D , is
kj
previous position (i =1, 2, 3 . imax ).
Lx
4.9.3 Transverse RMS Elevation Difference—RMS TD is
Lx
calculated for a pair of wheel path survey lines using Eq 11.
D 5 h 2 h 1h in. (3)
~ !
kj j1k j j12k
4.
...
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