ASTM C1470-06(2013)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Testing the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics
Standard Guide for Testing the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The high-temperature capabilities of advanced ceramics are a key performance benefit for many demanding engineering applications. In many of those applications, advanced ceramics will have to perform across a broad temperature range. The thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity/conductivity, specific heat, and emittance/emissivity are crucial engineering factors in integrating ceramic components into aerospace, automotive, and industrial systems
5.2 This guide is intended to serve as a reference and information source for testing the thermal properties of advanced ceramics, based on an understanding of the relationships between the composition and microstructure of these materials and their thermal properties.
5.3 The use of this guide assists the testing community in correctly applying the ASTM thermal test methods to advanced ceramics to ensure that the thermal test results are properly measured, interpreted, and understood. This guide also assists the user in selecting the appropriate thermal test method to evaluate the particular thermal properties of the advanced ceramic of interest.
5.4 The thermal properties of advanced ceramics are critical data in the development of ceramic components for aerospace, automotive, and industrial applications. In addition, the effect of environmental exposure on thermal properties of the advanced ceramics must also be assessed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the thermal property testing of advanced ceramics, to include monolithic ceramics, particulate/ whisker-reinforced ceramics, and continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites. It is intended to provide guidance and information to users on the special considerations involved in determining the thermal properties of these ceramic materials.
1.2 Five thermal properties (specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion, and emittance/emissivity) are presented in terms of their definitions and general test methods. The relationship between thermal properties and the composition, microstructure, and processing of advanced ceramics (monolithic and composite) is briefly outlined, providing guidance on which material and specimen characteristics have to be considered in evaluating the thermal properties of advanced ceramics. Additional sections describe sampling considerations, test specimen preparation, and reporting requirements.
1.3 Current ASTM test methods for thermal properties are tabulated in terms of test method concept, testing range, specimen requirements, standards/reference materials, capabilities, limitations, precision, and special instructions for monolithic and composite ceramics.
1.4 This guide is based on the use of current ASTM standards for thermal properties where appropriate and on the development of new test standards where necessary. It is not the intent of this guide to rigidly specify particular thermal test methods for advanced ceramics. Guidance is provided on how to utilize the most commonly available ASTM thermal test methods, considering their capabilities and limitations.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1470 − 06 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Guide for
Testing the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1470; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This guide covers the thermal property testing of ad-
vanced ceramics, to include monolithic ceramics, particulate/
2. Referenced Documents
whisker-reinforced ceramics, and continuous fiber-reinforced
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ceramic composites. It is intended to provide guidance and
information to users on the special considerations involved in 2.1.1 Specific Heat:
C351Test Method for Mean Specific Heat of Thermal
determining the thermal properties of these ceramic materials.
Insulation (Withdrawn 2008)
1.2 Five thermal properties (specific heat capacity, thermal
D2766Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids
conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion, and
E1269Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity
emittance/emissivity)arepresentedintermsoftheirdefinitions
by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
and general test methods. The relationship between thermal
2.1.2 Thermal Conductivity:
propertiesandthecomposition,microstructure,andprocessing
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
of advanced ceramics (monolithic and composite) is briefly
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
outlined, providing guidance on which material and specimen
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
characteristics have to be considered in evaluating the thermal
C182Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Insulating
properties of advanced ceramics. Additional sections describe
Firebrick
samplingconsiderations,testspecimenpreparation,andreport-
C201Test Method forThermal Conductivity of Refractories
ing requirements.
C202Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractory
1.3 Current ASTM test methods for thermal properties are
Brick
tabulated in terms of test method concept, testing range,
C408Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Whiteware
specimen requirements, standards/reference materials,
Ceramics
capabilities, limitations, precision, and special instructions for
C518Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
monolithic and composite ceramics.
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
C767Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Carbon
1.4 This guide is based on the use of current ASTM
Refractories
standards for thermal properties where appropriate and on the
C1044Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-PlateApparatus or
development of new test standards where necessary. It is not
Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
theintentofthisguidetorigidlyspecifyparticularthermaltest
C1045Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop-
methods for advanced ceramics. Guidance is provided on how
erties Under Steady-State Conditions
to utilize the most commonly available ASTM thermal test
C1113Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refracto-
methods, considering their capabilities and limitations.
ries by Hot Wire (Platinum Resistance Thermometer
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Technique)
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
C1114Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI10.
Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C1130Practice for Calibrating Thin Heat Flux Transducers
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1225Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Solids
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.03 on Physical contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Properties and Non-Destructive Evaluation. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013. Published March 2013. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C1470–06. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/C1470-06R13. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1470 − 06 (2013)
-1
Using the Guarded-Comparative-Longitudinal Heat Flow 3.1.3 coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion, α[T ],n—the
Technique change in length, relative to the length of the specimen,
E1530Test Method for Evaluating the Resistance to Ther- accompanying a unit change of temperature, at a specified
mal Transmission of Materials by the Guarded Heat Flow
temperature. [This property can also be considered the instan-
Meter Technique
taneous expansion coefficient or the slope of the tangent to the
2.1.3 Thermal Expansion:
∆L/L versus T curve at a given temperature.] (E1142)
C372Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porce-
3.1.4 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composite
lainEnamelandGlazeFritsandFiredCeramicWhiteware
(CFCC), n—aceramicmatrixcompositeinwhichthereinforc-
Products by the Dilatometer Method
ing phase(s) consists of continuous filaments, fibers, yarns, or
C1300Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Glaze
knitted or woven fabric. (C1145)
Frits and Ceramic Whiteware Materials by the Interfero-
metric Method 3.1.5 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), n—a tech-
E228Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
nique in which the difference in energy inputs into a test
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
specimen and a reference material is measured as a function of
E289Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid
temperature while the test specimen and reference material are
Solids with Interferometry
subjected to a controlled temperature program. (E1269)
E831Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
3.1.6 discontinuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composite,
Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
n—a ceramic matrix composite reinforced by chopped fibers.
2.1.4 Thermal Diffusivity:
(C1145)
C714Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity of Carbon and
Graphite by Thermal Pulse Method 3.1.7 emittance (emissivity), ε (nd), n—the ratio of the
E1461Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash
radiant flux emitted by a specimen per unit area to the radiant
Method
flux emitted by a black body radiator at the same temperature
2.1.5 Emittance/Emissivity:
and under the same conditions. Emittance ranges from 0 to 1,
E408Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces
with a blackbody having an emittance of 1.00. (E423)
Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
3.1.8 linear thermal expansion, [nd],n—the change in
E423Test Method for Normal Spectral Emittance at El-
length per unit length resulting from a temperature change.
evated Temperatures of Nonconducting Specimens
Linear thermal expansion is symbolically represented by ∆L/
2.1.6 General Standards:
L , where ∆L is the observed change in length ∆L=L – L ,
0 2 1
C373Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,
and L , L , and L are the lengths of the specimen at reference
0 1 2
ApparentPorosity,andApparentSpecificGravityofFired
temperature T and test temperatures T and T . (E228)
0 1 2
Whiteware Products, Ceramic Tiles, and Glass Tiles
-1
C1145Terminology of Advanced Ceramics 3.1.9 mean coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion,α [T ],
L
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With n—the change in length, relative to the length of the specimen,
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
accompanying a unit change of temperature measured across a
Lot or Process specified temperature range (T to T ). (C372)
1 2
E473Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
3.1.10 particulate reinforced ceramic matrix composite,
ology
n—a ceramic matrix composite reinforced by ceramic
E1142Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
particulates. (C1145)
C1045Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop-
–1 –2 –1
erties Under Steady-State Conditions 3.1.11 specific heat (specific heat capacity), C[mL T θ ],
n—the quantity of heat required to provide a unit temperature
IEEE/ASTM SI10Standard for Use of the International
increase to a unit mass of material. (E1142)
System of Units (SI) (The Modern Metric System)
–1 –1
3.1.12 thermal conductivity, λ [mLT θ ],n—the time rate
3. Terminology
of heat flow, under steady conditions, through unit area, per
3.1 Definitions: unit temperature gradient in the direction perpendicular to the
area. (E1142)
3.1.1 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high-
performance, predominantly nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic 2 –1
3.1.13 thermal diffusivity, [L T ],n—the property given by
material having specific functional attributes. (C1145)
the thermal conductivity divided by the product of the bulk
density and heat capacity per unit mass. (E1461)
3.1.2 ceramic matrix composite, n—a material consisting of
two or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which the
3.1.14 thermodilatometry, n—atechniqueinwhichadimen-
majorcontinuouscomponent(matrixcomponent)isaceramic,
sion of a test specimen under negligible applied force is
whilethesecondarycomponent/s(reinforcingcomponent)may
measured as a function of temperature while the test specimen
be ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal, or organic in nature.
is subjected to a controlled temperature program in a specified
These components are combined on a macroscale to form a
atmosphere. (E473)
useful engineering material possessing certain properties or
behavior not possessed by the individual constituents. (C1145) 3.2 Units for Thermal Properties:
C1470 − 06 (2013)
help select the most appropriate ASTM test method for
Property SI Units Abbreviation
Specific heat capacity joules/(gram-kelvin) J/(g·K)
evaluating the thermal property of interest for the specific
Thermal Conductivity watts/(metre-kelvin) W/(m·K)
advanced ceramic.
2 2
Thermal diffusivity metre/second m/s
–1
Coefficient of Thermal metre/(metre-kelvin) K
6.3 Performthethermalpropertytestinaccordancewiththe
Expansion
selected ASTM test method, but refer back to the guide for
Emittance/emissivity no dimensions —
directions and recommendations on material characterization,
4. Summary of Guide
sampling procedures, test specimen preparation, and reporting
4.1 Five thermal properties (specific heat capacity, thermal
results.
conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion, and
emittance/emissivity)arepresentedintermsoftheirdefinitions
7. Thermal Properties and Their Measurement
and general test methods. The relationship between thermal
7.1 Specific Heat Capacity:
propertiesandthecomposition,microstructure,andprocessing
7.1.1 Specificheatcapacityistheamountofenergyrequired
of advanced ceramics is briefly outlined, providing guidance
to increase the temperature by one unit for a unit mass of
on which material characteristics have to be considered in
material.Itisafundamentalthermalpropertyforengineersand
evaluating the thermal properties.Additional sections describe
scientists in determining the temperature response of materials
samplingconsiderations,testspecimenpreparation,andreport-
tochangesinheatfluxandthermalconditions.TheSIunitsfor
ing requirements.
specific heat capacity are joules/(gram·K). Since the specific
4.2 Current ASTM test methods for thermal properties are
heat capacity changes with temperature, a specific heat capac-
tabulated in terms of test method concept, testing range,
ity value must always be associated with a specific test
specimen requirements, standards/reference materials,
temperature or temperature range.
capabilities, limitations, precision, and special instructions for
7.1.2 Specific heat capacity is commonly measured by
monoliths and composites.
calorimetry in which changes in thermal energy are measured
against changes in temperature. The two common calorimetry
5. Significance and Use
methods are differential scanning calorimetry and drop calo-
5.1 The high-temperature capabilities of advanced ceramics
rimetry.
areakeyperformancebenefitformanydemandingengineering
7.1.3 Differential scanning calorimetry heats the test mate-
applications.Inmanyofthoseapplications,advancedceramics
rial at a controlled rate in a controlled atmosphere through the
will have to perform across a broad temperature range. The
temperature region of interest. The heat flow into the test
thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity/conductivity, specific
material is compared to the heat flow into a reference material
heat, and emittance/emissivity are crucial engineering factors
to determine the energy changes in the test material as a
in integrating ceramic components into aerospace, automotive,
function of temperature.
and industrial systems.
7.1.4 In drop calorimetry, the test sample is heated to the
5.2 This guide is intended to serve as a reference and
desired temperature and then immersed in an instrumented,
information source for testing the thermal properties of ad-
liquid-filled container (calorimeter), which reaches thermal
vanced ceramics, based on an understanding of the relation-
equilibrium. The increase in temperature of the calorimeter
ships between the composition and microstructure of these
liquid/container is a measure of the amount of heat in the test
materials and their thermal properties.
specimen.
5.3 The use of this guide assists the testing community in 7.1.5 In any calorimetry test, the experimenter must recog-
correctlyapplyingtheASTMthermaltestmethodstoadvanced nize that phase changes and other thermo-physical transforma-
ceramics to ensure that the thermal test results are properly tions in the material will produce exothermic and endothermic
measured, interpreted, and understood. This guide also assists events which will be captured in the test data. The thermal
the user in selecting the appropriate thermal test method to events must be properly identified and understood within the
evaluate the particular thermal properties of the advanced context of the material properties, chemistry, and phase com-
ceramic of interest. position across the temperature range of interest.
5.4 Thethermalpropertiesofadvancedceramicsarecritical
7.2 Thermal Conductivity:
data in the development of ceramic components for aerospace,
7.2.1
...
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