ASTM D5494-93(2018)

Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pyramid method of puncture resistance is an index test for the determination of the puncture resistance of unprotected geomembranes or geomembranes protected with nonwoven geotextiles and other puncture-protective geosynthetics.  
5.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to establish an index value of puncture resistance by providing standard criteria and a basis for uniform reporting.  
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geomembranes and geomembranes protected with nonwoven geotextiles; however, caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete.
SCOPE
1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test to determine the pyramid puncture resistance of geomembranes and, or both, geomembranes protected by nonwoven geotextiles and other puncture-protective geosynthetics.  
1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramid puncture resistance due to the use of protective nonwoven geotextiles with geomembranes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard value. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2018
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.10 - Geomembranes

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5494 − 93 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for the
Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of
1
Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test to 3.1 Definitions:
determine the pyramid puncture resistance of geomembranes 3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
and, or both, geomembranes protected by nonwoven geotex- tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a
tiles and other puncture-protective geosynthetics. temperature of 21 6 2 °C (70 6 4 °F).
3.1.2 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geosyn-
1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramid
thetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
puncture resistance due to the use of protective nonwoven
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In geotechnical engineering, “essen-
geotextiles with geomembranes.
tially impermeable” means that no measurable liquid flows
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
through a geosynthetic when tested in accordance with Test
standard value. The values stated in parentheses are provided
Methods D4491/D4491M.
for information only.
3.1.3 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
solely of textiles.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Current manufacturing techniques pro-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
duce nonwoven fabrics, knitted (non-tubular) fabrics, and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
woven fabrics.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 For other terms, see Terminology D4439.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4. Summary of Test Method
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension between
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
circular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
compression press or tensile testing machine. A force is exerted
against the center of the unsupported or supported portion of
2. Referenced Documents
the test specimen by a solid steel pyramid attached to a load
2
indicator until rupture of the specimen occurs. The maximum
2.1 ASTM Standards:
load and elongation recorded is the value of the puncture
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
resistance of the specimen.
Textiles
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
5. Significance and Use
Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
5.1 The pyramid method of puncture resistance is an index
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4491/D4491M Test Methods for Water Permeability of test for the determination of the puncture resistance of unpro-
Geotextiles by Permittivity tected geomembranes or geomembranes protected with non-
woven geotextiles and other puncture-protective geosynthetics.
5.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to establish an index
1
value of puncture resistance by providing standard criteria and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.10 on Geomembranes.
a basis for uniform reporting.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originally
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5494 – 93 (2011).
DOI: 10.1520/D5494-93R18.
commercial shipments of geomembranes and geomembranes
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
protected with nonwoven geotextiles; however, caution is
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
advised since information about between-laboratory precision
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. is incomplete.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D5494 − 93 (2018)
6. Apparatus must be placed on the compression base so that the sealing
system (geomembrane and geotextile) lies flat on it. The
6.1 Test Setup—A compression press with a reading force
aluminum pl
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5494 − 93 (Reapproved 2011) D5494 − 93 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for the
Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of
1
Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test to determine the pyramid puncture resistance of geomembranes and, or both,
geomembranes protected by non-wovennonwoven geotextiles and other puncture protective puncture-protective geosynthetics.
1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramid puncture resistance due to the use of protective non-wovennonwoven
geotextiles with geomembranes.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard value. The values stated in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4491D4491/D4491M Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air maintained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of
21 6 2°C2 °C (70 6 4°F).4 °F).
3.1.2 geomembrane, n—an essentially impermeable geosynthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
In geotechnical engineering, essentially impermeable“essentially impermeable” means that no measurable liquid flows through a
geosynthetic when tested in accordance with Test MethodMethods D4491D4491/D4491M.
3.1.3 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011Feb. 1, 2018. Published July 2011February 2018. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
D5494–93(2006).D5494 – 93 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/D5494-93R11.10.1520/D5494-93R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5494 − 93 (2018)
Current manufacturing techniques produce non-wovennonwoven fabrics, knitted (non-tubular) fabrics, and woven fabrics.
3.1.4 For other terms, see Terminology D4439.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension between circular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in a compression
press or tensile testing machine. A force is exerted against the center of the unsupported or supported portion of the test specimen
by a solid steel pyramid attached to a load indicator until rupture of the specimen occurs. The maximum load and elongation
recorded is the value of the puncture resistance of the specimen.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The pyramid method of puncture resistance is an index test for the determination of the puncture resistance of unprotected
geomembranes or geomembranes protected with non-wovennonwoven geotextiles and other puncture protective puncture-
protective geosynthetics.
5.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to establish an index value of puncture resistance by providing stand
...