ASTM A435/A435M-90(2007)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard procedure and acceptance for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates. The equipment shall be of the pulse-echo straight beam type. Nondestructive examination of the material shall be conducted in an area free of operations that interfere with proper functioning of the equipment. The test shall be done by one of the following methods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling. Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either major surface of the plate. Grid scanning shall be continuous along perpendicular grid lines or shall be continuous along parallel paths, transverse to the major plate axis, or shall be continuous along parallel paths, parallel to the major plate axis, or smaller centers. Any discontinuity indication causing a total loss of back reflection which cannot be contained within a circle is unacceptable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, 1/2 in. [12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure delivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuities such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent standard is one which covers the qualification and certification of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which is acceptable to the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
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Designation: A435/A435M – 90 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Specification for
Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA435/A435M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope thetest.Theequipmentshallbeofthepulse-echostraightbeam
2 type. The transducer is normally 1 to 1 ⁄8 in. [25 to 30 mm] in
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance
diameter or 1 in. [25 mm] square; however, any transducer
standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examina-
2 2
having a minimum active area of 0.7 in. [450 mm ] may be
tion of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, ⁄2 in.
used. The test shall be performed by one of the following
[12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure
methods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling.
delivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuities
3.2 Other search units may be used for evaluating and
such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used
pinpointing indications.
whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states
that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
4. Test Conditions
1.2 Individualsperformingexaminationsinaccordancewith
4.1 Conduct the examination in an area free of operations
this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance
that interfere with proper functioning of the equipment.
with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-
4.2 Clean and smooth the plate surface sufficiently to
TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent
maintain a reference back reflection from the opposite side of
standard is one which covers the qualification and certification
the plate at least 50 % of the full scale during scanning.
of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which
4.3 The surface of plates inspected by this method may be
is acceptable to the purchaser.
expected to contain a residue of oil or rust or both. Any
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
specified identification which is removed when grinding to
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
achieve proper surface smoothness shall be restored.
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must
5. Procedure
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
5.1 Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either major
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
surface of the plate. Acceptance of defects in close proximity
cation.
may require inspection from the second major surface. Plates
ordered in the quenched and tempered condition shall be tested
2. Referenced Documents
3 following heat treatment.
2.1 ASNT Documents:
5.2 A nominal test frequency of 2 ⁄4 MHz is recommended.
ASNT SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel
Thickness, grain size, or microstructure of the material and
Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
nature of the equipment or method may require a higher or
3. Apparatus lower test frequency. However, frequencies less than 1 MHz
may be used only on agreement with the purchaser. A clear,
3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish suitable ultrasonic
easily interpreted trace pattern should be produced during the
equipment and qualified personnel necessary for performing
examination.
5.3 Conduct the examination with a test frequency and
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
instrument adjustment that will produce a minimum 50 to a
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
maximum 75 % of full scale reference back reflection from the
A01.11 on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels.
opposite side of a sound area of the plate.While calibrating the
Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Originally
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as A435/
instrument, sweep the crystal along the plate surface for a
A435M – 90 (2001)). DOI: 10.1520/A0435_A0435M-90R07.
distance of at least 1T or 6 in. [150 mm], whichever is the
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-
great
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A 435/A 435M–90(Reapproved 2001) Designation: A435/
A435M – 90 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Specification for
Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA435/A435M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of
rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, ⁄2 in. [12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure delivery of steel
plates free of gross internal discontinuities such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract,
order, or specification states that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance with
the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent standard is one
which covers the qualification and certification of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which is acceptable to the
purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text, the SI units
are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASNT Standard:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
2.1 ASNT Documents:
ASNT SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
3. Apparatus
3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish suitable ultrasonic equipment and qualified personnel necessary for performing the test. The
equipment shall be of the pulse-echo straight beam type. The transducer is normally 1 to 1 ⁄8 in. [25 to 30 mm] in diameter or 1
2 2
in. [25 mm] square; however, any transducer having a minimum active area of 0.7 in. [450 mm ] may be used. The test shall be
performed by one of the following methods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling.
3.2 Other search units may be used for evaluating and pinpointing indications.
4. Test Conditions
4.1 Conduct the examination in an area free of operations that interfere with proper functioning of the equipment.
4.2 Clean and smooth the plate surface sufficiently to maintain a reference back reflection from the opposite side of the plate
at least 50 % of the full scale during scanning.
4.3 The surface of plates inspected by this method may be expected to contain a residue of oil or rust or both. Any specified
identification which is removed when grinding to achieve proper surface smoothness shall be restored.
5. Procedure
5.1 Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either major surface of the plate. Acceptance of defects in close proximity may
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeA-1A01onSteel,StainlessSteel,SteelandRelatedAlloysandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
A01.11 on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels.
Current edition approved Dec. 28, 1990. Published May 1991. Originally published as A 435–59T. Last previous edition A 435/A 435M–82(1987).
Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Originally approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2001 asA435/A435M – 90 (2001)). DOI:
10.1520/A0435_A0435M-90R07.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifications SA-435/SA-435M in Section II of that Code.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifications SA-435/SA-435M in Section II of that Code. Available from American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://www.asme.org.
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Plaza, Columbus, OH 43228.
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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