ASTM G119-09(2016)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
Standard Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wear and corrosion can involve a number of mechanical and chemical processes. The combined action of these processes can result in significant mutual interaction beyond the individual contributions of mechanical wear and corrosion (1-5).4 This interaction among abrasion, rubbing, impact and corrosion can significantly increase total material losses in aqueous environments, thus producing a synergistic effect. Reduction of either the corrosion or the wear component of material loss may significantly reduce the total material loss. A practical example may be a stainless steel that has excellent corrosion resistance in the absence of mechanical abrasion, but readily wears and corrodes when abrasive particles remove its corrosion-resistant passive film. Quantification of wear/corrosion synergism can help guide the user to the best means of lowering overall material loss. The procedures outlined in this guide cannot be used for systems in which any corrosion products such as oxides are left on the surface after a test, resulting in a possible weight gain.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides a means for computing the increased wear loss rate attributed to synergism or interaction that may occur in a system when both wear and corrosion processes coexist. The guide applies to systems in liquid solutions or slurries and does not include processes in a gas/solid system.
1.2 This guide applies to metallic materials and can be used in a generic sense with a number of wear/corrosion tests. It is not restricted to use with approved ASTM test methods.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: G119 − 09 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Guide for
Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For general definitions relating to corro-
1.1 This guide covers and provides a means for computing
sion see Terminology G15. For definitions relating to wear see
the increased wear loss rate attributed to synergism or interac-
Terminology G40.
tion that may occur in a system when both wear and corrosion
processes coexist. The guide applies to systems in liquid 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cathodic protection current density, i —the electrical
solutions or slurries and does not include processes in a
cp
currentdensityneededduringthewear/corrosionexperimentto
gas/solid system.
maintain the specimen at a potential which is one volt cathodic
1.2 This guide applies to metallic materials and can be used
to the open circuit potential.
in a generic sense with a number of wear/corrosion tests. It is
3.2.2 corrosion current density, i —the corrosion current
cor
not restricted to use with approved ASTM test methods.
density measured by electrochemical techniques, as described
in Practice G102.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 electrochemical corrosion rate, C—the electrochemi-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
calcorrosionrateasdeterminedbyPracticeG59andconverted
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
to a penetration rate in accordance with Practice G102. This
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. penetration rate is equivalent to the volume loss rate per area.
The term C is the electrochemical corrosion rate during the
w
corrosive wear process, and the term C designates the elec-
2. Referenced Documents
trochemical corrosion rate when no mechanical wear is al-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
lowed to take place.
G3 Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical
3.2.4 mechanical wear rate, W —the rate of material loss
Measurements in Corrosion Testing
from a specimen when the electrochemical corrosion rate has
G5 Reference Test Method for Making Potentiodynamic
been eliminated by cathodic protection during the wear test.
Anodic Polarization Measurements
3.2.5 total material loss rate, T—the rate of material loss
G15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and CorrosionTest-
3 from a specimen exposed to the specified conditions, including
ing (Withdrawn 2010)
contributions from mechanical wear, corrosion, and interac-
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
tions between these two.
G59 Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polariza-
3.2.6 wear/corrosion interaction—the change in material
tion Resistance Measurements
wastage resulting from the interaction between wear and
G102 Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Re-
corrosion, that is, T minus W and C . This can be sub-divided
0 0
lated Information from Electrochemical Measurements
into ∆C , the change of the electrochemical corrosion rate due
w
to wear and ∆W , the change in mechanical wear due to
c
corrosion.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and
Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-Abrasive
4. Summary of Guide
Wear.
4.1 A wear test is carried out under the test conditions of
Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originally
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as G119 – 09. DOI:
interest and T is measured.
10.1520/G0119-09R16.
4.2 Additional experiments are conducted to isolate the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mechanical and corrosion components of the corrosive wear
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
process. These are as follows:
the ASTM website.
4.2.1 Arepeatoftheexperimentin4.1withmeasurementof
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. C ,
w
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G119 − 09 (2016)
4.2.2 Atest identical to the initial experiment in 4.1, except Test Method G5. The potentiodynamic method rather than the
that cathodic protection is used to obtain W , and potentiostatic method is recommended. R , β , and β are used
0 p a c
4.2.3 Measurement of C , the corrosion rate in the absence to calculate the electrochemical corrosion current density, i
0 cor
of mechanical wear. as described in Practice G59. The value for i is then
cor
converted to a penetration rate in accordance to Practice G102.
4.3 ∆C and ∆W are calculated from the values measured
w c
This penetration rate is equivalent to the material loss rate, C .
w
in the experiments described in 4.1 and 4.2.
6.3 Awear test similar to that conducted in 6.2 is run again
5. Significance and Use
except that the wear specimen is polarized one volt cathodic
with respect to E so that no corrosion takes place. The mass
cor
5.1 Wearandcorrosioncaninvolveanumberofmechanical
lossofthespecimenismeasuredduringthecathodicprotection
and chemical processes. The combined action of these pro-
period by weighing it before and after the test. W is then
cesses can result in significant mutual interaction beyond the
calculated by dividing the mass loss by the specimen density
individual contributions of mechanical wear and corrosion
and exposed surface area. The current density i is also
cp
(1-5). This interaction among abrasion, rubbing, impact and
recorded. Caution must be used when using this technique
corrosion can significantly increase total material losses in
because some metals or alloys may be affected by hydrogen
aqueous environments, thus producing a synergistic effect.
embrittlement as a result of hydrogen that may be generated
Reduction of either the corrosion or the wear component of
during this test. If hydrogen evolution is too great, then there is
material loss may significantly reduce the total material loss.A
always a possibility that the hydrodynamics of the system
practical example may be a stainless steel that has excellent
could be affected. However, the results of research (1-7) have
corrosion resistance in the absence of mechanical abrasion, but
showntheseeffectstobeminimalfortheferrousalloysstudied
readily wears and corrodes when abrasive particles remove its
to date.
corrosion-resistant passive film. Quantification of wear/
corrosion synergism can help guide the user to the best means 6.4 A corrosion test similar to that conducted in 6.2 is run
of lowering overall material loss. The procedures outlined in
again except no mechanical wear is allowed to act on the
this guide cannot be used for systems in which any corrosion specimen surface. The penetration rate, which is equivalent to
products such as oxides are left on the surface after a test,
C , is obtained as in 6.2, using polarization resistance and
resulting in a possible weight gain. potentiodynamic polarization scans to obtain R , β , β , and
p a b
i .
cor
6. Procedures
6.5 T, W ,C,C and C are all reported in units of volume
0 w 0
6.1 A wear test where corrosion is a possible factor is
loss per exposed area per unit time. The synergism between
performed after the specimen has been cleaned and prepared to
wear and corrosion is calculated according to (Eq 1), (Eq 2),
remove foreign matter from its surface. Volume loss rates per
and (Eq 3).
unit area are then calculated, and the results tabulated. The
6.6 Caution must be used to make sure that the surface area
value of T is obtained from these measurements. Examples of
exposed to corrosion is the same as that exposed to mechanical
wear tests involving corrosion are detailed in papers contained
wear. Coating of the portions of the specimen with a non-
in the list of references. These examples include a slurry wear
conductor to mask off areas to prevent corrosion is an effective
test (1-3), a slurry jet impingement test (6), and a rotating
means of doing this.
cylinder-anvil apparatus (7).
7. Calculation of Wear/Corrosion Interaction
6.2 A wear test described in 6.1 is repeated, except that the
7.1 The total material loss, T, is related to the synergistic
wear specimen is used as a working electrode in a typical 3
component, S,thatpartofthetotaldamagethatresultsfromthe
electrode system. The other two electrodes are a standard
interaction of corrosion and wear processes, by the following
reference electrode and a counter electrode as described in
equation
Practices G3 and G59, and Reference Test Method G5. This
test is for electrochemical measurements only, and no mass or
T 5 W 1C 1S (1)
0 0
volume losses are measured because they could be affected by
7.2 The total material loss, T, can be divided into the
the electrical current that is passed through the specimen of
following components, the wear rate in the absence of
interest during the experiments. Two measurements are made,
corrosion, the corrosion rate in the absence of wear, and the
one to measure the polarization resistance as in Practice G59,
sum of the interactions between the processes:
and one to generate a potentiodynamic polarization curve as in
T 5 W 1C 1∆C 1∆W (2)
Test Method G5.The open circuit corrosion potential, E , the 0 0 w c
cor
polarization resistance, R , and Tafel constants, β and β , are
p a c where ∆C is the change in corrosion rate due to wear and
w
tabulated. The exception to Test Method G5 is that the
∆W is the change in wear rate due to corrosion.
c
apparatus, cell geometry, and solutions or slurries used are
W 5 W 1∆W (3)
c 0 c
definedbytheparticularweartestbeingconducted,andarenot
where W is the total wear component of T.
restricted to the electrochemical cell or electrolyte described in
c
C 5 C 1∆C (4)
w 0 w
where C is the total corrosion component of T and can be
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of w
this standard. measured by electrochemical means.
G119 − 09 (2016)
TEST —Test Number:
DATE —Date:
ENVIRONMENT —Description:
SPECIMEN Material property Wear Specimen Counterface Material
Ide
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G119 − 09 G119 − 09 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Guide for
Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers and provides a means for computing the increased wear loss rate attributed to synergism or interaction
that may occur in a system when both wear and corrosion processes coexist. The guide applies to systems in liquid solutions or
slurries and does not include processes in a gas/solid system.
1.2 This guide applies to metallic materials and can be used in a generic sense with a number of wear/corrosion tests. It is not
restricted to use with approved ASTM test methods.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
G3 Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing
G5 Reference Test Method for Making Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements
G15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing (Withdrawn 2010)
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
G59 Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements
G102 Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For general definitions relating to corrosion see Terminology G15. For definitions relating to wear see
Terminology G40.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cathodic protection current density, i —the electrical current density needed during the wear/corrosion experiment to
cp
maintain the specimen at a potential which is one volt cathodic to the open circuit potential.
3.2.2 corrosion current density, i —the corrosion current density measured by electrochemical techniques, as described in
cor
Practice G102.
3.2.3 electrochemical corrosion rate, C—the electrochemical corrosion rate as determined by Practice G59 and converted to a
penetration rate in accordance with Practice G102. This penetration rate is equivalent to the volume loss rate per area. The term
C is the electrochemical corrosion rate during the corrosive wear process, and the term C designates the electrochemical
w 0
corrosion rate when no mechanical wear is allowed to take place.
3.2.4 mechanical wear rate, W —the rate of material loss from a specimen when the electrochemical corrosion rate has been
eliminated by cathodic protection during the wear test.
3.2.5 total material loss rate, T—the rate of material loss from a specimen exposed to the specified conditions, including
contributions from mechanical wear, corrosion, and interactions between these two.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-Abrasive Wear.
Current edition approved July 15, 2009June 1, 2016. Published August 2009June 2016. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
G119G119 – 09.–04. DOI: 10.1520/G0119-09.10.1520/G0119-09R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G119 − 09 (2016)
3.2.6 wear/corrosion interaction—the change in material wastage resulting from the interaction between wear and corrosion,
that is, T minus W and C . This can be sub-divided into ΔC , the change of the electrochemical corrosion rate due to wear and
0 0 w
ΔW , the change in mechanical wear due to corrosion.
c
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 A wear test is carried out under the test conditions of interest and T is measured.
4.2 Additional experiments are conducted to isolate the mechanical and corrosion components of the corrosive wear process.
These are as follows:
4.2.1 A repeat of the experiment in 4.1 with measurement of C ,
w
4.2.2 A test identical to the initial experiment in 4.1, except that cathodic protection is used to obtain W , and
4.2.3 Measurement of C , the corrosion rate in the absence of mechanical wear.
4.3 ΔC and ΔW are calculated from the values measured in the experiments described in 4.1 and 4.2.
w c
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Wear and corrosion can involve a number of mechanical and chemical processes. The combined action of these processes
can result in significant mutual interaction beyond the individual contributions of mechanical wear and corrosion (1-5). This
interaction among abrasion, rubbing, impact and corrosion can significantly increase total material losses in aqueous environments,
thus producing a synergistic effect. Reduction of either the corrosion or the wear component of material loss may significantly
reduce the total material loss. A practical example may be a stainless steel that has excellent corrosion resistance in the absence
of mechanical abrasion, but readily wears and corrodes when abrasive particles remove its corrosion-resistant passive film.
Quantification of wear/corrosion synergism can help guide the user to the best means of lowering overall material loss. The
procedures outlined in this guide cannot be used for systems in which any corrosion products such as oxides are left on the surface
after a test, resulting in a possible weight gain.
6. Procedures
6.1 A wear test where corrosion is a possible factor is performed after the specimen has been cleaned and prepared to remove
foreign matter from its surface. Volume loss rates per unit area are then calculated, and the results tabulated. The value of T is
obtained from these measurements. Examples of wear tests involving corrosion are detailed in papers contained in the list of
references. These examples include a slurry wear test (1-3), a slurry jet impingement test (6), and a rotating cylinder-anvil
apparatus (7).
6.2 A wear test described in 6.1 is repeated, except that the wear specimen is used as a working electrode in a typical 3 electrode
system. The other two electrodes are a standard reference electrode and a counter electrode as described in Practices G3 and G59,
and Reference Test Method G5. This test is for electrochemical measurements only, and no mass or volume losses are measured
because they could be affected by the electrical current that is passed through the specimen of interest during the experiments. Two
measurements are made, one to measure the polarization resistance as in Practice G59, and one to generate a potentiodynamic
polarization curve as in Test Method G5. The open circuit corrosion potential, E , the polarization resistance, R , and Tafel
cor p
constants, β and β , are tabulated. The exception to Test Method G5 is that the apparatus, cell geometry, and solutions or slurries
a c
used are defined by the particular wear test being conducted, and are not restricted to the electrochemical cell or electrolyte
described in Test Method G5. The potentiodynamic method rather than the potentiostatic method is recommended. R , β , and β
p a c
are used to calculate the electrochemical corrosion current density, i as described in Practice G59. The value for i is then
cor cor
converted to a penetration rate in accordance to Practice G102. This penetration rate is equivalent to the material loss rate, C .
w
6.3 A wear test similar to that conducted in 6.2 is run again except that the wear specimen is polarized one volt cathodic with
respect to E so that no corrosion takes place. The mass loss of the specimen is measured during the cathodic protection period
cor
by weighing it before and after the test. W is then calculated by dividing the mass loss by the specimen density and exposed
surface area. The current density i is also recorded. Caution must be used when using this technique because some metals or
cp
alloys may be affected by hydrogen embrittlement as a result of hydrogen that may be generated during this test. If hydrogen
evolution is too great, then there is always a possibility that the hydrodynamics of the system could be affected. However, the
results of research (1-7) have shown these effects to be minimal for the ferrous alloys studied to date.
6.4 A corrosion test similar to that conducted in 6.2 is run again except no mechanical wear is allowed to act on the specimen
surface. The penetration rate, which is equivalent to C , is obtained as in 6.2, using polarization resistance and potentiodynamic
polarization scans to obtain R , β , β , and i .
p a b cor
6.5 T, W , C, C and C are all reported in units of volume loss per exposed area per unit time. The synergism between wear
0 w 0
and corrosion is calculated according to (Eq 1), (Eq 2), and (Eq 3).
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
G119 − 09 (2016)
6.6 Caution must be used to make sure that the surface area exposed to corrosion is the same as that exposed to mechanical wear.
Coating of the portions of the specimen with a non-conductor to mask off areas to prevent corrosion is an effective means of doing
this.
7. Calculation of Wear/Corrosion Interaction
7.1 The total material loss, T, is related to the synergistic component, S, that part of the total damage that results from the
interaction of corrosion and wear processes, by the following equation
T 5 W 1C 1S (1)
0 0
7.2 The total material loss, T, can be divided into the following components, the wear rate in the absence of corrosion, the
corrosion rate in the absence of wear, and the sum of the interactions between the processes:
T 5 W 1C 1ΔC 1ΔW (2)
0 0 w c
where ΔC is the change in corrosion rate due to wear and ΔW is the change in wear rate due to corrosion.
w c
W 5 W 1ΔW (3)
c 0 c
where W is the total wear component of T.
c
C 5 C 1ΔC (4)
w 0 w
where C is the total corrosion component of T and can be measured by electrochemical means.
w
7.3 The term “synergistic effect” is now usually used to refer to the enhancement of wear due to corrosion ΔW . Negative
c
synergism (or antagonism) occurs when the corrosion product during wear provides better protection than the initial surface; an
example would be the formation of adherent oxide scale during sliding wear. The term “additive effect” refers to the change in
corrosion rate due to wear, ΔC . In the latter case, the electrochemical corrosion rate, can be added to the wear rate in the absence
w
of corrosion, W , to generate the overall weight change.
From the above, the following dimensionless factors can be defined to describe the degree of synergism:
T/(T − S) (“Total Synergism Factor”) (i)
(C + ΔC )/C (“Corrosion Augmentation Factor”) (ii)
0 w 0
(W + ΔW )/W (“Wear Augmentation Factor”) (iii)
0 c 0
7.4 Construction of Wear-Corrosion Map—A wear-corrosion map is a useful method of identifying wastage regimes and
mechanisms (5, 8, 9). The following is a method which enables a wear-corrosion map to be constructed.
7.4.1 Generate at least six test results involving the same variables identifying the components of the interaction given in
Section 7, that is, results at six velocities.
7.4.2 For each of these results, generate an additional six tests (identifying the components of the interaction given in Section
7) on the effects of another variable, that is, particle size or pH.
7.4.3 Identify criteria for transitions between tribo-corrosion regimes:
T,X Low (5)
X # T,X1 Medium (6)
T $ X2 High (7)
7.4.4 The limits in 7.4.3 should be based on tolerances identified for the wear-corrosion process. The Low region is identified
as the safe operating wear-corrosion regime. The various regimes should be labeled on the map.
7.4.5 The map can also be used to identify the extent of the wear and corrosion augmentation factors by defining criteria for
the transitions (8, 9) between regimes.
ΔC /ΔW ,0.1 (8)
w c
Synergistic effects dominate. Corrosion is affecting wear to a great extent than wear is affecting corrosion.
0.1 # ΔC /ΔW ,1 (9)
w c
The “additive” and “synergistic” interactions are equal.
ΔC /ΔW $ 1 (10)
w c
Additive effects dominate. Wear is affecting corrosion to a greater extent than corrosion is affecting wear.
7.4.6 As in 7.4.4, the various regimes should be highlighted on the map.
7.4.7 If the synergistic effects are negative in Eq 8-10, that is, antagonistic, use the same inequalities but take the modulus of
ΔW in the evaluation of ΔC /ΔW in the determination of the regime boundaries).boundaries.
c w c
8. Report
8.1 The report should include the test method used and the test conditions.
8.2 A sample of a Test Data Recording form is shown in Fig. 1.
See appendixes for examples of parameter calculations and test data.
G119 − 09 (2016)
TEST —Test Number:
DATE —Date:
ENVIRONMENT —Description:
SPECIMEN Material property Wear Specimen Counterface Material
Identification: —Density, g/cm
—Specimen area, mm
—Equivalent weight
Material loss, Material loss rate,
mm
Material loss rate
mm
WEAR TESTS Initial wt, g Final wt, g Wt loss, g Time, h
mm 2yr
2 symbol
mm
Corrosive Wear
T
Test
Cathodic
W
Protection Test
Material loss rate,
ELECTRO-
mm
Material loss rate
mV mV
CHEMICAL
2 2
β , β , 2
E , mV vs SCE i , μA/cm R , ohms-cm a c mm 2yr symbol
cor cor p decade decade
TESTS
Electrochemical
C
w
test with wear
Electrochemical
C
test without wear
FIG. 1 Test Data Recording Form
8.3 A sample of a Test Summary form for several tests is shown in Fig. 2.
9. Keywords
9.1 aqueous; corrosion; electrochemical; erosion-corrosion; slurries; solutions; synergism; wear
G119 − 09 (2016)
Material loss rate,
mm
Unitless factors
COUNTERFACE 2
mm 2
...
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