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ASTM D4529-01(2006)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 2).
Note 2—The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D 240 and D 4809.  
The net heat of combustion is a factor in the performance of all aviation fuels. Because the exhaust of aircraft engines contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy released by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered and must be subtracted from gross heat of combustion determinations to calculate net heat of combustion. For high performance weight-limited aircraft, the net heat of combustion per unit mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total safe range. The proper operation of the aircraft engine also requires a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volume of fuel delivered.  
Because the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel-mixtures are slowly varying functions of the physical properties of the mixtures, the heat of combustion of the mixtures can often be estimated with adequate accuracy from simple field tests of density and aniline point temperature, without the elaborate apparatus needed for calorimetry.
The empirical quadratic equation for the net heat of combustion of a sulfur-free fuel was derived by the method of least squares from accurate measurements on fuels, most of which conformed to specifications for fuels found in Note 1 and were chosen to cover a range of values of properties. Those fuels not meeting specifications were chosen to extend the range of densities and aniline-point temperatures above and below the specification limits to avoid end effects. The sulfur correction was found by a simultaneous least-squares regression analysis of sulfur-containing fuel...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules per kilogram.
1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1.
Note 1—The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and can be considered in the same class. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:
1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test Method D 1405. Test Method D 1405 requires calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with the precision equivalent to that of this test method.
1.4 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2006
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.05 - Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D4529-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsASTM D4529-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
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ASTM D4529-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4529–01 (Reapproved 2006)
Designation: 381/97
Standard Test Method for
1
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
JP-8, Avtur/FSII MIL-DTL-83133
DEF STAN 91–87
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheestimationofthenetheatof
NATO Code F-34
combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, mega-
Jet A, Jet A-1, Avtur Specification D1655
joules per kilogram.
DEF STAN 91–91
1.2 Thistestmethodispurelyempirical,anditisapplicable
NATO Code F-35
only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining
1.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by
processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the
Test Method D1405. Test Method D1405 requires calculation
requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft
of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with the
turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and
precision equivalent to that of this test method.
compositions as described in Note 1.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
NOTE 1—The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocar- standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
bon fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only
standard.
when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
individual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and
can be considered in the same class.The classes of fuels used to establish
2. Referenced Documents
the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the
following applications: 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Fuel Specification
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
eral Bomb Method)
Aviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910
Grades 80, 82, 100/130, and 115/145 Specification D6227
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
DEF STAN 91–90
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
NATO Code F-18
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
Aviation turbine fuels: MIL-DTL-5624
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
JP-4, Avtag/FSII DEF STAN 91–88
D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
NATO Code F-40
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
JP-5, Avcat/FSII MIL-DTL-5624
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom-
DEF STAN 91–86 3
eter
NATO Code F-44
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
D1250 GuideforUseofthePetroleumMeasurementTables
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
(Lamp Method)
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originally
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4529–01. DOI:
10.1520/D4529-01R06.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4529–01 (2006)
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid 4. Significance and Use
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases
D1405 TestMethodforEstimationofNetHeatofCombus-
where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is
tion of Aviation Fuels
not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a
D2622
...

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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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