ASTM G52-00(2016)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Exposing and Evaluating Metals and Alloys in Surface Seawater
Standard Practice for Exposing and Evaluating Metals and Alloys in Surface Seawater
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described herein are recommended for evaluating the corrosion or marine fouling behavior, or both, of materials exposed to quiescent or local tidal flow conditions, or both.
4.1.1 This practice is not intended to cover the influence of high seawater velocity or the behavior of materials in seawater which has been transported from its source.
4.1.2 Some aspects of this practice may be applicable to testing in tanks and troughs which are continuously provided with fresh surface seawater. Additionally, some aspects may also be applicable to deep ocean testing.
Note 1: Guide G78 provides guidance for conducting crevice corrosion tests under controlled seawater test conditions.
4.2 While the duration of testing may be dictated by the test objectives, exposures of more than six months or one year are commonly used to minimize the effects of environmental variables associated with seasonal changes or geographic location, or both.
4.3 The procedures described are applicable for the exposure of simple test panels, welded test panels, or those configured to assess the effects of crevices, or both, such as those described in Guide G78. In addition, they are useful for testing of actual components and fabricated assemblies.
4.4 It is prudent to include control materials with known resistance to seawater corrosion or fouling, or both, as described in Test Method D3623.
Note 2: Materials which have been included in ASTM Worldwide Seawater Corrosivity Studies include UNS K01501 (carbon steel), UNS C70600 (90/10 CuNi) and UNS A95086 (5086-H116 Al).2, 4
Note 3: In the case of evaluations of aluminum alloys, care should be exercised in the location of specimens near copper or high copper-containing alloys. In some instances, it is not sufficient to simply electrically isolate specimens to prevent bi-metallic (galvanic) corrosion; copper ions from nearby corroding copper or copper-base alloys can deposit on aluminum and accelerate its corrosion.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers conditions for the exposure of metals, alloys, and other materials in natural surface seawater such as those typically found in bays, harbors, channels, and so forth,2 as contrasted with deep ocean testing.3 This practice covers full immersion, tidal zone and related splash, and spray zone exposures.2, 4
1.2 This practice sets forth general procedures that should be followed in conducting seawater exposure tests so that meaningful comparisons may be made from one location to another.
1.3 This practice identifies recommended procedures for evaluating the effects of natural surface seawater on the materials exposed.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation: G52 − 00 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Exposing and Evaluating Metals and Alloys in Surface
Seawater
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G52; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorially replaced Terminology G15 with Terminology G193 throughout in November 2016.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice covers conditions for the exposure of
metals, alloys, and other materials in natural surface seawater
2. Referenced Documents
such as those typically found in bays, harbors, channels, and so
2 3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
forth, as contrasted with deep ocean testing. This practice
D3623 Test Method for Testing Antifouling Panels in Shal-
covers full immersion, tidal zone and related splash, and spray
2,4
low Submergence
zone exposures.
G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-
1.2 This practice sets forth general procedures that should
sion Test Specimens
be followed in conducting seawater exposure tests so that
G30 Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-
meaningful comparisons may be made from one location to
Corrosion Test Specimens
another.
G38 Practice for Making and Using C-Ring Stress-
1.3 This practice identifies recommended procedures for
Corrosion Test Specimens
evaluating the effects of natural surface seawater on the G39 Practice for Preparation and Use of Bent-Beam Stress-
materials exposed.
Corrosion Test Specimens
G46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Cor-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
rosion
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
G58 Practice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Speci-
only.
mens for Weldments
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
G78 Guide for Crevice Corrosion Testing of Iron-Base and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Nickel-Base Stainless Alloys in Seawater and Other
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Chloride-Containing Aqueous Environments
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
G193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Terminology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Terms relative to this subject matter can be found in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Terminology G193.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Significance and Use
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion
4.1 The procedures described herein are recommended for
of Metals, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.04 on Corrosion of
evaluating the corrosion or marine fouling behavior, or both, of
Metals in Natural Atmospheric and Aqueous Environments.
materialsexposedtoquiescentorlocaltidalflowconditions,or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as G52 – 00 (2011). DOI: both.
10.1520/G0052-00R16E01.
4.1.1 This practice is not intended to cover the influence of
Kirk, W. W., and Pikul, S. J., Seawater Corrosivity Around the World: Results
high seawater velocity or the behavior of materials in seawater
from Three Years of Testing, ASTM STP 1086 Corrosion in Natural Waters, 1990,
which has been transported from its source.
pp. 3-36.
Reinhart, F. M., “Corrosion of Materials in Hydrospace,” Technical Report
R-304, U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA, December
1966. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Phull, B. S., Pikul, S. J., and Kain, R. M., Seawater Corrosivity Around the contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
World: Results from Five Years of Testing, ASTM STP 1300 Corrosion in Natural Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Waters, Vol 2, 1997, pp. 34-73. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
G52 − 00 (2016)
4.1.2 Some aspects of this practice may be applicable to 6.2 Specimens must be insulated from the test racks.
testing in tanks and troughs which are continuously provided Mounting devices made of porcelain and other non-metallic
with fresh surface seawater. Additionally, some aspects may materials are commonly used. It should be recognized that the
also be applicable to deep ocean testing. specimen contact areas with mounting devices may produce
crevice corrosion of some susceptible materials, for example,
NOTE 1—Guide G78 provides guidance for conducting crevice corro-
some stainless steel and aluminum alloys.
sion tests under controlled seawater test conditions.
NOTE 4—Bolts used to secure the insulators must be galvanically
4.2 While the duration of testing may be dictated by the test
compatible with the test rack.
objectives, exposures of more than six months or one year are
6.3 Spacing of the mounted specimens can be important. It
commonly used to minimize the effects of environmental
is desirable to have sufficient space between surfaces of test
variables associated with seasonal changes or geographic
specimens to ensure that adequate water flows between them
location, or both.
and that with long exposures the accumulated fouling will not
4.3 The procedures described are applicable for the expo-
block off the surface to the presence of the seawater environ-
sure of simple test panels, welded test panels, or those
ment.
configured to assess the effects of crevices, or both, such as
6.4 Specimen location maps or charts should be prepared
those described in Guide G78. In addition, they are useful for
and maintained to ensure positive identification at the conclu-
testing of actual components and fabricated assemblies.
sion of testing. Pre-exposure photographs of assembled test
4.4 It is prudent to include control materials with known
racks are useful.
resistance to seawater corrosion or fouling, or both, as de-
6.5 Racks may be suspended by such materials as nylon,
scribed in Test Method D3623.
polyester, or polypropylene rope depending on prevailing
NOTE 2—Materials which have been included in ASTM Worldwide
conditions. Steel wire rope should be avoided.
Seawater Corrosivity Studies include UNS K01501 (carbon steel), UNS
6.5.1 For multiple year exposures, it is recommended that
2,4
C70600 (90/10 CuNi) and UNS A95086 (5086-H116 Al).
the rack support rope be resistant to degradation by seawater as
NOTE 3—In the case of evaluations of aluminum alloys, care should be
well as ultraviolet light.
exercised in the location of specimens near copper or high copper-
containing alloys. In some instances, it is not sufficient to simply
6.6 Exposure racks should be suspended so that attached
electrically isolate specimens to prevent bi-metallic (galvanic) corrosion;
specimens will be oriented vertically and subjected to the full
copper ions from nearby corroding copper or copper-base alloys can
deposit on aluminum and accelerate its corrosion. effects of the seawater but free of galvanic contact with other
specimens and with minimal sedimentation of silt and debris
5. Test Sites on the specimen.
6.6.1 It should be recognized that in time some support
5.1 Test sites should be chosen at locations representative of
ropes may stretch due to the added mass of marine fouling. In
natural seawater environments where the metals or alloys to be
shallow waters, this should be taken into account to avoid
tested may be used. Ideally, a natural seawater test site should
unwanted contact with the sea bed or bottom. In some cases,
have clean, uncontaminated seawater, be in a protected
the added mass will also make test rack removal more difficult.
location, and have facilities for such tests as splash, tidal, and
full immersion. Reference should be made to tropical versus NOTE5—Itshouldberecognizedthatbarnaclesattachedtoracksupport
ropes will create potential hazards if manual lifting is required.
other conditions, and seasonal variations in temperature and in
deposition of marine growth on the test panels with a defined
6.7 If periodic removals are envisioned, it is recommended
“fouling season.”
that different racks be utilized to support specimens for each
test period. Otherwise, marine fouling and corrosion products
5.2 Periodic observations of critical water parameters
on other specimens may be disturbed and possibly affect
should be made and reported; depending on the experiment,
subsequent behavior of the test material.
these might include water temperature, salinity, conductivity,
6.7.1 It is prudent to check the security of support ropes and
pH, oxygen content, and tidal flow (velocity). If there is
the presence of the test racks from time-to-time.
concern about the quality of water at the test site, it is
suggested that ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide
7. Specimens
be determined periodically using analytical chemistry proce-
dures.
7.1 When the material to be tested is in sheet form, a
nominal specimen size of 100 by 300 mm (approximately 4 by
6. Exposure Racks 12 in.) is recommended. Specimens may be larger or smaller to
suit a particular test.
6.1 Test racks should be constructed of a material that will
remain intact for the entire proposed period of exposure. 7.2 Odd shaped samples and assemblies comprising like or
Nickel-copper alloy 400 (UNS No. N04400) has been found to dissimilar metals can also be tested. If testing materials in odd
be an excellent material, but is not recommended for holding shapes (bolts, nuts, pipes, and so forth) is desired, a means of
aluminum specimens. Coated aluminum racks (6061-T6 or supporting them in the test racks must be devised. It is
5086-H32) also have given satisfactory service. Nonmetallic important that the specimens be elec
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: G52 − 00 (Reapproved 2011) G52 − 00 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Exposing and Evaluating Metals and Alloys in Surface
Seawater
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G52; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorially replaced Terminology G15 with Terminology G193 throughout in November 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers conditions for the exposure of metals, alloys, and other materials in natural surface seawater such as
2 3
those typically found in bays, harbors, channels, and so forth, as contrasted with deep ocean testing. This practice covers full
2,4
immersion, tidal zone and related splash, and spray zone exposures.
1.2 This practice sets forth general procedures that should be followed in conducting seawater exposure tests so that meaningful
comparisons may be made from one location to another.
1.3 This practice identifies recommended procedures for evaluating the effects of natural surface seawater on the materials
exposed.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3623 Test Method for Testing Antifouling Panels in Shallow Submergence
G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens
G15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing (Withdrawn 2010)
G30 Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
G38 Practice for Making and Using C-Ring Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
G39 Practice for Preparation and Use of Bent-Beam Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
G46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion
G58 Practice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens for Weldments
G78 Guide for Crevice Corrosion Testing of Iron-Base and Nickel-Base Stainless Alloys in Seawater and Other Chloride-
Containing Aqueous Environments
G193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
3. Terminology
3.1 Terms relative to this subject matter can be found in Terminology G15G193.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.09 on Corrosion in Natural
Waters.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2016. Published December 2011November 2016. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20062011
as G52G52 – 00 (2011).–00 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/G0052-00R11.10.1520/G0052-00R16E01.
Kirk, W. W., and Pikul, S. J., Seawater Corrosivity Around the World: Results from Three Years of Testing, ASTM STP 1086 Corrosion in Natural Waters, 1990, pp. 3-36.
Reinhart, F. M., “Corrosion of Materials in Hydrospace,” Technical Report R-304, U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, Port Hueneme, CA, December 1966.
Phull, B. S., Pikul, S. J., and Kain, R. M., Seawater Corrosivity Around the World: Results from Five Years of Testing, ASTM STP 1300 Corrosion in Natural Waters,
Vol 2, 1997, pp. 34-73.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
G52 − 00 (2016)
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The procedures described herein are recommended for evaluating the corrosion or marine fouling behavior, or both, of
materials exposed to quiescent or local tidal flow conditions, or both.
4.1.1 This practice is not intended to cover the influence of high seawater velocity or the behavior of materials in seawater which
has been transported from its source.
4.1.2 Some aspects of this practice may be applicable to testing in tanks and troughs which are continuously provided with fresh
surface seawater. Additionally, some aspects may also be applicable to deep ocean testing.
NOTE 1—Guide G78 provides guidance for conducting crevice corrosion tests under controlled seawater test conditions.
4.2 While the duration of testing may be dictated by the test objectives, exposures of more than six months or one year are
commonly used to minimize the effects of environmental variables associated with seasonal changes or geographic location, or
both.
4.3 The procedures described are applicable for the exposure of simple test panels, welded test panels, or those configured to
assess the effects of crevices, or both, such as those described in Guide G78. In addition, they are useful for testing of actual
components and fabricated assemblies.
4.4 It is prudent to include control materials with known resistance to seawater corrosion or fouling, or both, as described in
Test Method D3623.
NOTE 2—Materials which have been included in ASTM Worldwide Seawater Corrosivity Studies include UNS K01501 (carbon steel), UNS C70600
2,4
(90/10 CuNi) and UNS A95086 (5086-H116 Al).
NOTE 3—In the case of evaluations of aluminum alloys, care should be exercised in the location of specimens near copper or high copper-containing
alloys. In some instances, it is not sufficient to simply electrically isolate specimens to prevent bi-metallic (galvanic) corrosion; copper ions from nearby
corroding copper or copper-base alloys can deposit on aluminum and accelerate its corrosion.
5. Test Sites
5.1 Test sites should be chosen at locations representative of natural seawater environments where the metals or alloys to be
tested may be used. Ideally, a natural seawater test site should have clean, uncontaminated seawater, be in a protected location,
and have facilities for such tests as splash, tidal, and full immersion. Reference should be made to tropical versus other conditions,
and seasonal variations in temperature and in deposition of marine growth on the test panels with a defined “fouling season.”
5.2 Periodic observations of critical water parameters should be made and reported; depending on the experiment, these might
include water temperature, salinity, conductivity, pH, oxygen content, and tidal flow (velocity). If there is concern about the quality
of water at the test site, it is suggested that ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide be determined periodically using
analytical chemistry procedures.
6. Exposure Racks
6.1 Test racks should be constructed of a material that will remain intact for the entire proposed period of exposure.
Nickel-copper alloy 400 (UNS No. N04400) has been found to be an excellent material, but is not recommended for holding
aluminum specimens. Coated aluminum racks (6061-T6 or 5086-H32) also have given satisfactory service. Nonmetallic racks
made from reinforced plastic or treated wood might also be used.
6.2 Specimens must be insulated from the test racks. Mounting devices made of porcelain and other non-metallic materials are
commonly used. It should be recognized that the specimen contact areas with mounting devices may produce crevice corrosion
of some susceptible materials, for example, some stainless steel and aluminum alloys.
NOTE 4—Bolts used to secure the insulators must be galvanically compatible with the test rack.
6.3 Spacing of the mounted specimens can be important. It is desirable to have sufficient space between surfaces of test
specimens to ensure that adequate water flows between them and that with long exposures the accumulated fouling will not block
off the surface to the presence of the seawater environment.
6.4 Specimen location maps or charts should be prepared and maintained to ensure positive identification at the conclusion of
testing. Pre-exposure photographs of assembled test racks are useful.
6.5 Racks may be suspended by such materials as nylon, polyester, or polypropylene rope depending on prevailing conditions.
Steel wire rope should be avoided.
6.5.1 For multiple year exposures, it is recommended that the rack support rope be resistant to degradation by seawater as well
as ultraviolet light.
6.6 Exposure racks should be suspended so that attached specimens will be oriented vertically and subjected to the full effects
of the seawater but free of galvanic contact with other specimens and with minimal sedimentation of silt and debris on the
specimen.
´1
G52 − 00 (2016)
6.6.1 It should be recognized that in time some support ropes may stretch due to the added mass of marine fouling. In shallow
waters, this should be taken into account to avoid unwanted contact with the sea bed or bottom. In some cases, the added mass
will also make test rack removal more difficult.
NOTE 5—It should be recognized that barnacles attached to rack support ropes will create potential hazards if manual lifting is required.
6.7 If periodic removals are envisioned, it is recommended that different racks be utilized to support specimens for each test
period. Otherwise, marine fouling and corrosion products on other specimens may be disturbed and possibly affect subsequent
behavior of the test material.
6.7.1 It is prudent to check the security of support ropes and the presence of the test racks from time-to-time.
7. Specimens
7.1 When the material to be tested is in sheet form, a nominal specimen size of 100 by 300 mm (approximately 4 by 12 in.)
is recommended. Specimens may be larger or smaller to suit a particular test.
7.2 Odd shaped samples and assemblies comprising like or dissimilar metals can also be tested. If testing materials in odd
shapes (bolts, nuts, pipes, and so forth) is desired, a means of supporting them in
...
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