ASTM D1294-95a(2001)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard; the values in SI units are provided for information only. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.
Note 1--For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
Note 2--This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D1294–95a (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber
Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 breaking tenacity, n—the tenacity corresponding to
the breaking load.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Breaking tenacity is commonly ex-
ing force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and
pressed as grams-force per tex (gf/tex), grams-force per denier
tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage
(gf/den), millinewtons per tex mN/tex), or millinewtons per
length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is
denier (mN/den). Millinewtons are numerically equal to
included.
grams-force times 9.81.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.2 constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing
as standard; the values in SI units are provided for information
machine, n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the
only. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units,
pulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-
inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13
measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance with in-
policy.
creasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.).
NOTE 1—For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber
3.1.3 constant-rate-of-loading (CRL) type tensile testing
bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
machine,n—intensiletesting,anapparatusinwhichtherateof
NOTE 2—This test method can be used for other fibers that lend
increase of the force is uniform with time after the first3sand
themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density
the specimen is free to elongate, this elongation being depen-
must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not
necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating dent on the extension characteristics of the specimen at any
breaking tenacity.
applied force.
3.1.4 constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(CRT), n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the pulling
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
clampmovesatauniformrateandtheforceisappliedthrough
responsibiltiy of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the other clamp, which moves appreciably to actuate a force-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mechanism, producing a rate of increase of force or extension
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
thatisusuallynotconstantandisdependentupontheextension
2. Referenced Documents
characteristics of the specimen.
3.1.5 gage length, n— in tensile testing, the length of a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimenmeasuredbetweenthepointsofattachmenttoclamps
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
while under uniform tension.
tiles
3.1.6 recycled wool, n— as defined in the Wool Products
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Labeling Act as amended in 1980, “the resulting fiber when
D1445 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation
wool has been woven or felted into a wool product which,
of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
without ever having been utilized in any way by the ultimate
D1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
consumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state, or
D2524 Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers,
the resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wool has been
Flat Bundle Method— ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) Gage Length
spun, woven knitted or felted into a wool product which, after
D2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture
having been used in any way by the ultimate consumer,
3. Terminology
subsequently has been made into a fibrous state.”
3.1.6.1 Discussion—In the amended Act of 1980, the term
3.1 Definitions:
“recycled wool” replaced the terms “reprocessed wool” and
“reused wool.”
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
3.1.7 tenacity, n—in a tensile test, the force exerted on the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.
specimen based on the linear density of the unstrained speci-
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published August 1995. Originally
published as D1294–53T. Last previous edition D1294–95.
men.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1294
3.1.7.1 Discussion—In textiles, tenacity is considered a its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
property of fibers and yarns, and tensile strain is the comple- suppliermustagreetointerpretfuturetestresultsinthelightof
mentary property of fabrics. In direct yarn numbering systems, the known bias.
tenacity is forced divided by linear density. In indirect yarn 5.2 This test method is useful in studying the relationship
numberingsystems,tenacityisforcetimesthereciprocallinear between fiber strength and product quality; results should be
density. considered comparative rather than fundamental since the
3.1.8 tensile strength, n—the strength of a material under strength found will be lower than the sum of the strengths of
tension as distinct from compression, torsion or shear. the individual fibers present due to slight differences in
tensioning.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Technically, strength is a characteristic
that is expressed in terms of force. Historically, however, 5.3 Elongation may be obtained also but the accuracy of
elongation measurements is limited and their determination is,
tensilestrengthhasbeencommonlyexpressedintermsofforce
per unit base, for example, the cross-sectional area of the therefore, not included as a formal part of this test method.
5.4 The basic differences between the procedures employed
unstrained material. Some common units are newtons per
square metre (N/m ) and pounds-force per square inch (psi). in this test method and those ofTest Method D2524 are in the
gage lengths employed and the methods of clamping. In Test
3.1.9 wool, n—the fibrous covering of sheep, Ovis species.
Method D2524, specific clamps are required whereas in Test
3.1.9.1 Discussion—For the purposes of this test method,
Method D1294, any conventional clamps may be used. Re-
the word wool is used in the generic sense, and includes both
sults for breaking load determined by Test Method D2524
wool as defined in the Wool Products LabelingAct of 1939 as
average 30% higher than those obtained by Test Method
well as recycled wool as defined in the amendedAct of 1980.
D1294.
3.1.10 wool, n—as defined in the Wool Products Labeling
Act of 1939, “the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb, or
6. Apparatus and Materials
hairoftheAngoragoatorCashmeregoat(andmayincludethe
so called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, 6.1 Comb, fine, sharp.
6.2 Analytical Balance, with a sensitivity of 0.0001 g.
llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any
woven or felted wool product.” 6.3 Tensile Testing Machine, a CRE or CRT Type about
50-lb (22-kg) capacity machine as prescribed in Specification
3.1.11 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
D76, capable of operating the moving clamp at a uniform
method, refer to Terminology D123.
speedof10.0 60.5in./min(250 612mm/min).IfaCRLtype
machine is used, it should be capable of operating at a rate of
4. Summary of Test Method
loading of 1 kgf/s (10 N/s). In no case shall the working range
4.1 Thestrengthdeterminationisbasedontheloadrequired
be outside the limits recommended by the manufacturer.
to break a bundle of fibers which had been parallelized and
held under uniform tension with masking tape. A 1-in. (25.4- NOTE 3—There may be no overall correlation between the results
obtained with the CRE, CRT, or CRL type testing machines. Conse-
mm)spacingbetweenthetapes(andclampsatthezerosetting)
quently, these three machines cannot be used interchangeably.
makespossiblethecuttingandweighingofthisamountoffiber
for use in calculating the strength expressed as breaking
6.4 Metal Plates, 2 by 1-in. (50.8 by 25.4-mm) with one
tenacity in grams-force per tex or tensile strength in pounds- rubber-covered surface. The plates should be rigid, flat, and
force per square inch.
approximately 0.1 in. (2.5 mm) thick with one rubber face
approximately0.06in.(1.5mm)thick(Note4).Twoplatesare
5. Significance and Use
required to prepare a bundle for testing.
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile
NOTE 4—These plates can be made by gluing rubber sheeting approxi-
strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial mately 0.06 in. (1.5 mm) thick to the face of the plate.
shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians 3
6.5 Hand Vise, preferably of the spring-type.
may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative
6.6 Masking Tape, 2-in. (50-mm) wide, heavy.
tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
7. Sampling
reported test results when using Test Method D1294 for
7.1 Division into Lots—Treat a single shipment of a single
acceptancetestingofcommercialshipments,thepurchaserand
fiber type as a lot.
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
7.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
take at random the number of shipping con
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