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ASTM D1294-95a(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length

Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard; the values in SI units are provided for information only. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.
Note 1--For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
Note 2--This test method can be used for other fibers that lend themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating breaking tenacity.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.13 - Wool and Felt
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1294-95a - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D1294-05 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM D1445/D1445M-12(2021) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2524-22 - Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method—<fraction> <num>1</num><den>8</den></fraction> in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4845-10(2018) - Standard Terminology Relating to Wool
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001

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ASTM D1294-95a(2001) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage LengthASTM D1294-95a(2001) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
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ASTM D1294-95a(2001) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1294–95a (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber
1
Bundles 1-in. (25.4-mm) Gage Length
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 breaking tenacity, n—the tenacity corresponding to
the breaking load.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the break-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Breaking tenacity is commonly ex-
ing force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and
pressed as grams-force per tex (gf/tex), grams-force per denier
tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4-mm) gage
(gf/den), millinewtons per tex mN/tex), or millinewtons per
length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is
denier (mN/den). Millinewtons are numerically equal to
included.
grams-force times 9.81.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.2 constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing
as standard; the values in SI units are provided for information
machine, n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the
only. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units,
pulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-
inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13
measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance with in-
policy.
creasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.).
NOTE 1—For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber
3.1.3 constant-rate-of-loading (CRL) type tensile testing
bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
machine,n—intensiletesting,anapparatusinwhichtherateof
NOTE 2—This test method can be used for other fibers that lend
increase of the force is uniform with time after the first3sand
themselves to the same kind of preparation but the difference in density
the specimen is free to elongate, this elongation being depen-
must be taken into account when calculating the tensile strength. It is not
necessary to know or correct for the density of a fiber when calculating dent on the extension characteristics of the specimen at any
breaking tenacity.
applied force.
3.1.4 constant-rate-of-traverse tensile testing machine
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(CRT), n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the pulling
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
clampmovesatauniformrateandtheforceisappliedthrough
responsibiltiy of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the other clamp, which moves appreciably to actuate a force-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mechanism, producing a rate of increase of force or extension
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
thatisusuallynotconstantandisdependentupontheextension
2. Referenced Documents
characteristics of the specimen.
3.1.5 gage length, n— in tensile testing, the length of a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimenmeasuredbetweenthepointsofattachmenttoclamps
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
2
while under uniform tension.
tiles
2
3.1.6 recycled wool, n— as defined in the Wool Products
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Labeling Act as amended in 1980, “the resulting fiber when
D1445 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation
2
wool has been woven or felted into a wool product which,
of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
2
without ever having been utilized in any way by the ultimate
D1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
consumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state, or
D2524 Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers,
2
1
the resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wool has been
Flat Bundle Method— ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) Gage Length
2
spun, woven knitted or felted into a wool product which, after
D2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture
having been used in any way by the ultimate consumer,
3. Terminology
subsequently has been made into a fibrous state.”
3.1.6.1 Discussion—In the amended Act of 1980, the term
3.1 Definitions:
“recycled wool” replaced the terms “reprocessed wool” and
“reused wool.”
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
3.1.7 tenacity, n—in a tensile test, the force exerted on the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.
specimen based on the linear density of the unstrained speci-
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published August 1995. Originally
published as D1294–53T. Last previous edition D1294–95.
men.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohock
...

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5.1 This recommended practice furnishes directions for the sampling of wool of the various forms indicated in Section 1, in order that correct probability statements may be made about the relationship between the sample mean and the population mean. If these statements are to be correct, certain conditions, which are stated, must hold.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in ordinary commercial and industrial samples of wool in all forms except grease wool, using the oven-drying technique.  
1.2 Formulas for calculating the moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (oven-dried basis) are given. It is always important to use the correct term which corresponds to the basis used in the calculation (see 12.2.1).  
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Standard Test Method for Extractable Matter in Wool and Other Animal Fibers

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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method may be used to estimate the quantity of oil, grease, and waxy materials remaining on or in wool fibers after scouring, or the quantity of lubricant added before carding or remaining after carding, or the quantity of such materials added or removed in subsequent processing operations.  
5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
Note 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is useful in studying the relationship between fiber strength and product quality; results should be considered comparative rather than fundamental since the strength found will be lower than the sum of the strengths of the individual fibers present due to slight differences in tensioning.  
5.3 Elongation may be obtained also but the accuracy of elongation measurements is limited and their determination is, therefore, not included as a formal part of this test method.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
Note 1: For other methods of measuring breaking tenacity of fiber bundles, refer to Test Methods D1445 and D2524.
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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