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ASTM A848-01(2011)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Low-Carbon Magnetic Iron

Standard Specification for Low-Carbon Magnetic Iron

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for wrought low-carbon iron having a carbon content of 0.015% or less with the remainder of the analysis being substantially iron. These alloys are not electrical steels such as are described in Specifications A 726 and A 840 but are instead primarily used in dc magnetic applications and are produced in a wide variety of mill forms such as forging billet and cold finished bar and wire as well as strip. Two alloy types are covered: Type 1 is a low-phosphorus grade and Type 2 contains a phosphorus addition to improve machinability. Apart from chemical requirements, alloy produced to this specification must exhibit guaranteed maximum values of coercive field strength when heat treated according to this specification. This specification has several useful appendices dealing with typical magnetic, physical and mechanical properties, heat treatment and magnetic aging.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for wrought low-carbon iron having a carbon content of 0.015 % or less with the remainder of the analysis being substantially iron.
1.1.1 Two alloy types are covered: Type 1 is a low-phosphorous grade and Type 2 contains a phosphorous addition to improve machinability.
1.2 This specification also covers alloys supplied by a producer or converter in the form and condition suitable for fabrication into parts which will be subsequently heat treated to create the desired magnetic characteristics. It covers alloys supplied in the form of forging billets, hot-rolled products, and cold-finished bar, wire, and strip.
1.3 This specification does not cover iron powders capable of being processed into magnetic components.
1.4 This specification does not cover flat-rolled, low-carbon electrical steels.
1.5 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2011
ICS
77.140.40 - Steels with special magnetic properties
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.02 - Material Specifications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A848-01(2006) - Standard Specification for Low-Carbon Magnetic Iron
Effective Date
01-May-2011
Referred By
ASTM A1126-23 - Standard Specification for Magnetic Pure Iron
Effective Date
01-May-2011

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ASTM A848-01(2011) - Standard Specification for Low-Carbon Magnetic Iron
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A848 −01 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
1
Low-Carbon Magnetic Iron
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A773/A773MTest Method for Direct Current Magnetic
Properties of Low Coercivity Magnetic Materials Using
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for wrought
Hysteresigraphs
low-carbon iron having a carbon content of 0.015% or less
2.2 Other:
with the remainder of the analysis being substantially iron.
IEC Publication 60404-7 Ed. 1Method of Measurement of
1.1.1 Two alloy types are covered: Type 1 is a low-
theCoercivityofMagneticMaterialsinanOpenMagnetic
phosphorousgradeandType2containsaphosphorousaddition
3
Circuit
to improve machinability.
1.2 This specification also covers alloys supplied by a
3. Ordering Information
producer or converter in the form and condition suitable for
3.1 Orders to this specification shall include as much of the
fabricationintopartswhichwillbesubsequentlyheattreatedto
following information as is required to describe the desired
create the desired magnetic characteristics. It covers alloys
material:
suppliedintheformofforgingbillets,hot-rolledproducts,and
3.1.1 ASTM specification number and alloy type.
cold-finished bar, wire, and strip.
3.1.2 Dimensions and Tolerances—The tolerances are to be
1.3 This specification does not cover iron powders capable mutually agreed upon between the user and the producer.
of being processed into magnetic components. 3.1.3 Quantity (weight or number of pieces).
3.1.4 Form and condition.
1.4 This specification does not cover flat-rolled, low-carbon
3.1.5 Magnetic property requirements if they are other than
electrical steels.
stated herein.
1.5 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-
3.1.6 Certification of chemical analysis or magnetic prop-
pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values given
erty evaluation, or both.
in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which
3.1.7 Marking and packaging.
are provided for information only and are not considered
3.1.8 EndUse—Whenever possible, the user should specify
standard.
whethertheproductwillbemachined,blankedintoflatpieces,
blanked and formed, or deep drawn to shape.This information
2. Referenced Documents
willhelptheproducerprovidethemostsuitableproductforthe
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
user’s fabrication practice.
A34/A34MPractice for Sampling and Procurement Testing
3.1.9 Exceptions to this specification or special require-
of Magnetic Materials
ments.
A341/A341MTest Method for Direct Current Magnetic
Properties of Materials Using D-C Permeameters and the 4. Chemical Composition
Ballistic Test Methods
4.1 Alloyssuppliedtothisspecificationshallconformtothe
A596/A596MTest Method for Direct-Current Magnetic
requirements in Table 1. Three of the elements listed in Table
Properties of Materials Using the Ballistic Method and
1, namely vanadium, titanium, and aluminum, are not required
Ring Specimens
but may be added to suppress magnetic aging. If present, they
must be analyzed and reported.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on
5. Form and Condition
Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 on
Material Specifications.
5.1 These two alloys are capable of being produced in a
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originally
wide variety of forms and conditions for fabrication into
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A848–01 (2006).
DOI: 10.1520/A0848-01R11. magneticcomponents.Thedesiredformandconditionshallbe
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th
the ASTM website. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A848−01 (2011)
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements (Weight Percent)
shape from the product, specimen shape and size shall be
Alloy Type 1 Alloy Type 2 mutually agreed upon by the user and the producer.
Carbon, max 0.020 0.020
6.3 Heat Treatment—It is recommended that the user
Manganese, max 0.35 0.35
specify the desired heat treatment method to be applied to the
Silicon, max 0.15 0.15
Phosphorous 0.030 max 0.10/0.18
test specimens.
Sulfur, max 0.025 0.025
6
...

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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for mill-cast and wrought magnetic pure iron containing no more than 0.0060 % carbon and a typical total iron content of 99.9 %. The magnetic characteristics exhibited by magnetic pure iron are made possible by the absence of alloying elements during production.  
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SCOPE
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Note 1: These test methods have been applied only at the commercial power frequencies, 50 and 60 Hz, but with proper instrumentation and application of the principles of testing and calibration embodied in the test methods, they are believed to be adaptable to testing at frequencies ranging from 25 to 400 Hz.  
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ABSTRACT
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for wrought low-carbon iron typically having a carbon content of 0.015 % or less with the remainder of the chemical composition being substantially iron.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers technically important, commercially available, magnetically hard sintered and fully dense neodymium iron boron (Nd2Fe14B, NdFeB, or “Neo”) permanent magnets. These materials are available in a wide range of compositions with a commensurately large range of magnetic properties. The numbers in the Nd2Fe14B name indicate the approximate atomic ratio of the key elements.  
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ASTM A1126-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Magnetic Pure Iron

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for mill-cast and wrought magnetic pure iron containing no more than 0.0060 % carbon and a typical total iron content of 99.9 %. The magnetic characteristics exhibited by magnetic pure iron are made possible by the absence of alloying elements during production.  
1.2 This specification also covers magnetic pure iron supplied in a form and condition which allows for subsequent heat treatment to achieve desired magnetic characteristics.  
1.3 Magnetic pure iron may be supplied in forms including hot-rolled strip, sheet, plate, bar, billet, and slab; cold-rolled strip and sheet; mill-cast slab and bloom; forgings; and drawn wire and rod.  
1.4 This specification does not cover cast parts or iron powders capable of being processed into magnetic components. Please refer to the following ASTM standards for information regarding powdered metal materials and magnetic components: Specifications A811, A839, and A904.  
1.5 This specification does not cover material that contains constituent elements sufficient to increase the carbon content above 0.0060 % or to decrease the iron content below 99.9 %. Refer to Specification A848 for properties of low carbon magnetic iron.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6.1 There are selected values presented in two units, both of which are acceptable SI units. These are differentiated by the word “or,” as in “g/cm3, or, (kg/m3).”  
1.7 Acceptance values may be generated by an independent party. This specification accepts reports from producers or intermediate suppliers.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E354-21e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metals and alloys are primarily intended as referee methods to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications, particularly those under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys. It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory under appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of high-temperature, electrical, magnetic, and other similar iron, nickel, and cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within the following limits:    
Element  
Composition Range, %  
Aluminum  
0.005  
to  
18.00  
Beryllium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Boron  
0.001  
to  
1.00  
Calcium  
0.002  
to  
0.05  
Carbon  
0.001  
to  
1.10  
Chromium  
0.10  
to  
33.00  
Cobalt  
0.10  
to  
75.00  
Columbium (Niobium)  
0.01  
to  
6.0  
Copper  
0.01  
to  
10.00  
Iron  
0.01  
to  
85.00  
Magnesium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Manganese  
0.01  
to  
3.0  
Molybdenum  
0.01  
to  
30.0  
Nickel  
0.10  
to  
84.0  
Nitrogen  
0.001  
to  
0.20  
Phosphorus  
0.002  
to  
0.08  
Silicon  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Sulfur  
0.002  
to  
0.10  
Tantalum  
0.005  
to  
10.0  
Titanium  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Tungsten  
0.01  
to  
18.00  
Vanadium  
0.01  
to  
3.25  
Zirconium  
0.01  
to  
2.50  
1.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the sections indicated below:    
Sections  
Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 %
to 7.00 %)  
100 – 107  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method—Discontinued 1986  
124 – 134  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to
1.10 %)—Discontinued 2014  
79 – 89  
Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method
(0.006 % to 1.00 %)  
165 – 174  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate Oxidation—Titration Method
(0.10 % to 33.00 %)  
175 – 183  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method—
Discontinued 1980  
116 – 123  
Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 %
to 75 %)  
53 – 60  
Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Spectrophotometric Method (0.10 %
to 5.0 %)  
61 – 70  
Copper by Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to
10.00 %)  
90 – 99  
Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition Gravimetric
Method (0.01 % to 10.00 %)  
71 – 78  
Iron by the Silver Reduction Titrimetric Method (1.0 % to 50.0 %)  
192 –199  
Manganese by the Metaperiodate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.05 % to 2.00 %)  
9 – 18  
Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange—8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravi-
metric Method (1.5 % to 30 %)  
184 – 191  
Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.01 % to 1.50 %)  
153 – 164  
Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to
84.0 %)  
135 – 142  
Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method
(0.002 % to 0.08 %)  
19 – 30  
Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 5.00 %)  
46 – 52    
Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method—Discontinued
1988  
Former 30 – 36  
Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to
0.1 %)—Discontinued 2014  
37 – 45  
Sulfur by the Chromatographic Gra...

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ASTM
ASTM A804/A804M-04(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Sheet-Type Test Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials Evaluation—These test methods were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for applications involving the use of flat, sheared laminations where the testing of Epstein specimens in either the as-sheared or stress-relief-annealed condition fails to provide the most satisfactory method of predicting magnetic performance in the application. As a principal example, the test methods have been found particularly applicable to the control and evaluation of the magnetic properties of thermally flattened, grain-oriented electrical steel (Condition F5, Specification A876) used as lamination stock for cores of power transformers. Inasmuch as the test methods can only be reliably used to determine unidirectional magnetic properties, the test methods have limited applicability to the testing of fully processed nonoriented electrical steels as normally practiced (Specification A677).  
4.2 Specification Acceptance—The reproducibility of test results and the accuracy relative to the 25-cm [250-mm] Epstein method of test are considered such as to render the test methods suitable for materials specification testing.  
4.3 Interpretation of Test Results—Because of specimen size, considerable variation in magnetic properties may be present within a single specimen or between specimens that may be combined for testing purposes. Also, variations may exist in test values that are combined to represent a test lot of material. Test results reported will therefore, in general, represent averages of magnetic quality and in certain applications, particularly those involving narrow widths of laminations, deviations in magnetic performance from those expected from reported data may occur at times. Additionally, application of test data to the design or evaluation of a particular magnetic device must recognize the influence of magnetic circuitry upon performance and the possible deterioration in magnetic properties arising from construction of the device.  
4.4 ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of specific core loss and peak permeability of single layers of sheet-type specimens tested with normal excitation at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.  
Note 1: These test methods have been applied only at the commercial power frequencies, 50 and 60 Hz, but with proper instrumentation and application of the principles of testing and calibration embodied in the test methods, they are believed to be adaptable to testing at frequencies ranging from 25 to 400 Hz.  
1.2 These test methods use calibration procedures that provide correlation with the 25-cm [250-mm] Epstein test.  
1.3 The range of test magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimen and by the available instruments and other equipment components. Normally, nonoriented electrical steels can be tested over a range from 8 to 16 kG [0.8 to 1.6 T] for core loss. For oriented electrical steels, the normal range extends to 18 kG [1.8 T]. Maximum magnetic flux densities in peak permeability testing are limited principally by heating of the magnetizing winding and tests are limited normally to a maximum ac magnetic field strength of about 150 Oe [12 000 A/m].  
1.4 These test methods cover two alternative procedures as follows:
Test Method 1—Sections 6 – 12
Test Method 2—Sections 13 – 19  
1.4.1 Test Method 1 uses a test fixture having (1) two windings that encircle the test specimen, and (2) a ferromagnetic yoke structure that serves as the flux return path and has low core loss and low magnetic reluctance.  
1.4.2 Test Method 2 uses a test fixture having (1) two windings that encircle the test specimen, (2) a third winding located inside the other two windings and immediately adjacent to one surface of the test specimen, and (3) a ferromagnetic yoke structure which serves as the flux-return path and has low magnetic reluctance.  
1.5 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu a...

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ASTM
ASTM E570-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Tubular Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice outlines a procedure for examining ferromagnetic tubular products using the flux leakage method. If properly applied, this method is capable of detecting the presence and location of significant longitudinally or transversely oriented discontinuities, such as pits, scabs, slivers, gouges, roll-ins, laps, seams, cracks, holes, and improper welds in ferromagnetic tubes under inspection. In addition, the severity of a discontinuity may be estimated and a rejection level set with respect to the magnitude of the electromagnetic indication produced by the discontinuity.  
5.2 The response from natural discontinuities can be significantly different from the response for artificial discontinuities, such as drilled holes or notches of equivalent depth. For this reason, sufficient work should be done to determine the conditions necessary to detect and mark natural discontinuities whose characteristics will adversely affect the serviceability of the tube, in order to establish acceptance criteria between the supplier and purchaser.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the application and standardization of equipment using the flux leakage test method for detection of outer surface and inner surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic steel tubular products (Note 1) of uniform cross section, such as seamless and welded tubing. While this method may be sensitive to subsurface discontinuities, it is not the primary method used to identify these types of discontinuities. A secondary method, such as Ultrasonic Testing, should be considered for assessment of these types of discontinuities.
Note 1: The term “tube” or “tubular product” will be used to refer to both pipe and tubing.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use on tubular products having outside diameters from approximately 1/2 to 24 in. (12.7 to 610 mm) with wall thicknesses to 1/2 in. (12.7 mm). These techniques have been used for other sizes, however, and may be so specified upon contractual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.3 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they must be specified by the using parties.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    7 pages
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