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ASTM B63-07(2018)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials

Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and<brk/> Contact Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In the case of materials for resistors and heating elements, a knowledge of resistivity is important in determining whether wire or strip of a specified area of cross section and length will have a required resistance. It serves as one basis for the selection of materials for specific applications and its measurement is a necessary acceptance test for resistance materials.  
4.2 In the case of materials for electrical contacts, the measurement of resistivity can serve as a test for uniformity of materials of nominally the same composition and structure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, to a precision of 2 %, of the electrical resistivity of materials used in resistors, heating elements, and electrical contacts, as well as products of powder metallurgy processes which are used for other purposes.  
Note 1: For determining the resistivity of electrical conductors, see Test Method B193.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2018
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
B02 - Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Drafting Committee
B02.10 - Thermostat Metals and Electrical Resistance Heating Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM B193-16 - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2016
Refers
ASTM B193-02(2014) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2014
Refers
ASTM B193-02(2008) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2008
Refers
ASTM B193-02 - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Refers
ASTM B193-00 - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Refers
ASTM B193-01 - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002

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ASTM B63-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and<brk/> Contact MaterialsASTM B63-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and<brk/> Contact Materials
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ASTM B63-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and<brk/> Contact Materials
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B63 − 07 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and
Contact Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B63; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedetermination,toaprecision
3.1 Definitions:
of 2 %, of the electrical resistivity of materials used in
3.1.1 resistivity, n—that property of a material which deter-
resistors, heating elements, and electrical contacts, as well as
mines its resistance to the flow of an electric current, expressed
products of powder metallurgy processes which are used for
as:
other purposes.
ρ 5 RA/L (1)
NOTE 1—For determining the resistivity of electrical conductors, see
where R is the resistance in ohms of a specimen of the
Test Method B193.
material of uniform cross section A and of a length L.In
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
reporting values of resistivity under this test A shall be ex-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
pressed in square centimeters and L in centimeters. Resistiv-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
ity is measured in micro ohm-meter. English units of ohms
and are not considered standard.
circular mil per foot are expressed as:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ρ 5 12 310 RA/0.7854 L (2)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar
where:
with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate
R = resistance in ohms
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided
A = uniform cross section area in square inches
by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health,
L = length in inches
and environmental practices, and determine the applicability
of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1 In the case of materials for resistors and heating
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
elements, a knowledge of resistivity is important in determin-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ingwhetherwireorstripofaspecifiedareaofcrosssectionand
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
length will have a required resistance. It serves as one basis for
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the selection of materials for specific applications and its
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
measurement is a necessary acceptance test for resistance
2. Referenced Documents
materials.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 In the case of materials for electrical contacts, the
B193 Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor
measurement of resistivity can serve as a test for uniformity of
Materials
materials of nominally the same composition and structure.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B02 on 5. Apparatus
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
5.1 Means for applying current and voltage terminals to the
B02.10 on Thermostat Metals and Electrical Resistance Heating Materials.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originally
specimen are specified in Section 9. An optional suitable
approved in 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as B63 – 07 (2013). DOI:
specimen holder for nonductile materials is shown in Fig. 1.
10.1520/B0063-07R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.2 A suitable bridge, potentiometer, digital ohmmeter, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
equivalent, with necessary accessories for making resistance
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measurements with a limit of error of less than 0.5 %.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B63 − 07 (2018)
Number
Item Description Dimensions, in. (mm) Material
Required
1 Base block ⁄2 by 3 by 4 (12.7 by 76.2 by 101.6) micarta 1
2 Clamp block ⁄4 by 1 by 1 (19.0 by 25.4 by 25.4) copper 2
10 3
3 Current lead clamp screw, knurled head ⁄32 by ⁄16 brass 2
4 Specimen clamp screw, knurled head ⁄4in.by40by1in. brass 2
1 15 7
5 Pivot bracket ⁄2 by ⁄16 by 1 ⁄16 (12.7 by 23.8 by 36.5) steel 2
6 Pivot . steel 2
1 3
7 Pivot block ⁄2 by 2 ⁄32 by 3 (12.7 by 53.2 by 76.2) micarta 1
8 Potential knife-edge . steel 2 sets
9 Specimen being tested . . .
NOTE 1—Contact surfaces must be clean and free of visible oxide.
FIG. 1 Specimen Holder for Nonductile Materials
5.3 Means for measuring the dimensions of the specimen, the 0.5 % criteria of 6.1, and this dimension throughout the
adequate to determine its length and its mean area of cross length of the specimen shall not vary by more than 3 %.
section, each within 0.5 %.
6.1.4 It shall show no surface cracks or other defects
observable with normal vision, and shall be free from surface
6. Test Specimen
oxide.
6.1 Ductile Materials—The test specimen for ductile
6.2 Nonductile Materials—The test specimen for nonductile
materials, including those used for contacts, shall be in the
materials shall be made in accordance with Fig. 2 if the
form of a wire or a strip. In order to determine the resistivity
material is readily machinable. For materials which are not
with a precision of 2 %, it is necessary that the resistance,
readily machinable, such as those containing graphite, a flat
cross-sectional area, and length shall be measured with a limit
strip may be used as a test specimen. In order to determine the
of error within 0.5 %. To ensure this limit of error each test
resistivity with a precision of 2 %, each specimen shall
specimen shall conform to the following:
conform to the following:
6.1.1 It shall have a length of at least 0.5 ft (15 cm) between
6.2.1 The diameter of a specimen (Fig. 2), or the thickness
potential probes.
and width of a strip specimen, shall be uniform within 1 %.
6.1.2 It shall have a resistance of at least 0.001 Ω.
6.1.3 If the cross section is to be determined by direct 6.2.2 It shall show no surface cracks or other defects
observable with normal vision, and shall be free from surface
measurement, the diameter of a wire specimen or the thickness
of a strip specimen shall not be less than the limits defined by oxide.
B63 − 07 (2018)
immersing it in the water to be used in weighing. Then
calculate the density from the following equation:
D 5B/ B 2 E (3)
~ !
where:
D = density, g/cm
B = weight of specimen in air, g
E = weight of specimen in water, g
The cross-sectional area, A, in square centimeters, may be
NOTE 1—Metric equivalents are as follows. found from the equation:
in. mm in. mm
A 5 B 2 E /L (4)
~ !
0.010 0.25 0.438 11.12
8.3.2 For porous materials such as products of powder
0.012 0.30 2.000 50.80
0.187 4.75 2.37
...

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This guide presents the simulation procedure which would provide advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on the properties of irradiated metals where the technique for introducing the helium differs in someway from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service. Simulation techniques considered for introducing helium shall include charged particle implantation, exposure to α-emitting radioisotopes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distribution within the specimen are also recommended. The two other methods for introducing helium into irradiated materials namely, the enhancement of helium production in nickel-bearing alloys by spectral tailoring in mixed-spectrum fission reactors, and the isotopic tailoring in both fast and mixed-spectrum fission reactors, are not covered in this guide. Dual ion beam techniques for simultaneously implanting helium and generating displacement damage are also not included here.
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1.1 The purpose of these test methods is to allow detection of the presence of intermetallic phases in certain duplex stainless steels as listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 to the extent that toughness or corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. Similar test methods for other duplex stainless steels are described in Test Method A1084, but the procedures described in this standard differ significantly from Test Methods A, B, and C in A1084.  
1.2 Duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of intermetallic compounds during exposures in the temperature range from approximately 600 to 1750 °F (320 to 955 °C). The speed of these precipitation reactions is a function of composition and thermal or thermomechanical history of each individual piece. The presence of these phases is detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance.  
1.3 Correct heat treatment of duplex stainless steels can eliminate these detrimental phases. Rapid cooling of the product provides the maximum resistance to formation of detrimental phases by subsequent thermal exposures.  
1.4 Compliance with the chemical and mechanical requirements for the applicable product specification does not necessarily indicate the absence of detrimental phases in the product.  
1.5 These test methods include the following:  
1.5.1 Test Method A—Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 3 – 7).  
1.5.2 Test Method B—Charpy Impact Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 8 – 13).  
1.5.3 Test Method C—Ferric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 14 – 20).  
1.6 The presence of detrimental intermetallic phases is readily detected in all three tests, provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected. Because the occurrence of intermetallic phases is a function of temperature and cooling rate, it is essential that the tests be applied to the region of the material experiencing the conditions most likely to promote the formation of an intermetallic phase. In the case of common heat treatment, this region will be that which cooled most slowly. Except for rapidly cooled material, it may be necessary to sample from a location determined to be the most slowly cooled for the material piece to be characterized.  
1.7 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence of an intermetallic phase to the extent that it is detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of the material.  
1.8 Examples of the correlation of thermal exposures, the occurrence of intermetallic phases, and the degradation of toughness and corrosion resistance are given in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.  
1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internat...

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ASTM
ASTM E1181-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Duplex grain size may occur in some metals and alloys as a result of their thermomechanical processing history. For comparison of mechanical properties with metallurgical features, or for specification purposes, it may be important to be able to characterize grain size in such materials. Assigning an average grain size value to a duplex grain size specimen does not adequately characterize the appearance of that specimen, and may even misrepresent its appearance. For example, averaging two distinctly different grain sizes may result in reporting a size that does not actually exist anywhere in the specimen.  
5.2 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products containing randomly intermingled grains of two or more significantly different sizes (henceforth referred to as random duplex grain size). Examples of random duplex grain sizes include: isolated coarse grains in a matrix of much finer grains, extremely wide distributions of grain sizes, and bimodal distributions of grain size.  
5.3 These test methods may also be applied to specimens or products containing grains of two or more significantly different sizes, but distributed in topologically varying patterns (henceforth referred to as topological duplex grain sizes). Examples of topological duplex grain sizes include: systematic variation of grain size across the section of a product, necklace structures, banded structures, and germinative grain growth in selected areas of critical strain.  
5.4 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products regardless of their state of recrystallization.  
5.5 Because these test methods describe deviations from a single, log-normal distribution of grain sizes, and characterize patterns of variation in grain size, the total specimen cross-section must be evaluated.  
5.6 These test methods are limited to duplex grain sizes as identifiable within a single polished and etched metallurgical specimen. If duplex grain size is suspected in a product too ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide simple guidelines for deciding whether a duplex grain size exists. The test methods separate duplex grain sizes into one of two distinct classes, then into specific types within those classes, and provide systems for grain size characterization of each type.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1245-03(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents of metals using basic stereological procedures performed by automatic image analyzers.  
5.2 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals. Because of the sporadic, unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions, other methods involving complete inspection, for example, ultrasonics, must be used to locate their presence. The exact nature of the exogenous material can then be determined by sectioning into the suspect region followed by serial, step-wise grinding to expose the exogenous matter for identification and individual measurement. Direct size measurement rather than application of stereological methods is employed.  
5.3 Because the characteristics of the indigenous inclusion population vary within a given lot of material due to the influence of compositional fluctuations, solidification conditions and processing, the lot must be sampled statistically to assess its inclusion content. The largest lot sampled is the heat lot but smaller lots, for example, the product of an ingot, within the heat may be sampled as a separate lot. The sampling of a given lot must be adequate for the lot size and characteristics.  
5.4 The practice is suitable for assessment of the indigenous inclusions in any steel (or other metal) product regardless of its size or shape as long as enough different fields can be measured to obtain reasonable statistical confidence in the data. Because the specifics of the manufacture of the product do influence the morphological characteristics of the inclusions, the report should state the relevant manufacturing details, that is, data regarding the deformation history of the product.  
5.5 To compare the inclusion measurement results from different lots of the same or similar types of steels, or other metals, a standard sampling scheme should be adopted such as described in Test Method...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for obtaining stereological measurements that describe basic characteristics of the morphology of indigenous inclusions in steels and other metals using automatic image analysis. The practice can be applied to provide such data for any discrete second phase.  
Note 1: Stereological measurement methods are used in this practice to assess the average characteristics of inclusions or other second-phase particles on a longitudinal plane-of-polish. This information, by itself, does not produce a three-dimensional description of these constituents in space as deformation processes cause rotation and alignment of these constituents in a preferred manner. Development of such information requires measurements on three orthogonal planes and is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of producing stereological data when the features of the constituents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable data difficult.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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