ASTM E196-95(2000)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Gravity Load Testing of Floors and Low Slope Roofs
Standard Practice for Gravity Load Testing of Floors and Low Slope Roofs
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers static load testing of floors and low slope roofs (roofs having a slope of less than 1 in 12) under actual or simulated service conditions, and is applicable to typical elements or sections of structures fabricated for test or to actual existing building components. This practice is intended for use in determining the strength and stiffness of elements or sections of floors and roofs of buildings under gravity loads, as well as in checking the design, materials, connections, and the quality of the fabrication of such building constructions.
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An American National Standard
e1
Designation:E196–95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Practice for
Gravity Load Testing of Floors and Low Slope Roofs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 196; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
e NOTE—Editorial changes were made in October 2000.
1. Scope 4.2 Failure Tests—Failure tests are carried out to obtain
more detailed information on the performance, ultimate load
1.1 This practice covers static load testing of floors and low
carrying capacity, the mode of failure, the adequacy of the
slope roofs (roofs having a slope of less than 1 in 12) under
connections, and to develop the complete load-deflection curve
actual or simulated service conditions, and is applicable to
for the construction(s).
typical elements or sections of structures fabricated for test or
to actual existing building components. This practice is in-
5. Test Specimens
tended for use in determining the strength and stiffness of
5.1 The area or size of the test specimen shall be a
elements or sections of floors and roofs of buildings under
representative section, taken to duplicate the structural perfor-
gravity loads, as well as in checking the design, materials,
mance of the actual floor or roof, or shall be a typical element
connections, and the quality of the fabrication of such building
or bay of an existing structure. When a loading test is
constructions.
performed on a particular floor or roof composed of many
2. Referenced Documents identical segments, the selection of a representative test section
shall be approved by the building official or party for whom the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
test is being performed. Normally only one representative
E 575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests of
portion of the structure need be tested, except where various
Building Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-
areas of a floor or roof are subject to differing types of loading,
semblies
or where a number of structural elements or sections in a
3. Significance and Use
building are suspect and to be proof loaded.
5.2 The condition of the materials in the assembly to be
3.1 This practice is intended to be used by parties involved
tested shall be reasonably equivalent, at the time of test, to the
in the testing of floors and roofs of structures either in the field
conditions assumed in the design or representative of the actual
or the laboratory. Tests are either proof tests or tests to failure,
in-service conditions.
and are applicable to all construction materials. The practice is
not intended for use in routine quality control testing of
6. Simulated Structures
individual building elements or constructions.
6.1 When a loading test is carried out on a simulated
4. Types of Tests structure, the support conditions and the fixity of the edges of
the floor or roof developed in the actual structure shall be
4.1 Proof Tests—Proof tests are intended to give assurance
reproduced as closely as possible in the test specimen.
that the construction will support a specified load or will not
6.2 The materials, structural shapes, connections, connec-
exceed a given deflection under this load, or both. If the floor
tors, and construction used in the simulated structure shall
or roof is to be placed in service after the proof test, or is part
duplicate as closely as practical those used or intended for use
of an existing structure which must remain in service after the
in the actual structure.
test, great care must be exercised to determine that structural
damage has not occurred, or that if failure did occur, damage is
7. General Testing Arrangement
minimal and the safety of personnel is not jeopardized.
7.1 Verification of Design Assumptions— Floors or roofs
shall be loaded in a manner satisfying the original design
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-
assumptions. Floors or roofs designed for uniform loading
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.11 on
shall be tested under uniform loading or by a method that will
Horizontal and Vertical Structures/Structural Performance of Completed Structures.
simulate the forces and moments generated by a uniformly
Current edition approved April 15, 1995. Published June 1995. Originally
distributed load. When structures with protrusions or structural
published as E 196 – 62 T. Last previous edition E 196 – 80 (1985).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E196
elements that are located above the surface to be loaded are ing members affects the rigidity of the unit being tested, the
tested, care shall be taken to ensure that the loading procedure deflection of the supporting members shall also be measured.
used does not inadvertently restrain lateral buckling of these Deflections are permitted to be measured using dial gages, a
elements. surveyor’s level, or other methods that will limit the error to 6
7.2 Uniform Live Load—An actual uniform live load is
2 % of the total deflection. The deflection gages shall be
applied to the test specimen(s). This shall be achieved using an supported so as to be unaffected by the application of the load
air bag, a vacuum chamber, water, or other suitable materials.
or by local deformations caused by the load. A means of
If water is used as a loading medium, care must be taken to monitoring deflections and test assembly performance from
minimize the effects of ponding which will produce a nonuni-
remote locations is the use of video tape equipment.
form load. One means of minimizing the ponding is by
8.2 Accuracy of Loading—The loading medium or applied
dividing the area to be loaded by water into a series of separate
loads shall be measured by a method that will limit the error to
compartments that are filled individually.
6 5 % of the specified design live load. Loading methods that
do not allow such accuracy shall not be used.
NOTE 1—The unintentional failure of a test structure loaded by water
can be extremely messy and can create unanticipated problems.
8.3 Load Sharing—Where several structural elements are in
the section being tested or the load test is conducted on an
7.3 Simulated Uniform Live Load—A simulated uniform
existing structure, deformation readings shall be taken on the
live load shall be applied by dead weights, jacks, cables and
main element being evaluated and on the adjacent elements, as
pulleys, or any other method that will simulate a uniformly
required, to determine the effects of load sharing. The sharing
distributed load by concentrated loads. If the loads are applied
of loads shall be accounted for in the analysis of the test data.
by jacks, distribute the bearing forces over a sufficient area to
preclude local damage. Where a uniformly distributed load is
9. Procedure
represented by dead weights such as masonry units, metal
ingots,orothermaterialsofknownweight,theyshallbeplaced
9.1 Determination of Load Magnitudes:
so as to preclude any arch action or bridging effect in the
9.1.1 Proof Tests—In the case of proof tests of elements or
loading material which can affect the induced bending stresses.
sections of buildings not in an actual structure, the magnitude
7.4 Concentrated Load—When a floor or roof is designed
of load shall be the basic loads with appropriate applicable
for a concentrated load or loads in addition to a uniform load,
code specified adjustments. In the case where an element or
a concentrated load test shall also be performed that simulates
section of an existing building is to be proof loaded, the
the actual condition of loading. If the bearing area is not
magnitude of load shall be the rated live load adjusted, where
otherwise specified, the concentrated load shall be distri
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