ASTM A1100-16(2022)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Qualification and Control of Induction Heat Treating
Standard Guide for Qualification and Control of Induction Heat Treating
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide helps purchasers assess induction processes including the critical parameters that can affect product quality. It guides the evaluation of heat-treating vendor performance and capabilities to ensure higher and more consistent product quality.
4.2 Refer to Appendix X1 for a flow chart for the use of this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the process control and product properties verification of continuous heat treating of material using a quench and temper induction process (surface hardening, surface heat treating, and batch heat-treated products using induction are not considered in this guide). Examples of products covered by this guide may include products covered by API Specifications 20E, 5L, and 5CT.
1.2 This guide indicates some features of induction heat treating compared to furnace heat treating. Induction heat treating processes typically operate at higher temperatures compared to furnace processes.
1.3 This guide addresses the features and requirements necessary for induction heating and ancillary equipment. However, induction equipment may be used in combination with convection heating equipment (for example, gas or electric furnaces).
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A1100 − 16 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Qualification and Control of Induction Heat Treating
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide covers the process control and product 2.1 ASTM Standards:
properties verification of continuous heat treating of material A255 Test Methods for Determining Hardenability of Steel
using a quench and temper induction process (surface A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of
hardening, surface heat treating, and batch heat-treated prod- Steel Products
ucts using induction are not considered in this guide). Ex- A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related
amples of products covered by this guide may include products Alloys, and Ferroalloys
covered by API Specifications 20E, 5L, and 5CT. A1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel
Products—Metric
1.2 This guide indicates some features of induction heat
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
treating compared to furnace heat treating. Induction heat
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
treating processes typically operate at higher temperatures
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
compared to furnace processes.
terials
1.3 This guide addresses the features and requirements
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
necessary for induction heating and ancillary equipment.
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-
However, induction equipment may be used in combination
rials
with convection heating equipment (for example, gas or
2.2 ASM Standards:
electric furnaces).
ASM Handbook Volume 4C Induction Heating and Heat
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded Treatment
2.3 API Specifications
as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in
20E Alloy and Carbon Steel Bolting for Use in the Petro-
this standard.
leum and Natural Gas Industries
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5CT Specification for Casing and Tubing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5L Specification for Line Pipe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.4 ANSI Standard:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ANSI/NCSL Z540.3 Requirements for the Calibration of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Measuring and Test Equipment
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3. Terminology
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Terminologies A941 and E7.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, the ASTM website.
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from American Society for Metals (ASM International), 9639
A01.13 on Mechanical and Chemical Testing and Processing Methods of Steel Kinsman Rd., Materials Park, OH 44073-0002, http://www.asminternational.org.
Products and Processes. Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW,
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org.
approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as A1100 – 16. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/A1100-16R22. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A1100 − 16 (2022)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.2 The documented procedures shall address verification,
3.2.1 induction heat treating, v—process by which an elec- calibration, and maintenance of the equipment as described in
tromagnetic field is used to induce a voltage in an electrically
the following.
conductive material thereby causing current flow and heat is
5.3 Verification and Calibration of Equipment—Equipment
generated in the electrically conductive material through the
for the heat-treating line shall be verified and calibrated at a
Joule heating effect. (See ASM Handbook 4C, p. 18.)
level necessary to achieve the tolerances determined in Section
3.2.2 major rebuild, n—any rebuild or repair that could alter
6. It is recommended that calibration of test equipment follow
the temperature uniformity characteristics of an induction heat
the guidelines in ANSI/NCSL Z540.3. Equipment capabilities
treat line.
are related to the product chemistry, product dimensions, and
3.2.3 product, n—set of similar materials to be heated by
production rate. It is possible that different products may
passing through induction coils under the same conditions as
require different tolerance ranges for parameter settings. These
defined in 6.3 process variables. (Including as examples bar,
tolerance ranges shall be documented as part of the manufac-
rod, tube, pipe.)
turing procedures (Section 6). Classification and characteriza-
3.2.4 quench media, n—coolant used to quench out the work
tion of a heat-treat line based on equipment accuracy ranges
piece.
and equipment capabilities may be conducted using the method
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Typically, it contains water or water
described in Appendix X4. It is recommended that verification
and a polymer-based quench media.
of equipment performance be conducted with heated product.
Cold tests (for example, testing material handling, sensors, and
3.2.5 refractometer, n—device used to measure the concen-
controls) are useful, but equipment on an induction heat
tration of quench media that is mixed with water.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—Typical units are in degrees Brix and treating line may behave differently with heated product.
are approximately equivalent to half the volume concentration.
5.3.1 Power Supply Units:
3.2.6 sensors, n—need to identify the type of sensors as they
5.3.1.1 The power supply units shall be capable of achiev-
are already in some standards.
ing the rated power and nominal frequency designated for the
equipment by the manufacturer. Heating capabilities to achieve
3.2.7 skin depth, n—also called depth of current penetration;
target temperatures should be verified at the point of installa-
the depth to which an alternating current will flow in a
conductor. (See Appendix X3.) tion of new power equipment, including ancillary equipment
and devices such as connecting power cables and induction
4. Significance and Use
coils, and records of these capabilities should be kept (see 9.1).
4.1 This guide helps purchasers assess induction processes
NOTE 1—The output power is a function of the voltage and current of
including the critical parameters that can affect product quality.
the electrical system. If voltage or current is limited (because of high
It guides the evaluation of heat-treating vendor performance
inductance, for example), the maximum power will be limited. For this
and capabilities to ensure higher and more consistent product
reason, it is important to ensure that the power supply is evaluated with the
quality.
induction coil and desired product so that accurate power capabilities are
determined.
4.2 Refer to Appendix X1 for a flow chart for the use of this
guide. 5.3.1.2 The power level for any given manufactured product
may be selected at the heat treater’s discretion to achieve the
5. Equipment
necessary target manufacturing procedure parameters. The
5.1 Equipment Capabilities—Equipment used to produce
output power stability should be monitored at regular intervals
the desired heat-treated product shall be capable of achieving
to ensure sufficient power stability to achieve the tolerance
target heat-treat parameters. Parameters shall be documented
levels documented in Section 6. Incoming power to the plant
as per Section 6, and Section 7 shall be used to verify that the
can affect output power stability; therefore, incoming power
manufacturing procedure has been well developed, proper
may be monitored to ensure consistent output power capabili-
parameter tolerances have been selected, and equipment is
ties. Various power quality measuring devices are available for
capable of achieving all parameter settings. Documented pro-
monitoring incoming plant power and output power during
cedures for the verification of equipment capabilities,
operation.
calibration, and maintenance shall be maintained. These docu-
5.3.1.3 The frequency at each induction coil should be
mented procedures shall address all critical equipment for the
verified and documented within each manufacturing procedure
induction heat treatment line including, at minimum, the
to ensure heating consistency. Periodic checks of the frequency
following:
at the induction coils should be conducted.
5.1.1 All power supply units including relevant
components,
NOTE 2—The frequency is affected by the power level and the
inductance of the system. Changes to the coil design, size of product,
5.1.2 All induction coils,
cooling media through the coil, current/voltage ratio, coil cable
5.1.3 Quench system and components,
connections, and other factors can affect the frequency at the output coil.
5.1.4 Pyrometers and other temperature-sensing devices,
Changes in the output frequency can affect the depth of the induced
5.1.5 Material handling as it pertains to line speed control,
current in the work piece (skin depth) and, therefore, the thermal gradient
and
within the work piece (see Appendix X3). Frequency can be measured
5.1.6 Controls. using most standard multi-meters.
A1100 − 16 (2022)
5.3.1.4 It is not expected that power supply units will as it becomes contaminated with minerals, oil, scale, rust, and
require calibration unless otherwise stipulated by the manufac- other undesirable materials. The frequency of this refreshing of
turer of the equipment. Calibration and verification shall follow the quenchant depends on results from periodic monitoring of
the manufacturer’s recommended schedule or the schedule quenchant chemistry.
outlined in Table 1, whichever is more frequent. 5.3.3.2 Quench flow rate shall be verified periodically
5.3.2 Induction Coils—Induction coils are an important part according to the schedule in Table 1 using a method suggested
of the power supply units. The verified power output and by the equipment manufacturer or selected by the producer and
voltage/current match depend on the interconnection of coils described in a documented procedure maintained by the heat
and power supply units. For example, connecting coils in series treater.
or parallel to a power supply may significantly affect efficiency, 5.3.4 Pyrometers:
inductance, and overall ability to heat the product. Verification 5.3.4.1 Pyrometers shall be placed at positions along the
of equipment should include consideration of coil connections heat treat line to establish heating rates and soak times
and interconnect wiring functionality. Reverification of output accurately, as appropriate for the application. Pyrometer posi-
power capabilities should occur after any changes to the coil tion shall be consistent and recorded (see 9.1).
designs or the interconnections. In the instance of multiple 5.3.4.2 Pyrometer calibration by the pyrometer manufac-
induction coil designs on the same line, all coils will be turer typically entails calibration using a blackbody furnace
properly identified, and design/model number will be specified under highly controlled conditions. The tolerance and accuracy
in the manufacturing procedure. of a pyrometer on a heat-treat mill can be significantly reduced
5.3.3 Quench System: compared to measurement of a blackbody furnace in laboratory
5.3.3.1 Quench media composition shall be documented for conditions. The tolerance and accuracy for each pyrometer
every manufacturing procedure. Composition may include shall be provided by the pyrometer manufacturer based on the
documentation of polymer chemistry, supplier, age, brine target material composition and temperature for the pyrometer
concentration, water chemistry, and so forth as applicable. application. In addition, it is recommended that pyrometer
Verification of quench media composition, if applicable, shall accuracy be verified during production with the use of a
be conducted at the interval specified in Table 1. Use of a “master” pyrometer. The master pyrometer may be a hand-held
refractometer is recommended, when applicable, to determine or other unit in which the accuracy of the device has been
the concentration at the start and during the operation. Note verified off-line using a target material with similar surface
that quench media compositions are also affected by waste finish, composition, temperature, and ambient conditions com-
material in the quench (that is, scale, rust, and so forth). It may pared to the heated product. Temperature accuracy of the
be necessary to periodically discard and replace quench media master pyrometer is typically verified through the use of
TABLE 1 Verification and Calibration Frequency
A
Parameters/Features to Verify Event Reverification Frequency
After installation/commissioning of Once per year
• Power Stability new power supply unit
Power Supply
B
• Nominal frequency range Creation of a new MP At time of new MP verification
C
After major rebuild of equipment Once per year
After installation/commissioning of Once per year
• Visual inspection of interconnect
Induction Coils new coils
wiring and coil connections
After major rebuild of equipment Once per year
Installation/commissioning of new Monthly
quench system or component;
after flushing quench system
• Composition
Mill startup After system remains dormant for
Quench more than 14 days
Creation of new MP At time of new MP verification
Installation/commissioning of new Once
...
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