ASTM D5591-04(2016)

Standard Test Method for Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With a Thermal Shrinkage Force Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Experience shows that yarns or cords on would packages, usually being under tension, exhibit a contraction in length (and a resulting increase in linear density) when removed from the package and allowed to relax over a period of time at room temperature. Consequently, it they are tested without being allowed to relax, they will register higher thermal shrinkage force values as the relaxation shrinkage will be incorrectly included as the thermal shrinkage force.  
5.2.1 Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons. For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrinkage force.  
5.3 The thermal...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures to measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage force at 180 ± 2°C (355 ± 4°F) in air does not exceed 20 N (4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.  
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord packages, or retrieved from fabrics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2016
• ICS: 59.080.01 - Textiles in general
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.19 - Industrial Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5591 − 04 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With a Thermal
Shrinkage Force Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures to
3.1 Definitions:
measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.
3.1.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtotirecord,beadwire,
hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477.
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the
thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage 3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
force at 180 6 2°C (355 6 4°F) in air does not exceed 20 N
adhesive-treated tire cord, cord, greige cord, greige tire cord,
(4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and pneumatic tire, retraction, in yarns and cords, standard atmo-
aramid yarns and cords within the applicable range of thermal sphere for testing textiles, thermal shrinkage force, thermal
shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from shrinkage force tester, and tire.
other polymers.
3.2 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, refer to
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord
Terminology D123.
packages, or retrieved from fabrics.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
yarn.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 A specified length of yarn or cord is conditioned in a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
relaxedstate,mountedwithapretensionof5 61mN/tex(0.05
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
6 0.01 gf/den), then exposed to dry heat at a temperature of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
180 6 2°C (355 6 4°F) for 120 65s.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards
statements are given in Section 8. 4.2 The shrinkage force induced in the specimen is read
from the tester.
2. Referenced Documents
2 5. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing
D885 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and
of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.
Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
Organic-Base Fibers
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
D6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics
assistance.As a minimum, test samples should be used that are
as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material
from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers and
testing. Other materials with established test values may be
Metallic Reinforcements.
used for this purpose.The test results from the two laboratories
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally
should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5591 – 04 (2011).
DOI: 10.1520/D5591-04R16.
a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of the known bias.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5591 − 04 (2016)
5.2 Experience shows that yarns or cords on would 6.4 Shrinkageforceisacombinationofpretensionforceand
packages, usually being under tension, exhibit a contraction in the force that is developed in the specimen as a result of the
length (and a resulting increase in linear density) when specimen being heated.
removed from the package and allowed to relax over a period
6.5 Shrinkage force can be affected by the pretension, the
of time at room temperature. Consequently, it they are tested
length of specimen exposure, improper location of the speci-
without being allowed to relax, they will register higher
men within the oven, and oven-surface contact of any part of
thermal shrinkage force values as the relaxation shrinkage will
the specimen. Specimens that are spun, textured, or crimped
be incorrectly included as the thermal shrinkage force.
(such as those removed from a fabric) may allow filaments to
5.2.1 Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being
come into contact with interior surfaces of the thermal shrink-
almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons.
age force oven. Such physical contact will cause inaccurate
For example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn
readings of the thermal shrinkage force.
or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature
for two days and reconditioning under standard laboratory 7. Apparatus
conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible
7.1 Thermal Shrinkage Oven, consisting of a specimen
at room temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction
heatingcavitycapableofheatingupto250°C(480°F),ameans
in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrink-
of accurately controlling the temperature of the cavity 6 2°C
age force.
(4°F), and a means for measuring and displaying the shrinkage
5.3 The thermal shrinkage force of nylon, polyester, and force up to 0.1 N (0.02 lbf).
aramid fiber is related to the polymer of origin and its
7.2 Stopwatch or Time, capable of reading to 6 1.0 s.
manipulation in processing. Thermal shrinkage force measure-
7.3 Clip-On Tensioning Masses.
ment can be used to control product uniformity.
7.4 Draft Shield for Shrinkage Oven, if the oven does not
5.4 The level of thermal shrinkage force is critical in the
have one provided.
user’s subsequent operations, such as the drum-set (original
length of cord) required to build a tire of a particular size.
8. Hazards
5.5 The thermal shrinkage force is critical to the final shape
8.1 Do not touch the oven while it is in operation because it
and size of fiber-reinforced articles. For example, thermal
can reach temperatures up to 200°C (390°F).
shrinkage force affects the final size of V-belts and their ability
8.2 Do not leave the oven unattended if a specimen is
to maintain tension during their operation.
installed.
5.6 This test method is in agreement with the nominal
procedures of Methods D885 for the determination of thermal 9. Sampling
shrinkage force in yarns and cords.
9.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
5.6.1 Shrinkage force is measured while the specimen is
randomly select the number of shipping containers directed in
within an oven at a specified temperature and after a specified
an applicable material specification or other agreement be-
length of time.
tween the purchaser and the supplier. In the absence of such an
agreement or material specification, proceed as directed in
6. Interferences
PracticeD2258.Considershippingcontainersofyarn,cordand
6.1 If the chamber in which the specimen is heated is open
rolls of fabric to be the lot sampling units.
on three sides, air drafts can effectively shorten the length of
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
specimen experiencing the prescribed temperature environ-
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
ment.The results obtained without a shield are generally lower
between shipping containers, between laboratory sampling units within a
than those obtained with a shield.
shipping container, and between test specimens within a laboratory
sampling unit to produce a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s
6.2 The accurate control of temperature at any prescribed
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
setting is of utmost importance. Differences between the set
point temperature and the temperature experienced by the 9.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
tance testing, proceed as follows:
specimen are a major cause of the bias of test results. The
temperature that the specimen experiences may be checked by 9.2.1 For yarn or cord, take at random the number of
packages per shipping container in the lot sample as directed in
attaching a small calibrated thermocouple to a piece of cord
and suspending it in the specimen position suc
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5591 − 04 (Reapproved 2011) D5591 − 04 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Shrinkage Force of Yarn and Cord With a Thermal
Shrinkage Force Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers preparation and procedures to measure the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords in air.
1.2 This test method is applicable to measurement of the thermal shrinkage force of yarns and cords whose shrinkage force at
180 6 2°C (355 6 4°F) in air does not exceed 20 N (4 lbf). This test method is applicable to nylon, polyester, and aramid yarns
and cords within the applicable range of thermal shrinkage force, as well as to comparable yarns and cords from other polymers.
1.2.1 Test specimens may be taken from yarn or cord packages, or retrieved from fabrics.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D885 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured Organic-Base
Fibers
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire, Hose Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire, hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477.
3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: adhesive-treated tire cord, cord, greige cord, greige tire cord,
pneumatic tire, retraction, in yarns and cords, standard atmosphere for testing textiles, thermal shrinkage force, thermal shrinkage
force tester, and tire.
3.2 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: yarn.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A specified length of yarn or cord is conditioned in a relaxed state, mounted with a pretension of 5 6 1 mN/tex (0.05 6
0.01 gf/den), then exposed to dry heat at a temperature of 180 6 2°C (355 6 4°F) for 120 6 5 s.
4.2 The shrinkage force induced in the specimen is read from the tester.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial Fibers and Metallic
Reinforcements.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011July 1, 2016. Published March 2011August 2016. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20042011 as
D5591 – 04.D5591 – 04 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/D5591-04R11.10.1520/D5591-04R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5591 − 04 (2016)
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative
tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a
minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the
disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials
with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a
statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be
found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 Experience shows that yarns or cords on would packages, usually being under tension, exhibit a contraction in length (and
a resulting increase in linear density) when removed from the package and allowed to relax over a period of time at room
temperature. Consequently, it they are tested without being allowed to relax, they will register higher thermal shrinkage force
values as the relaxation shrinkage will be incorrectly included as the thermal shrinkage force.
5.2.1 Retractive forces vary widely by polymer type, being almost nil within aramids and significant within most nylons. For
example, the exposure of untensioned skeins of nylon yarn or cord to 95 to 100 % relative humidity at room temperature for two
days and reconditioning under standard laboratory conditions will cause most of the length change that is possible at room
temperature to occur within a sample. This reduction in length is accompanied by some lowering of thermal shrinkage force.
5.3 The thermal shrinkage force of nylon, polyester, and aramid fiber is related to the polymer of origin and its manipulation
in processing. Thermal shrinkage force measurement can be used to control product uniformity.
5.4 The level of thermal shrinkage force is critical in the user’s subsequent operations, such as the drum-set (original length of
cord) required to build a tire of a particular size.
5.5 The thermal shrinkage force is critical to the final shape and size of fiber-reinforced articles. For example, thermal shrinkage
force affects the final size of V-belts and their ability to maintain tension during their operation.
5.6 This test method is in agreement with the nominal procedures of Methods D885 for the determination of thermal shrinkage
force in yarns and cords.
5.6.1 Shrinkage force is measured while the specimen is within an oven at a specified temperature and after a specified length
of time.
6. Interferences
6.1 If the chamber in which the specimen is heated is open on three sides, air drafts can effectively shorten the length of
specimen experiencing the prescribed temperature environment. The results obtained without a shield are generally lower than
those obtained with a shield.
6.2 The accurate control of temperature at any prescribed setting is of utmost importance. Differences between the set point
temperature and the temperature experienced by the specimen are a major cause of the bias of test results. The temperature that
the specimen experiences may be checked by attaching a small calibrated thermocouple to a piece of cord and suspending it in
the specimen position such that the tip of the thermocouple is in the center of the oven cavity. The thermocouple must not touch
the oven walls. Either correct any set point/sample temperature bias or determine the proper set point to give the specified specimen
temperature. An intralaboratory comparison is the preferred method to determine whether a bias exists.
6.3 The differences in the amount of pre-relaxation of yarns can cause differences in thermal shrinkage force, as noted in 5.2.1.
6.4 Shrinkage force is a combination of pretension force and the force that is developed in the specimen as a result of the
specimen being heated.
6.5 Shrinkage force can be affected by the pretension, the length of specimen exposure, improper location of the specimen
within the oven, and oven-surface contact of any part of the specimen. Specimens that are spun, textured, or crimped (such as those
removed from a fabric) may allow filaments to come into contact with interior surfaces of the thermal shrinkage force oven. Such
physical contact will cause inaccurate readings of the thermal shrinkage force.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Thermal Shrinkage Oven, consisting of a specimen heating cavity capable of heating up to 250°C (480°F), a means of
accurately controlling the temperature of the cavity 6 2°C (4°F), and a means for measuring and displaying the shrinkage force
up to 0.1 N (0.02 lbf).
7.2 Stopwatch or Time, capable of reading to 6 1.0 s.
7.3 Clip-On Tensioning Masses.
7.4 Draft Shield for Shrinkage Oven, if the oven does not have one provided.
8. Hazards
8.1 Do not touch the oven while it is in operation because it can reach temperatures up to 200°C (390°F).
8.2 Do not leave the oven unattended if a specimen is installed.
D5591 − 04 (2016)
9. Sampling
9.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, randomly select the number of shipping containers directed in an
applicable material specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. In the absence of such an agreement
or material specification, proceed as directed in Practice D2258. Consider shipping container
...