ASTM D4176-04(2019)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It has long been the practice to include in fuel specifications a requirement that the fuel be clear and bright and free of visible particulate matter (see Note 1). However, there has been no standard method for making this determination so that practices have differed. This test method provides standard procedures for the test.
Note 1: Clean and bright is sometimes used in place of clear and bright. The meaning is identical.
5.2 Procedure 1 provides a rapid pass/fail method for contamination in a distillate fuel. Procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance, primarily as a communication tool. Other test methods, including Test Methods D1744, D2276, D2709, and D4860, permit quantitative determinations of contaminants. No relationship has been established between Procedure 2 and various quantitative methods.
5.3 Limited laboratory evaluations of samples that have failed this clear and bright test indicate that an experienced tester can detect as little as 40 ppm of free water in the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for estimating the presence of suspended free water and solid particulate contamination in distillate fuels having distillation end points below 400 °C and an ASTM color of 5 or less.
1.1.1 Both procedures can be used as field tests at storage temperatures, or as laboratory tests at controlled temperatures.
1.1.2 Procedure 1 provides a rapid pass/fail method for contamination. Procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze appearance.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Designation: D4176 − 04 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels
1
(Visual Inspection Procedures)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent (Withdrawn
3
2016)
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for estimating
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation
the presence of suspended free water and solid particulate
Fuel by Line Sampling
contamination in distillate fuels having distillation end points
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
below 400 °C and an ASTM color of 5 or less.
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
1.1.1 Both procedures can be used as field tests at storage
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
temperatures, or as laboratory tests at controlled temperatures.
Petroleum Products
1.1.2 Procedure 1 provides a rapid pass/fail method for
D4860 Test Method for FreeWater and Particulate Contami-
contamination. Procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating
nation in Middle Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Nu-
of haze appearance.
merical Rating)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4
Distillate Fuel Bar Chart
standard.
5
Distillate Fuel Haze Rating Standard
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.1 clear-and-bright (also termed clean-and-bright )—a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
condition in which the fuel is free of haze or cloudiness.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.2 free water—water in excess of that soluble in the fuel
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the at the temperature of the test, and appearing in the fuel as a
haze or cloudiness, or as droplets.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.3 particulates—small solid or semisolid particles, some-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
times referred to as silt or sediment, that may or may not be
suspended in the fuel as a result of contamination by air-blown
2. Referenced Documents
dusts, corrosion by-products, fuel instability, or protective-
2
coating deterioration.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
4. Summary of Test Method
(ASTM Color Scale)
D1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid
4.1 In Procedure 1 approximately 900 mL of fuel is placed
into a clear, glass, 1 L jar and is examined visually for clarity.
The sample is then swirled and examined for visual sediment
1
or water drops below the vortex.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricantsand is the responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally
3
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4176 – 04 (2014). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D4176-04R19. www.astm.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM ADJD417601. Original adjunct produced in 1991.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD417602. Original adjunct produced in 1991.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4176 − 04 (2019)
4.2 In Procedure 2 approximately 900 mL of fuel is placed 7.2.3 The lines shall be numbered from 1 through 5, with
into a clear, glass, 1 L jar and is examined visually for clarity. the thinnest line being No. 1.
Fuel clarity is rated by placing a standard bar c
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4176 − 04 (Reapproved 2014) D4176 − 04 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels
1
(Visual Inspection Procedures)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for estimating the presence of suspended free water and solid particulate
contamination in distillate fuels having distillation end points below 400°C400 °C and an ASTM color of 5 or less.
1.1.1 Both procedures can be used as field tests at storage temperatures, or as laboratory tests at controlled temperatures.
1.1.2 Procedure 1 provides a rapid pass/fail method for contamination. Procedure 2 provides a gross numerical rating of haze
appearance.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)
3
D1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent (Withdrawn 2016)
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4860 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels (Clear and Bright Numerical
Rating)
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
4
Distillate Fuel Bar Chart
5
Distillate Fuel Haze Rating Standard
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 clear-and-bright (also termed clean-and-bright )—a condition in which the fuel is free of haze or cloudiness.
3.1.2 free water—water in excess of that soluble in the fuel at the temperature of the test, and appearing in the fuel as a haze
or cloudiness, or as droplets.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricantsand is the responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14
on Stability Stability, Cleanliness and CleanlinessCompatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2019. Published November 2014December 2019. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20092014
as D4176 – 04 (2009).(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D4176-04R14.10.1520/D4176-04R19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
4
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD417601. Original adjunct produced in 1991.
5
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD417602. Original adjunct produced in 1991.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4176 − 04 (2019)
3.1.3 particulates—small solid or semisolid particles, sometimes referred to as silt or sediment, that may or may not be
suspended in the fuel as a result of contamination by air-blown dusts, corrosion by-products, fuel instability, or protective-coating
deterioration.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 In Procedure 1 approximately 900 mL of fuel is placed into a clear, glass, 1-L1 L jar an
...
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