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ASTM D6344-98

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages

Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for testing complete filled transport packages for resistance against concentrated low-level impacts typical of those encountered in the distribution environment. The test is most appropriate for packages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes or stretch-wrapped packaging.
1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based on acceptance criteria previously established, and a record of the energy dissipated by the complete filled transport package during a low level concentrated impact. Note 1-This test method discusses the conduct of the test from a prescribed height that either meets or does not meet specific acceptance criteria. It may be possible to conduct this type of testing using modified procedures that provide a numerical response. These might include an incremental test where the drop height (or mass) is increased until a specific failure occurs or an up-and-down or staircase procedure used to find the average height to failure.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-1998
ICS
55.020 - Packaging and distribution of goods in general
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6344-98(2003) - Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM D7386-16 - Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel Delivery Systems
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM D4169-22 - Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6198-18 - Standard Guide for Transport Packaging Design
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998

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ASTM D6344-98 - Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 6344 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6344; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 acceptance criteria—the acceptable condition of
1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for
package and contents that must be met after the shipping
testing complete filled transport packages for resistance against
container has been tested.
concentrated low-level impacts typical of those encountered in
the distribution environment. The test is most appropriate for
4. Significance and Use
packages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes or
4.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the ability of
stretch-wrapped packaging.
packaging to resist the force of concentrated impacts from
1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based on
outside sources, such as those encountered in various modes of
acceptance criteria previously established, and a record of the
transportation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted by
energy dissipated by the complete filled transport package
adjacent freight jostling against the package in a carrier
during a low level concentrated impact.
vehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loaded
NOTE 1—This test method discusses the conduct of the test from a
or unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against one
prescribed height that either meets or does not meet specific acceptance
another during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many other
criteria. It may be possible to conduct this type of testing using modified
circumstances.
procedures that provide a numerical response. These might include an
4.2 This test method is intended to determine the ability of
incremental test where the drop height (or mass) is increased until a
packaging to protect contents from such impacts, and to
specific failure occurs or an up-and-down or staircase procedure used to
find the average height to failure. evaluate if there is sufficient clearance or support or both
between the package wall and its contents.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Apparatus
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Cylindrical Mass with Full Radius (Hemispherical)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
End—Solid steel rod 32 mm 6 2 mm (1.25 in. 6 0.1 in.) in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
diameter, approximately 115 mm (4.5 in.) long, one end
2. Referenced Documents rounded to form a hemisphere, with a mass of 680 6 15 g (1.5
6 0.03 lb). A threaded eye-bolt may be attached to the end for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
positioning and support prior to guided free fall drop, but it
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
must be included in the 680 g (1.5 lb) mass (see Fig. 1).
ments
Threaded eyebolts must be attached to the side for positioning
D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
and support when used as a pendulum, and must be included in
tainers and Systems
the 680 g (1.5 lb) mass.
D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
5.2 Guided Free Fall (see Fig. 2):
Packaging Components for Testing
5.2.1 The cylindrical mass (rod) is held in a start position in
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
a stiff tube of at least 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter, such that the
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
tube’s main axis is perpendicular within 2 degrees. The end of
3. Terminology the tube should be positioned 50 to 100 mm (2 to 4 in.) above
the test specimen. The mass may be held in position, at the
3.1 Definitions—General definitions for the packaging and
specified vertical distance, with either a string from the top of
distribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.
the tube, or by a support pin placed through the side of the tube.
5.2.2 The mass is allowed to fall freely when released to
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-10 on
strike the test specimen with its rounded end. The free falling
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Physical Test
rod must strike the test surface within 10 mm (0.4 in.) of the
Methods.
desired point of impact. The test surface must be perpendicular
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1998. Published January 1999.
to the direction of the falling mass.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D6344–98
FIG. 1 Cylindrical Mass (steel rod)
FIG. 3 Pendulum
5.5.1 It is recommended that atmospheres for conditioning
be selected from those given in Practice D 4332. Unless
otherwise specified, fiberboard or paperboard containers shall
be conditioned in accordance with the preconditioning and
standard conditioning atmospheres specified in Practice
D 4332.
6. Sampling
6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall be
chosen to permit an adequate determination of representative
performance. Practice E 122 is recommended.
FIG. 2 Guided Free Fall
7. Test Specimen
5.3 Non-guided Free Fall: 7.1 It is preferable to prepare the package with the actual
5.3.1 If greater precision of impact velocity is desired, the
contents for which it was designed (see Note 2). Close the
cylindrical mass (rod) may be dropped without guidance of a package in the same manner that will be used in preparing it for
tube. Means of suspending the mass and its release must be
shipment.
such that accuracy of positioning (drop height and impact
NOTE 2—Where the use of actual goods is not feasible because of
point) are not affected.
excessive cost or danger, a dummy load simulating the goods may be used,
5.3.2 The free falling rod must strike the test surface within
provided the dummy load has the same exterior surfaces as the actual
10 mm (0.4 in.) of the desired point of impact. The test surface
goods and interior packaging materials are the same as those in actual use.
must be perpendicular to the direction of the falling mass.
8. Procedure
5.4 Pendulum (see Fig. 3):
8.1 Identify faces of the package that will be tested. Nor-
5.4.1 Two cords suspend the steel rod described in 5.1, such
that it may be swung as a pendulum from a specified vertical mally, tests are
...

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4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.  
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1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.
Note 1: Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-11).2  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Many materials from which containers and packages are made, especially cellulosic materials, undergo changes in physical properties as the temperature and the relative humidity (RH) to which they are exposed are varied. Therefore, the package should be placed and kept in a specified atmosphere for a length of time such that subsequent measurements of physical properties will be meaningful and reproducible.  
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ASTM D5445-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Packages are often marked with handling instructions in the language of the country of origin. While this may safeguard the consignment to some extent, it is of little value for goods consigned to, or through, countries using different languages, and of no value at all if people unloading the packages are illiterate. Pictorial symbols offer the most likely means of conveying the consignor’s intention and their adoption will, therefore, undoubtedly reduce loss and damage through incorrect handling. The use of pictorial symbols does not provide any guarantee of satisfactory handling; proper protective packaging is therefore of primary importance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a set of symbols to be used for marking of packages or containers to indicate special handling and storage requirements.  
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ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide a measure of a shipping container's ability to protect a product from failure due to horizontal impacts. These measures are based on controlled levels of shock input and may be used for arriving at the optimum design of a container or system to protect a product against a specified level of shipping environment hazard.  
4.2 These test methods provide a measure of a packaged product's ability to withstand the various levels of shipping environment hazards. These measures may be used to prescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not induce damage to the packaged product or to define the required levels of protection that must be provided by its packaging.  
4.3 Test Method A is intended to simulate the rail car coupling environment. Refer to Methods D5277 for simulating the standard draft gear portion of that environment.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to determine the ability of a package or product to withstand laboratory simulated horizontal impact forces.  
1.2 The horizontal impacts used in these test methods are programmed shock inputs that represent the hazards as they occur in the shipping and handling environments. The environmental hazards may include rail switching impacts, lift truck marshalling impacts, and so forth. The following test methods apply:  
1.2.1 Method A, Rail Car Switching Impact—This test method simulates the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail car switching, with the use of a rigid bulkhead on the leading edge of the test carriage, to simulate the end wall of a railcar and shock programming devices to produce representative shock pulses. With the use of backloading, this test method may also be used to simulate compressive forces experienced by lading loads during rail car switching. It is suitable for tests of individual containers or systems as they are shipped in rail cars. It may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of pallet patterns to determine the effect of interaction between containers during rail switching operation impacts.  
1.2.2 Method B, Marshalling Impact Tests of Unit Loads—This test method assesses the ability of unit loads to withstand the forces encountered during marshalling or loading operations.  
1.3 The test levels may be varied to represent the mode on shipping and handling used for the item under test.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6344-04(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the ability of packaging to resist the force of concentrated impacts from outside sources, such as those encountered in various modes of transportation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted by adjacent freight jostling against the package in a carrier vehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loaded or unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against one another during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many other circumstances.  
4.2 This test method is intended to determine the ability of packaging to protect contents from such impacts, and to evaluate if there is sufficient clearance or support or both between the package wall and its contents.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for testing complete filled transport packages for resistance against concentrated low-level impacts typical of those encountered in the distribution environment. The test is most appropriate for packages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes or stretch-wrapped packaging.  
1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based on acceptance criteria previously established, and a record of the energy dissipated by the complete filled transport package during a low level concentrated impact.
Note 1: This test method discusses the conduct of the test from a prescribed height that either meets or does not meet specific acceptance criteria. It may be possible to conduct this type of testing using modified procedures that provide a numerical response. These might include an incremental test where the drop height (or mass) is increased until a specific failure occurs or an up-and-down or staircase procedure used to find the average height to failure.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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